GENERAL VETERINARY ANATOMY

1. INTRODUCTION2. GENERAL OSTEOLOGY3. GENERAL SYNDESMOLOGY

(ARTHROLOGY)4. GENERAL MYOLOGY5. GENERAL ANGILOGY6. GENERAL NEUROLOGY

INTRODUCTION

ANATOMY IS THE BRANCH OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE WHICH DEALS WITH THE FORM AND STRUCTURE OF ORGANISMS. CLOSE CORELATION WITH PHYSIOLOGY, WHICH TREATS OF THE FUNCTIONS OF THE BODY.

NATURE SCIENCES

*ABIOLOGI (physis, mathematic)

*BIOLOGI : $ fisiology $ morphology: .anatomy phytotomy : plants zootomy : embryology hystology

ANATOMI

ANATEM (YUNANI): cutting apart or dissociation of part of the body

ANATOMY in the earlier phase of development anatomy was necessarily a purely descriptive science, based on such observation as were possible with unaided eyes and simple dissecting instruments – scalpel, forceps, and the like.

GENERAL ANATOMY GENERAL ANATOMY

• MACROSCOPIC ANATOMY ( GROSS ANATOMY)

• MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY ( HISTOLOGY = TISSUE SCIENCE)

THE DEVELOPMENT & GROWTH THE DEVELOPMENT & GROWTH OF THE ORGANISMOF THE ORGANISM

• EMBRYOLOGY : the earlier phase of development of organism during which the tissue and organ are formed: fertilisation – foetus - partus

• ONTOGENY: study of the development of the individual organism

• FILOGENY (ancestral history) : is constituted by the evolutionary changes which it has undergone, as disclosed by geological record.

ORGANISM AS THE OBJECT OF THE STUDY

*SPECIAL ANATOMY : is the description of the structure of a single or species : anthropotomy, kinotomy dan hippotomy* COMPARATIVE ANATOMY :is the description and comparison of the structure of animals

HOW TO STUDY ANATOMY?

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SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY TOPOGRAPHIC ANATOMY APPLIED ANATOMY

SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY Osteology Syndesmology Myology Splanchnology Angiology Neurology Aesthesiology Sense organs Common integument

NOMENCLATURE (NAV, 1972)

Until 1895 there was no general agreement on the nomenclature of human or veterinary anatomy. Each nation had its own systemof terminology.

The first international Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria was published in 1968.

AGREEMENT IN THE N.A.V

1. Aside from a very limited number of exception, each anatomical concept should be designated by a single term.

Each term should be in Latin in the official list, but the anatomists of each country are free to translate the official Latin terms into the language of instruction.

3. each term should be as short and simple as possible.

4. The term should be easy to remember and should have, above all, instructive and discriptive value.

5. Structure that are closely related topographically should have similar names; exp: arteria femoralis, vena femoralis, nervus femoralis.

6. Differentiating adjectives should generally be opposites, as major and minor, superficial and profundus.

7. Term derived from proper names (eponyms) should not be used.

DESCRIPTIVE TERM IN LATIN

THIS TERM USE IN THE BODY Dorsal Ventral Cranial Caudal anal

dorsal

ventral

cranialcaudal

The terms cranialis and caudalis apply to to the neck, trunk, tail, and the limb as far distally as the end of the antebrachium and crus.

The terms dorsalis and palmaris are used on the manus, and dorsalis and plantaris on the pes.

On the head the term rostralis, caudalis, dorsalis and ventralis are preferred, with terms anterior, posterior, superior, and inferior used in few location, such as eye ball, eyelids,and inner ear.

Medialis and lateralis are used on the whole body, except that axialis and abaxialis designate the sides of the digits in domestics mammals other than the horse.

Axis LONGUM

Proximal - distal

Proximal: the direction go upDistal : the direction go down

Cranial/rostral - aboral

rostral

oral

aboral

ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION

dorsal

ventral

caudal

cranial

anal

CRANIAL

This term only in the skull

Oral Apical Aboral Nuchal Anterior posterior

Superior Inferior

Extremities (thoracic and pelvic limb)

Proximal Distal Dorsal Volar Palmar plantar Ulnar Radial

fibular Tibial Lateral Medial Median Sagittal Transversal horizontal

Plana median

Median: devided the body in the median

plane bilateral simetrical.

SAGITTAL

Cutting the body in the paralel ways with the median plane.

THE DIRECTION ORIENTATION

Dexter Sinister Externus Internus Profundus Superficialis Transversus longitudinal

Ecto Meso Endo Epi Peri Dia Hypo dan Hyper basis dan apex margo

CONDITION OF THE BONE

Magnus Brevis Major/ majus Minor/ minus Dorum Molle Supra dan infra

MORPHOLOGY OF BONE

facies Fovea Facialis Fascia Foramen Sulcus Fasciculus canalis

Cavum Caverna(cavernosus) Caput Condylus Collum Spina Crista incissura

PROC TRANSVERSUS

Proc transversus

PROC SPINOSUS

Proc spinosus

RADIOLOGY ANATOMY

X RAY was invented in 1895 by CONRAD ROENTGEN.

It useful for diagnosis, treatments and research.

To be proficient in radiographic interpretation, one must first have some knowledge of the anatomy of the region x-rayed.

Three elements in x-ray shadow

1.AIR : in mouth, nose, paranasal sinuses, trachea, lungs, stomach, small intestine of the nursing individual, colon, and rectum.

2. WATER: in the blood (large vessels) and blood filled organs, such as liver, spleen and kidneys, and the urine-filled bladder.

3. MINERALS:primary significance, the calcium found in bones. Bone has calcium content & high radiopacity

Developmental anatomy

FERTILISASI ZYGOTE (mitosis: cleavage) MORULA BLASTULA GASTRULA devide into 3:

- ectoderm : external layerskin & nerve

- endoderm: internal layer viscera - mesoderm: cells between external and

internal layers muscles&bone

THE FUNCTION OF THE FUNCTION OF SKELETONSKELETON

• To support the bodyTo support the body

• To give the body formTo give the body form

• To protect the soft and weak tissueTo protect the soft and weak tissue

• As a passive locomotionAs a passive locomotion

• As a place for attachment of the As a place for attachment of the musclesmuscles

• To produce blood.To produce blood.

• As chemical reservoir agents: Ca & PAs chemical reservoir agents: Ca & P

THE AMOUNT of THE BONES

Every breed have different amountexamples: horse 205 bones

catlle 191 – 193 bones

chicken 160 bones

human 206 bones (old), 270 (

baby)

This condition is depend on: breed & age

POSITION of the SKELETONPOSITION of the SKELETON

Axial skeletonAxial skeleton Appendix skeletonAppendix skeleton Visceral skeleton :Visceral skeleton :

example: example: os penis : dog & catos penis : dog & cat

os cordis : sapios cordis : sapi

os glandis : catos glandis : cat

os hyodeus: vertebrataos hyodeus: vertebrata

ACCORDING TO THE SHAPE OF THE BONES

OSSA LONGA OSSA PLANA OSSA BREVIA OSSA IRREGULARIA

OSSA LONGA(long bones)

Ossa plana(flat bones)

OSSA BREVIA(short bones)

OSSA IRREGULARIA

DEVELOPMENT OF THE BONES(osteogenesis)

1.osteogenesis intramembranosa (desmalis = primer): mesenchym cells osteoblast osteocyt matrix become jelly & solid (osteoid) calcification punctum ossification.

2. osteogenesis intracartilagenosa (enchondralis = secundair):

it begin with cartilago: mesenchym cells chondroblast chondrocyt (fill according the length of the bone) ossification.

Osteoblast : cells that destroy the bone cells which already done in order to have good shape.

ossification center

DEVELOPMENT : interstitial development

( from the middle of the tissue) appostitional development

(from the lateral, usually from perichondrium or periosteum become mass bone)

PUNCTUM OSSIFICATION VERTEBRATA post natal

group I horse none cattle none sheep none

group II human 31 rabbit 32 dog 34 cat 34 pig 3 Guinea pig 3

Maturity 1. sex maturity : genital organ

already have their function properly. ♂: wet dreams & ♀: menstruation

2. body maturity : all the bones already done (don’t have any punctum ossification ossification has alredy finished means the growth stop.

Sexual & body maturity

Breed sex mature body mature horse 1 thn 4-5 thn cattle 5-9 bln 4-5 thn Sheep/goat 6 bln 4-5 thn pig 3-4 bln 4-7 thn dog 8 bln 1,5-2 thn

Structure of the bonesmacroscopic structuremicroscopic structurephysical and chemical structure

MACROSCOPIC STRUCTURE

SUBSTANSIA SPONGIOSA

SUBSTANSIA COMPACTA

Mass and spons bones

os compact

os spongiosa

long bone

DIAPHISA EPIPHYSA

SINUS :spaces within the compact substance instead of spongy bone, and marrow ossa pneumatica, the cavities(sinus) are lined with mucous membrane; they communicate indirectly with the external air

SINUS

Phisik os longa

capsula cartilago

Osseousepiphysis

epiphise plate

Osseousmetaphisis

CHEMICAL & PHYSICALLY STRUCTURE

• chemic: organic : anorganic 1:2• composition : gelatin 33,30% calcium phosphat 57,35% calcium carbonat 3,85% magnesium phosphat 2,05% natrium carbonat& clorida 3,45%

Supporting of the bones

• Periosteum / endosteum: it can make a new layer outside and inside of

the bone

• Soft bone (cartilago): it useful for joints shock absorbens between 2 bones.

• Tendon, ligamentum: elastic tissue that fix between 2 bones or with muscles.

JOINTS BETWEEN BONES(juncturae ossium)• JOINTS = syndesmology• requirements: 1. articular surface 2. cartilago 3. capsula synoviale 4. ligamentum 5. discus and meniscus 6. marginal cartilago (labrum gleniodale, acetabulare)