FULL-SCALE CRASH TESTS OF HIGH-PERFORMANCE

MEDIAN BARRIER

Prepared for Office of Research

Federal Highway Administration U.S. Dept. of Transportation

and

New Jersey Turnpike Authority

Work Order Number Two Contract DOT-FH-11-9485

by

C. E. Buth Research Engineer

and

Wanda L. Campise Research Associate

Texas Transportation Institute Texas A&M Research Foundation

The Texas A&M University System

August 1982

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. INTRODUCTION ------------------------------------------------ 1

II. TEST BARRIER INSTALLATION ----------------------------------- 2

III. TEST NUMBER 4348-1 ------------------------------------------ 6 2190-1b/62.6mph/15.0 deg (993kg/100.7 kph/15.0 deg)

Vehicle and Instrumentation --------------------------------- 6 Conduct of Test --------------------------------------------- 7 Test Results ------------------------------------------------ 7

IV. TEST NUMBER 4348-2 ------------------------------------------ 28 80,420 lb/52.8 mph/16.0 deg (36,480 kg/85.0 kph/16.0 deg)

Vehicle and Instrumentation --------------------------------- 28 Conduct of Test --------------------------------------------- 28 Test Results ------------------------------------------------ 29

NOTICE

This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The United States Government assumes no liability for its contents or use thereof.

The contents of this report reflect the views of the Texas Transportation Institute, which is responsible for the facts and the accuracy of the data presented herein. The contents do not necessarily reflect the official views or policy of the Department of Transportation.

This report does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation.

The United States Government does not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers• names appear herein only because they are considered essential to the object of this document.

Figure

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LIST OF FIGURES

Plan View of Test Barrier Installation --------------

Cross Section of Test Barrier Installation

Detail of Barrier Cross-Section and Steel Reinforcement ---------------------------------------

Vehicle Before Test 4348-1 --------------------------

Test Vehicle Properties (Test 4348-1) --------------­

Barrier Before Test 4348-1 --------------------------

Barrier After Test 4348-1

Vehicle After Test 4348-1

Summary Sheet for TEst 4348-1 ----------------------­

Sequential Photographs for Test 4348-1 -------------­

Interior Sequential Photographs for Test 4348-1

Vehicle Longitudinal Accelerometer Traces for Test 4348-1 -----------------------------------------

Vehicle Lateral Accelerometer Trace for Test 4348-1 -

Vehicle Yaw for Test 4348-1 -------------------------

Vehicle Pitch for Test 4348-1

Vehicle Roll for Test 4348-1

Driver Head Accelerometer Traces for Test 4348-1 ----

Driver Chest Accelerometer Traces for Test 4348-1 ---

Passenger Head Accelerometer Traces for Test 4348-1 -

Passenger Chest Accelerometer Traces for Test 4348-1-

Vehicle Before Test 4348-2 --------------------------

Test Vehicle Properties (Test 4348-2) --------------­

Barrier Before Test 4348-2 --------------------------

Barrier After Test 4348-2 ---------------------------

Page

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LIST OF TABLES

Table

1 HIC and GADD Values for Anthropometric Dummies in Test 4348-1 ------------------------------------ 27

Figure

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

LIST OF FIGURES CON'T

Vehicle After Test 4348-2 --------------------------

Summary Sheet for Test 4348-2 ---------------------­

Sequential Photographs for Test 4348-2 -------------

Vehicle Longitudinal Accelerometer Trace for Test 4348-2 ----------------------------------------

Vehicle Lateral Accelerometer Trace for Test 4348-2-

Vehicle Yaw for Test 4348-2 ------------------------

Vehicle Pitch for Test 4348-2 ----------------------

Vehicle Roll for Test 4348-2

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42

I. INTRODUCTION

This documents the performance of tvw full-scale crash tests on a

proposed high-performance median barrier.

The proposed design was a concrete median barrier, patterned after

the popular New Jersey Safety Shape, with a total height of 42 in. A

test barrier installation was subjected to two full-scale crash tests -

one with a Honda sedan at 62.6 mph and 15.0 deg, the other with a van

type tractor/trailer at 52.8 mph and 16.0 deg. The tractor/trailer was

loaded with sandbags to a total weight of 80,420 lbs.

The objective of the tractor/trailer test was to determine the

degree of containment that the proposed barrier would provide for this

vehicle. The objective of the small car test was to determine whether

an adequately safe redirection for this vehicle would be provided.

II. TEST BARRIER INSTALLATION

A 250-ft long segment of the proposed barrier along with part of

an anticipated highway cross-section surface was constructed for

testing (Figure 1). The barrier was cast-in-place with construction

joints at the third points. Reinforcing steel was continuous across

the construction joints and grout was applied to the face of the

cross-section of each previous pour to provide bonding between it and

the subsequent pour. A paved transition between the highway

cross-section and the approach runway was constructed. A cross-section

of the test installation is shown in Figure 2, and a detail of the

barrier cross-section and steel reinforcement is shown in Figure 3.

The design required 4000 psi concrete and grade 60 reinforcing steel.

Nine concrete cylinder tests gave an average compressive strength at

4,360 psi.

.. o-,zz H.l'fd H~VO~ddV

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3

lt:l +-' Vl t:

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Traffic Lane Shoulder Median

12' -o" s'- o" a'-o"

2" H.M.A.C. 3" H.M.A.C. 2" H.M.A.C.

1.0% Slope 8.0% 2.0% Slope ~

•oo

Compacted Crushed Limestone 4'-o"

Figure 2. Cross Section of Test Barrier Installation.

a'-o"

Subgrade Material

:

1211

~--_:....::.__ __ ---'!...__----+_- 3 3/8"

211

Cl.

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Figure 3. Detail of Barrier Cross-Section and Steel Reinforcement.

5

III. TEST NUMBER 4348-1 2190-lb/62.6 mph/15.0 deg

(993 kg/100.7 kph/15.0 deg)

Vehicle and Instrumentation

The test vehicle was a 1978 Honda Civic shown in Figures 4 and 5.

Gross static mass of the vehicle was 2190 lbs and the test inertia mass

was 1860 lbs.

The vehicle was equipped with triaxial accelerometers mounted near

the center of gravity. Yaw, pitch, and roll were sensed by on-board

gyroscopic instruments. The electronic signals were telemetered to a

base station for recording on magnetic tape and display on real-time

strip chart. Provision was made for the transmission of calibration

signals before and after the test, and an accurate time reference

signal was simultaneously recorded with the data.

Tape switches near the impact area were actuated by the vehicle to

indicate elapsed time over a known distance to provide a quick check of

impact speed, and the i niti a 1 contact switch a 1 so produced an 11 event 11

mark on the data record to establish the instant of impact.

High-speed motion pictures were obtained from various locations,

including an overhead view, to document the events and provide a

time-displacement history. Film and electronic data were synchronized

through a visual/electronic event signal at initial contact.

Two anthropometric dummies (Alderson Hybrid II) were seated in the

front seat position of the vehicle. Both were instrumented with

triaxial accelerometers in head and chest. The passenger dummy was

restrained with the standard lab belt and shoulder harness while the

driver dummy was unrestrained.

Conduct of Test

The vehicle was directed into the barrier at an approach angle of

15.0 deg and a speed of 100.7 kph (62.6 mph) using a cable guidance and

reverse to a mechanism. The transmission was in neutral, the steering

wheel was free and the vehicle was released to be unrestrained at

impact. The impact point was approximately 26 m (85 ft) from the

upstream end of the barrier.

Test Results

Figures 6 and 7 show the barrier before and after the test and

Figure 8 shows the vehicle after the test. A summary of data is

presented in Figure 9, and exterior and interior sequential photographs

are shown in Figures 10 and 11.

Approximately 0.048 sec after impact the vehicle began riding up

the barrier wall. The vehicle became completely airborne at 0.157 sec

and remained so as it exited the barrier at 0.355 sec at a yaw angle of

5.0 degrees relative to the barrier and speed of 91.3 kph (56.8 mph).

The left front wheel touched the asphalt at 0.622 sec, dug into the

asphalt, and the vehicle rolled laterally and came to rest upright.

The barrier sustained tire markings and scrapings. The vehicle

suffered considerable damage, mostly to the left front quarter and to

the windshield. Both front tires and the left rear were deflated.

Also, these three rims were damaged.

Accelerometer traces are shown in Figures 12 through 13. The

maximum 0.050 sec average longitudinal and lateral accelerations were

-4.6 and -8.3 g•s, respectively. Yaw, pitch, and roll curves are

presented in Figures 14 through 16.

NCHRP Report 230 describes occupant risk evaluation criteria and

places limits on these for acceptable performance for tests conducted

at 15 deg impact angles. These values follow. The

occupant/compartment impact velocity in the longitudinal direction was

3.8 m/s (12.4 fps) and 5.2 m/s (17 .1 fps) in the lateral direction.

The maximum 0.010 sec average longitudinal and lateral occupant

ridedown accelerations were -2.3 g•s and -7.9 g•s, respectively.

Acceleration plots for the dummies are shown in Figures 17 through 20,

and HIC and GADD values are presented in Table 1.

··~ ~%~~~i;~~~';\', .. ':,'.2i.~;,.;;; .. ~~~~~~~

Figure 4 . Vehicle Before Test 4348-1.

9

1 57.0"

l

1-4--------141 . 0'~.--____ _,

Test Inertia Mass: 1860 lb Dummy Mass: 330 lb Loose Ballast Mass 0 l b Gross Static Mass: 2190 1 b Wheel Diameter: 21.5 in. Bumper Height: 15.5 in. to bottom

.19-:5 in. to top

Figure 5. Test Vehicle Properties (Test 4348-l).

10

Figure 6. Barrier Before Test 4348-1.

11

Figure 7 . Barrier After Test 4348-1.

12

I

~~~;·~·'"""*

t~),·§~

Figure 8 .

\

I

, __ .,..., ~ •• <4 •• ··'-·"'-· ·ll· ,1>1 ·.· .. ·'·' .. :.~ .............

Vehicle After Test 4348-1.

13

.p.

0.000 sec 0.114 sec 0.228 sec 0.342 sec

--

,~u· o ~o~· 0 0 · o 0

o 0

Test No. Date Ra i 1

Length of Installation Vehicle .

4348-l 7-12-82 Continuous Mod. Safety Shape 76.0 m (250.0 ft) 1979 Honda CVCC

Vehicle Weight Test Inertia ........ 843 kg (1860 lb) Gross Statjc ........ 993 kg (2190 lb)

Vehicle Damage Classification TAD-- 11 LFQ4 SAE -- 11 LFEW6

Dummy Restraints Driver . . Passenger .

. No Restraint

. Lap & Shoulder Belt

Impact Speed . . . . 1 00.7 kph ( 62. 6 mph) Impact Angle .... 15.0 deg Exit Speed ..... 91.3 kph (56.8 mph) Exit Angle ..... 5.0 deg Vehicle Accelerations (Max. 0.050 sec Avg.)

Longitudinal ... -4.6 g Lateral ...... -8.3 g

Occupant Impact Velocity Longitudinal ... 3.8 m/s (12.4 fps) Lateral ...... 5.2 m/s (17.1 fps)

Occupant Ridedown Accelerations Longitudinal ... -2.3 g Lateral ...... -7.9 g

Figure 9. Summary Sheet for Test 4348-1.

0.000

0.057

0.114

,, .. ,·. ~ . . -.... '

... ' .. · ':-:.""~"'"· .·.

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0.171

Figure 10. Sequential Photographs for Test 4348-1

15

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•

• • • • • • • • • • • • ,~,.. ...

... •c<oO-'(.. ... _-.. • •

0.228

0.285

0.343

0.400 (Vehicle subsequently rolled.)

Figure 10. Sequential Photographs for Test 4348-1 (continued)

16

0.000 0.053

0 .. 116 0.169

I

0.232 0.285

0.338 0.401

Figure ll. Interior Sequential Photographs for Test 4348-1

17

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----------------------~----.-·-----I

0.0 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40

TIME (SECONDS)

Figure 12 . Vehicle Longitudinal Accelerometer Trace for Test 4348-l.

18

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Figure 13 . Vehicle Lateral Accelerometer Trace for Test 4348-l.

19

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20

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Table 1 . HIC and GADD Values for Anthropometric Dummies in Test 4348-1.

DRIVER HEAD

HIC : 28 between 0.056 and 0.168 sec.

Highest 0.003 sec sustained acceleration exceeds:

25 from 0.083 to 0.086 sec.

DRIVER CHEST

GADD: 25 between 0.000 and 0.398 sec.

Highest 0.003 sec sustained acceleration exceeds:

14 from 0.074 to 0.077 sec.

PASSENGER HEAD

HIC : 144 between 0.134 and 0.142 sec.

Highest 0.003 sec sustained acceleration exceeds:

49 from 0.136 to 0.139 sec.

PASSENGER CHEST

GADD: 27 between 0.000 and 0.398 sec.

Highest 0.003 sec sustained acceleration exceeds:

13 from 0.178 to 0.181 sec.

27

IV. TEST NUMBER 4348-2 80,420 lb/52.8 mph/16.0 deg

(36,480 kg/85.0 kph/16.0 deg)

Vehicle and Instrumentation

The test vehicle was a 5-axle tractor/trailer consisting of 1978

auto/car/tractor with an automatic transmission and 40-ft trailmobile

van as shown in Figures 21 and 22. Empty weight of the unit was

30,800 lbs and the trailer was loaded with sandbags so that the gross

static mass of the vehicle was 80,420 lbs. The sandbags were placed on

wooden pallets so that the center of gravity of the sand bags would be

near mid-height of the cargo box (Figures 21). Gross weights of the

axles are shown in Figure 22.

Instrumentation placed on the tractor consisted of longitudinal

and lateral accelerometers; yaw, pitch and roll rate transducers; and

control equipment for remotely driving the unit. No instrumentation

was installed on the trailer.

Conduct of Test

The vehicle was directed into the barrier at an approach angle of

16.0 deg and a speed of 85.0 kph (52.8 mph) using a radio control unit.

The radio unit remotely operated the steering and throttle up to a

point just prior to impact. At this point, steering control was

released and the engine was turned off. The impact point was

approximately 26 m (85 ft) from the upstream end of the barrier.

Test Results

Before and after photographs of the barrier and test vehicle are

presented in Figures 21 through 25. A summary of data is shown in

Figure 26 and sequential photographs in Figure 27.

The front of the tractor began climbing the wall approximately

0.088 sec after impact. At 0.339 the tractor started descending toward

the asphalt. The front of the tractor returned to the surface at 0.503

sec and the trailer began pulling the rear of the tractor up and into

the barrier. As the trailer continued to collide with the barrier, the

rear of the trailer rolled onto and over the barrier. The tractor and

front of the trailer remained on the original side of the barrier. The

rear of the trailer crossed the barrier by a maximum distance of

approximately 16 ft. The tractor-trailer slid along the barrier,

dropped off the end and came to rest on its side as shown in Figure 25.

The barrier received tire markings and gouging. There was no

measurable deflection in the barrier during or after the test. The

left front tire of the tractor came off the rim. The entire left side

of the cab was severly damaged and the trailer came apart spilling the

sandbags.

Accelerometer traces are shown in Figures 28 and 29. The maximum

0.050 sec average longitudinal acceleration of the tractor was -2.3 g•s

and in the lateral direction was -11.4 g•s. Yaw, pitch and roll curves

for the tractor are presented in Figures 30 through 32.

Figure 21. Vehicle Before Test 4348-2.

30

w _.

TRACTOR- TRAILER

1

111

'

I II jg•-r ! I

I I u a I I J ~~~ b!h=d:!::::!' !:::d!:''=:!:h'' :::!ht::::~u~u :::!!:::'' ~: ======..--.===------~= -~~ J_

I .• ~' ' ' ·" " ' I 7 ' 7 ' . i3'-7"

30 1 -6" 51-611

I 53'-r I

Et~PTY WE I GHTS

Weight on front axle 10,230 lb

Weight on center axles 12,610 lb

Weight on rear axles 7,960 lb

Total Empty Weight 30,800 lb

LOADED WEIGHTS

Weight on front axle 12,380 lb

Weight on center axles 34,030 lb Weight on rear axles 34,010 lb

Total Loaded Weight 80,420 lb

Figure 22. Test Vehicle Properties (Test 4348-2).

Figure 23. Barrier Before Test 4348-2.

32

Figure 24. Barrier After Test 4348-2.

33

.;;.w_:- ·""'""" .... _- ... : ... ;.;·:-;.-

• ll-"

Figure 25.

-~

I \

\ I

Vehicle After Test 4348-2.

34

\•;.': ..

··.· .

.

_., G~ ~·

w (...)'1

0.000 sec 0.259 sec 0.521 sec 0.780 sec

Test No. Date Rail

Length of Installation Vehicle Vehicle Weight

Test Inertia . Gross Static .

4348-2 7-14-82 Continuous Modified Safety Shape 76.0 m (250.0 ft) Autocar Tractor-Trailer

13,971 kg (30,800 lb) 36,479 kg (80,420 Jb)

---------

Impact Speed Impact Angle

.... 85.0 kph (52.8 mph)

.... 16.0 deg

Vehicle Accelerations (Max. 0.050 sec Avg.) Longitudinal ... -2.3 g Lateral ...... -11.4 g

Dummy Restraints Driver (only) Lap Belt

Figure 26. Summary Sheet for Test 4348-2.

0.000

0.130

0.260

:f41

Figure 27. Sequential Photographs for Test 4348-2.

36

0.520

0.650

~'· :£',): ''-.. " : · .. fi, ' ;~ ' ,, .. :. ,, -''·1

·- ·-.":

""" ..... --: t.-'1 ... -', ,. -~-~.:-4.-...·1\. ..•

0.780

0.910

Figure 27. Sequential Photographs for Test 4348-2 (continued).

37

. ' l''

.,. f -. .j

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10.0

..--... lll -~

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r w ll I ~

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- --~----__ _L __ j____ ______ . -·---···---··

0.40 0.60 0.80 1.0

TIME (SECONDS)

Figure 28 . Longitudinal Accelerometer Trace for Test 4348-2.

38

5.0

......... Vl 0.0

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_j

~ w 1-c:::(

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,,, il' . I

il I

• 11 'i :1 1,1

I I l I I I I I

} .,. Max~ 0.050 sec Avg. = -11.4 g · I I L _______ __.__, ----''--0.0 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80

TIME (SECONDS)

____ j

1.0

Figure 29. Lateral Accelerometer Trace for Test 4348-2.

39

0 0

0 (\J

0 0

------ 0 TIME (SECONDS) mcD.OO 0.20 O.LlO 0.60 w "-1---~,.-----__L___-----~-wo 0::::: (_')

Wo oo ~.

0

::::::S: I

a:: >-

0 0

0 (\J_

I

0 0

0 (Y)

I

0.80 I

Figure 30 . Vehicle Yaw for Test 4348-2.

40

0 0

0 N

0 0

~o TIME ECONOSJ ~c:o ~~-2_LJ_7~L_c_ _ _(J____ 0 0 60 a:::O ~

C)

w Do '--"0 .

0 I.-. Ul 1-,__, n_o.

0

0 N

I

0 0

0 ('()

I

0"80 LOO -~-------_j

Figure 31. Vehicle Pitch for Test 4348-2.

41

0 0

0 (\J

0 0

0

mo TIME (SECONDS) UJcO.OO 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 UJ ~--t""------"'.,---------'---------'-------"----------__l_ ____ __j

a:: L)

UJ Do '-'0

0 _j .-t_

I _j

0 a::

0 0

0 (\J

I

0 0

0 (Y)

I

Figure 32.

Trailer rolled onto barrier.

Vehicle came to rest on

its 1 eft side.

Vehicle Roll for T~st 4348-2.

42