ArthrologyArthrologyStudy of JointsStudy of Joints

Structural Joint Structural Joint ClassificationsClassifications Based on anatomical characteristicsBased on anatomical characteristics

Presence/absence of joint cavityPresence/absence of joint cavity Type of connective tissue that binds Type of connective tissue that binds

themthem TypesTypes

Fibrous jointFibrous joint Cartilaginous jointCartilaginous joint Synovial jointSynovial joint

Fibrous JointsFibrous Joints Lacks a synovial cavityLacks a synovial cavity Bones are held together by Bones are held together by

fibrous connective tissuefibrous connective tissue Permit little to no movementPermit little to no movement TypesTypes

– SuturesSutures– SyndesmosesSyndesmoses– GomphosesGomphoses

Cartilaginous JointsCartilaginous Joints Lacks a synovial cavityLacks a synovial cavity Allows little or no movementAllows little or no movement TypesTypes

– SynchondrosesSynchondroses– SymphysesSymphyses

Synovial JointsSynovial Joints Joint cavity presentJoint cavity present Articular cartilageArticular cartilage Articular capsuleArticular capsule

– Synovial membraneSynovial membrane– Fibrous membraneFibrous membrane

Synovial fluidSynovial fluid LigamentsLigaments

– IntracapsularIntracapsular– ExtracapsularExtracapsular

Types of synovial Types of synovial jointsjoints

Ball and socket Ball and socket jointjoint

Hinge jointHinge joint Saddle jointSaddle joint Pivot jointPivot joint Gliding jointGliding joint Condyloid jointCondyloid joint

Functional Joint Functional Joint ClassificationsClassifications Based on type of movement they Based on type of movement they

permitpermit TypesTypes– Synarthrosis-Immoveable jointSynarthrosis-Immoveable joint

SuturesSutures– Amphiarthrosis-Slightly moveable jointAmphiarthrosis-Slightly moveable joint

Intervertebral jointsIntervertebral joints– Diarthrosis-Freely moveable jointDiarthrosis-Freely moveable joint

Shoulder, kneeShoulder, knee

Synarthrodial JointSynarthrodial Joint Immovable jointImmovable joint Fibrous joint which can attenuate Fibrous joint which can attenuate

force with little or no movementforce with little or no movement ExamplesExamples

– SuturesSutures– Syndesmoses: radioulnar, Syndesmoses: radioulnar,

tibiofibulartibiofibular

Synarthrodial Synarthrodial ExamplesExamples

Amphiarthrodial JointAmphiarthrodial Joint Cartilagenous joint which Cartilagenous joint which

attenuates forcesattenuates forces ExamplesExamples

– Synchondroses: SC JointSynchondroses: SC Joint– Symphysis: Vertebral Joint, Pubic Symphysis: Vertebral Joint, Pubic

symphysissymphysis

Amphiarthroidal Amphiarthroidal ExamplesExamples

Diarthrodial JointDiarthrodial Joint Provides mobility by permitting Provides mobility by permitting

one body segment to rotate about one body segment to rotate about another.another.

Transmits forces from one Transmits forces from one segment to another.segment to another.

Diarthrodial Joint Diarthrodial Joint AnatomyAnatomy Articular CartilageArticular Cartilage Articular CapsuleArticular Capsule

– Fibrous membraneFibrous membrane– Synovial membraneSynovial membrane

Synovial FluidSynovial Fluid LigamentLigament

Diarthroidal ExamplesDiarthroidal Examples

Diarthroidal Examples Diarthroidal Examples ctdctd

StabilityStability Maintaining Joint integrityMaintaining Joint integrity Provided By:Provided By:

Joint constructionJoint construction LigamentsLigaments CapsuleCapsule TendonsTendons GravityGravity

FlexibilityFlexibility The range of movement within a The range of movement within a

joint.joint. Affected By:Affected By:

Shape of the articular surfaceShape of the articular surface Muscle massMuscle mass Bony blocksBony blocks Muscle length/flexibilityMuscle length/flexibility Ligament length/flexibilityLigament length/flexibility AgeAge

Range of Motion (ROM)Range of Motion (ROM) Types:Types:

– AROMAROM– PROMPROM

LeversLevers Any elongated, rigid object that Any elongated, rigid object that

rotates around a fixed pointed rotates around a fixed pointed called a called a fulcrumfulcrum..

Rotation occurs when an Rotation occurs when an efforteffort applied to one point on the lever applied to one point on the lever overcomes a overcomes a resistanceresistance located at located at some other point.some other point.

Lever ComponentsLever Components

Levers and Mechanical Levers and Mechanical AdvantageAdvantage The function of a lever is to impart The function of a lever is to impart

an an advantageadvantage.. Advantages can be either:Advantages can be either:

– Exert more force against a resisting Exert more force against a resisting object than the force applied to the object than the force applied to the lever, for example: moving a boulder lever, for example: moving a boulder with a crowbar.with a crowbar.

– Move the resisting object farther and Move the resisting object farther and faster than the effort arm is moving.faster than the effort arm is moving.

Classes of LeversClasses of Levers Determined by which component Determined by which component

(fulcrum, effort, resistance) is in (fulcrum, effort, resistance) is in the middlethe middle

Class I:Class I: BalanceBalance Class II: Class II: StrengthStrength Class III: Class III: Speed/ROMSpeed/ROM

11stst Class Lever Class Lever ExamplesExamples

22ndnd Class Lever Class Lever ExamplesExamples

33rdrd Class Levers Class Levers ExamplesExamples