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(c)xdkowfrSwfjyXmef;csufrsm;twdkif;rðyvkyfbJysufuGufv#ifvl@tzG@Jtpnf;wpf&yfvHk;tm;xdcdkufepfemaponf[kowfrSwfjyD;EdkifiHawmfuudk,fpm;ðyIw&m;pD&ifa&;t&jypf'%fwpf&yf&yfpD&ifjcif;cH&onfhðyvkyfr_(odk@)ysufuGufr_udkjypfr_[kac:qdkayonf[kjyXmef;xm;ayonf? "avhxHk;wrf;Oya'qdkonfrSmvlrsdK;wpfrsdK;taejzifht"Gef@&SnfpGmvufcHusifhoHk;vmaom"avhxHk;wrf;rsm;udktajccHjyD;aygufzGm;vmaomOya'jzpfonf?"avhxHk;wrf;Oya'tjzpfvufcHusifhoHk;vdkygutqdkyg"avhxHk;wrf;Oya'onf 1?umv&Snf=umpGmtcdkiftrmjzifhwnf&Sdvmaom"avhxHk;wrf;jzpf&rnf? 2?w&m;r#wr_&Sd&rnf? 3?vltrsm;vufcHusifhoHk;r_&Sd&rnf? 4?epfemcsufrsm;udkawmif;qdkEdkifcGifh/oufomcGifh/cHpm;cGifhponfwdk@yg&rnf? "avhxHk;wrf;Oya'onfwnfqJ(odk@)jyXmef;Oya'rsm;udkqef@usifyguysufjy,fap&rnf? usifhxHk;Oya'qdkonfrSmjypfr_qdkif&mOya'rsm;t&jypf'%fxdkufonfhjypfr_rsm;udkppfaq;=um;empD&if &mwGifw&m;&Hk;rsm;wGifvdkufemusifhoHk;&rnfhvkyfxHk;vkyfenf;qdkif&mrsm;udkjyXmef;xm;onfhOya'rsm; yifjzpfonf?jypfr_trsdK;tpm;tvdkufppfar;enf;/jypfr_tvdkuftmrcHcGifh&Sdr&Sd/ausat;I&Edkifr&Edkif/w &m;&Hk;.zrf;qD;cGifhtrdef@rygbJjypfr_usL;vGefolrsm;udkjypfr_tvdkufzrf;qD;EdkifcGifh&Sdr&Sd/t,lcH0ifEdkifcGifh/jyifqifcGifhESifhapm'ur_av#mufxm;jcif;ponfrsm;udkw&m;&Hk;rsm;YvdkufemusifhoHk;&eftwGuffjyXmef;xm; jcif;jzpfonf/tu,fItxl;Oya'rsm;/a'oEW&Oya'rsm;wGifyg&Sdonfhjypfr_rsm;udkcsdK;azgufcJhyguw&m;&Hk;rsm;Y=um;emppfaq;&mwGifvdkufemusifhoHk;&rnfhusifhxHk;Oya'(odk@)enf;Oya'wpf&yf&yfudkoD;jcm;jyXmef;xm;jcif;r&Sdygrl,if;usifhxHk;Oya'/enf;Oya'rsm;udkvdkufem&rnfjzpfonf? Oya'a&;&mt&tultnDay;jcif;(Legal Aid) Oyrmrdef;uav;wpfOD;onfapmfum;cHvdkuf&onf?rnfol@udktm;udk;&rSef;rodjzpfaeonf?rnfonfhae&mudkoGm;jyD;wdkif&rSef;rodjzpfaeonf?xdkuJhodk@aomtajctaersm;wGifrnfuJhodk@vkyfaqmif ay;oifhoenf;? vGefcJhaom*sGefv(3)&ufae@nua[mifaumifrStrsdK;orD;owif;axmufwpfOD;udk(wkwfwkwf)oHk;bD;wuUpDorm;ESifhol@taz:(3)OD;ubefaumuffygvDreftaqmuftOD;teD;wGiftkyfpkvdkuf0dkif;jyD;rk'drf;usifhonf[kwdkifonf?,if;tajctaewGifxdkif;EdkifiH&SdtrsdK;orD;tzJG@tpnf;rsm;u0dkif;jyD;tultnDay;=uonfaemufydkif;wGif,if;trsdK;orD;.pGyfpGJcsufonfr[kwfrSefaoma=umifhaxmifusoGm;cJhonf?

- vlr_a&;tultnDay;jcif; (Social Aid ) - Oya'a&;&mtultnDay;jcif; ( Legal Aid)

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atmufqHk;tv$mjzpfaev#iftr_wGif&ifqdkif&efaxmufyHhulnDay;&rnfhtzJG@tpnf;u¾w&yfvdktyfvmonf// TuJhodk@Oya'abmiftwGif;tultnDay;r_rsm;ukd (Legal Aid ) [kac:ygonf// (Oya'a&;&mtultnD&,lydkifcGifh)vkyfief;udktaumiftxnfaz:aqmif&Guf&m wGif yHkpHESpfrsKd;&Sdonf// wrsKd;rSmtpdk;&rSaqmif&Gufjcif;jzpf+yD;/wrsKd;rSmvGwfvyfaomtoif;tzJG@rsm;rSvkyfudkifaqmif&Gufjcif; jzpfygonf//

Oyrm -e,fomvefedkifiHwGiftrsKd;orD;udpPudkaqmif&Gufaom tzJG@tpnf;onftrsKd;o rD; udpPoufouf udkomaqmif&Gufonf// ‚tjyif tar&duefedkifiHwGif tr_udpPjzpfolonf aiGr&Sd I tr_twGuf a&S@aeiSm;&ef tcuftcJ &Sdv#if tar&duef a&S@aetoif;odk@oGm;I rdrdjzpfpOfudkajymjy&onf//av#mufv$mwif&onf//xkd@aemufa&S@ae tzJG@rS tultnDay;onf// vGwfvyf aom toif;tzJG@rsm;onf vGwfvyfpGm (Legal Aid) vkyfief;udk aqmif&Guf =u&onf// jrefrmedkifiH wGifvnf; tpdk;& a&S@ae&Sdonf// rdrdwdk@ vl@tzJG@tpnf;wGif tr_udpPtrsKd;rsKd;&Sd=uonf// Oyrm - 'drf;r_udk usL;vGefolrS aiG a=u;csrf;omae v#ifav#mfa=um;ay;,HkESifh w&m;r#wr_udk jzpfapovm; ? wcgw&H jypfr_usL;vGefolonfqif;&Jaev#ifwbufrS"avhxHk;pHt&tajrmuftrsm;av#mfa=u;awmif;r_udk cH&v#if rnfuJhodk@ ðyvkyfrnfenf;// ponfjzifh ESpfvufpvHk; bufrS w&m;r#wr_udk pOf;pm;&rnfjzpfonf// Oya'. tultnDonf rdrdwdk@ vl@tzJG@tpnf;wGif vdktyfovm; ? qdkonfh tcsufrSm pOf;pm&m jzpfvmonf// rarBm'D;,m;edkifiHwGif&Sdaom (Legal Aid ) tzJG@tpnf;rSm vlwa,mufonf qif;&JI tr_ r&ifqdkifekdifv#if qif;&Ja=umif; taxmuftxm; jy&rnf// ( Legal Aid ) tzJG@rS tr_&ifqkdifedkfif&eftppt&m&mudktultnDay;onf//tr_onfonf vkyfief;twnfwusr&Sd/ tdrfydkif,mykdifr&Sd/ yHkrSef0ifaiGr&Sd qif;&Joljzpf&rnf// uarBm'D;,m; ekdifiH (Legal Aid) r_t& tr_onfonf qif;&Jol jzpf&rnf// tif'kdeD;&Sm;ekdifiHwGif tif'dkeD;&Sm; ( Legal Aid Foundation) qkdwm&Sdonf// tif'dkeD;&Sm;. jynfe,f (18)wGif &kH;(18) &kH;ukdzGifhxm;onf// uarBm'D;,m;(Legal Aid) ESifhtif'dkeD;&Sm;(Legal Aid) tzJG@ vkyfudkifr_ yHkpH tenf;i,f uGmjcm;onf// tif'dkeD;&Sm; (Legal Aid ) aqmif&GufyHkrSm - tr_onf qif;&Jcsrf;om t"du r[kwfay// ‚wdk@vkdufyg aqmif&GufaomudpPonf vl@tzJG@tpnf; . taetxm;udk ajymif;vJap&ef yHhydk;ay;ekdifv#if ‚wdk@tzJG@rS vkdufygaqmif&Gufonf// Oyrm qdk=updk@&J@ vl@tzJG@tpnf;wGif owif;Xmeonf ta&;}uD;onf owif;Xmeonf ta&;}uD;onf// owif;Xmersm;onf vGwfvyfpGmjzifh v_yf&Sm;vnfywf&efvdkonf//owif;Xme&Sdjcif;tm;jzifhvl@tzJG@tpnf;.r[kwfrw&m;vkyfr_udk azmfxkwfedkfifonf// xdkk@a=umifh owif;Xme wGif tvkyfvkyf udkifvsuf&Sdaomolrsm;ukd Oya'ESifhtnDtumtuG,fay;&efvdktyfonf//owif;pm/t,f'Dwmwa,muftr_jzpfyGm; onf// ta=umif;trsKd;rsKd;a=umifh tpdk;&r}udKufonfh t&mrsm;udk a&;rdv#if &JrS vmzrf;oGm;onf// xdkowif;pm q&m. csrf;omqif;&Jjcif;onf (Legal Aid ) tzJG@. t"du &nf&G,fcsufr[kwf// owif;pmt,f'Dwm / owif;axmufrsm;onf ‚wdk@. tvkyfudk vGwfvyf pGmvkyfcGifh&Sd&rnf// vkyfcGifh&Sdr_udk tpdk;&tm%mykdifrsm;rS ‚wdk@tay: r[kwf rw&m; vkyfr_ukd tumtuG,fay;&ef vdktyfonf// xdktajccHay:rS tif'dkeD;&Sm; (Legal Aid Foundation) tzJG@rS v_yf&Sm;=ujcif;jzpfygonf//

zdvpfydkifedkifiHwGifvnf;( Legal Aid ) tzJG@tpnf;rsm;&Sdonf// ‚wdk@. r_tajccHtay:wGif vkyfief;rsm;udk vkyfaqmif=uonf// vl@tzJG@tpnf;wGif qif;&Jcsrf;om wef;wlnDr#r_udk rnfokd@&Sm rnfenf;[k pOf;pm;&mwGif vl@tzJG@tpnf;rS qif;&Jol/ 'kuQdw/ atmufqHk;tv$mrsm;. tcGifhta&; t& Oya'. a&S@arSmufwGif wef;wljzpfap&ef (Legal Aid)[kac:aomOya'a&;&mulnDyHhykd;r_vdktyfa=umif;qdkonfht,ltqudkvufcHpOf;pm;vm =uonf//Oya'qdkonfrSmt,ltqrsm;rStajccH+yD;ay:aygufvmjcif;jzpfonf// zdvpfydkif orRw rm;udk@pf vufxufwGif [ Flag Legal Assitenice Group (FLAG)] [laomtzJG@tpnf;&Sdonf//[kdaq;*sLwfEkdrSOD;aqmifonf//rm;udk@pfvufxufwGi edkfifiHa&;t& wuf=uGolwOD;tm; rw&m; zrf;qD; csLyfaESmifv#if xdktzrf;cH&ol rdom;pk (FLAG) udk ta=umif; =um;v#if ( FLAG) rS aiGwjym;rS r,lbJ tr_udk vkdufygaqmif&Gufay;onf// Oya'a&;a=umif;t& tultnDay;jcif;jzpfonf// xdk (FLAG) vnfywfedkif&ef &HyHkaiG b,fu &oenf;//(2)rsKd;tultnD&onf//wrsKd;rSmtpdk;&xHrSjzpfonf//oufqdkif&mtpdk;&xHrSjzpfonf// vl@tzJG@tpnf;rStjyetvSefaqG;aEG;=uonf//Oya'a&;&mudpP&yfrsm;wGifyg0ifulnD&eftzJG@tpnf;&Sdoifhonf//r&SdoifhonfudktjyeftvSefaqG;aEG;=uonf//Oya'a&;&mtultnDESifhygwf oufaom Oya'udk ygvDrefrS jyXmef;onf// Oya'udk jyXmef;&mwGifygvDrefrS jyXmef;ay;&rnf// rnfonfhtzJG@tpnf;rsm; onf Oya'a&;&m tultnD rsm;ukd vkyfaqmifonfudk (Legal Aid) [kac:onf// rnfonfhtzJG@t pnfrsm;rS Oya'a&;&mudpP&yfrsm; aqmif&Gufonfudk edkifiHawmfrSbuf*sufaiG&oifhonfqdkaomOya'udkt&ifjyXmef;ay;&onf// xkdOya'jyXmef;csufESifhtnDtpdk;&ESpfpOf&HyHkaiGbwf*sufudkxdktzJG@tpnf;rsm;okd@ay;tyf&onf/ (Legal Aid)tzJG@tpnf;vkyfcsiffv#if 0goemygaom olrsm;rS tzJG@tpnf;xlaxmif/ rSwfyHkwif/ tpdk;&xHrS buf*suf&atmif awmif;+yd; vkyfief;yHkrSef vnfywf edkif&ef}udK;pm;=uonf// xdk@a=umifhrdrdwdkif;jynfrS(Legal Aid) udkESpfoufoabmus v#if ygvDrefwGif tqdkwif oGif;/ Oya'jyXmef;/ vkyfief;vnfygwfedkif&ef tpdk;xHrS ESpfpOf&HyHkaiG&ygonf// aemufwckrSmedkifiHwumrS&&Sdygonf//edkifiHwumwGiftvSL&SiftzJG@tpnf;rsm;&Sdygonf//,ckurBmwGifaps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfudkusifhoHk;ojzifhvlwdkif;onfvGwfvyfpGmpD;yGm;a&;pepfudk vkyfedkifonf// pD;yGm;a&;vkyf&mrS csrf;omvm=uonf// xdkcsrf;omol (4/5/10 OD;) aygif;I tzJG@tpnf;rsm;xlaxmifvm=uonf//ukr%̀Drsm;jzpfvm=uonf?xdktcgvl@tzJG@tpnf;rSpOf; pm;vm=uonf?qif;&Jr_ESifhcsrf;omr_udkwef;wlnDr#r_&SdatmifrnfuJhodk@aqmif&Gufrnfenf;?vl@tzJG@tpnf;rSwefff;wlr_udkpOf;pm;&mwGifuJGjym;r_udkygpOf;pm;vm=uonf?uJGjym;r_tajccHay:rSnDr#r_udkygpOf;pm;vm=uonf?uJGjym;r_udkr=unfhbJESifhnDr#r_udkpOf;pm;Ir&ay?uJGjym;r_qdkonfrSmtb,fenf;?vlwpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;onfOm%fynmt&nftcsif;wGifrwlnDEdkif=uay?rsdK;&dk;ADZESifhpdkufxkwfaom0d&d,rSmvnf;rwlnDEdkif=uay? xdkuJGjym;r_tajccHrSwef;wlnDr#r_udkpOf;pm;vm&mt=uGif;rJhwef;wlnDr#r_udkr&Edkifay?tajccHvl@tzJG@tpnf;wGifvlrsm;onfuJGjym;ae=uonf?xdkuJGjym;r_udktodtrSwfrðybJ/ wef;wlnDr#r_qdkonfrSmrjzpfEdkifyg?(LegalAid)tcGifhta&;onfwef;wlnDr#a&;tajccHrS&&Sdjcif;jzpfygonf? (LegalAid)tcGifhta&;onfvlwdkif;r&&SdEdkifIwef;wlnDr#r_udkrqefhusifaebl;vm;[kqdk v#ifxdkrnDr#r__udknDr#atmifðyvkyfjcif;yifjzpfygonf?xdkrnDr#r_udknDr#ap&efvl@tzJG@tpnf;

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Õapmfum;cH&jcif;/qHk;&H_;epfemcH&jcif;udkowif;pm/pme,fZif;/&kyfjrifoH=um;/toHv$ifhjcif;wdk@vkyfoifhroifh? epfemoGm;oltwGuftaxmuftyHhjzpfap&eftwGuf&nf&G,fjyD;vltrsm;odatmifvkyfay;oifhonf?odk@rSomtultnDrsm;&Edkifonf? Oyrm? ?vlwpfa,mufonfol.qHk;&_H;epfemoGm;r_twGuf&Jpcef;wGifoGm;a&mufwdkif =um;cJhaomfvnf;tcsdeftwef=umonftxdrnfodk@r#rxl;jcm;v#ifrD'D,mrS,if;tajctaeudkaz:jy ay;vdkufyguv#ifjrefoGm;Edkifayonf?odk@aomfusL;vGefcH&ol.*k%foduQmudkxdyg;apaomaz:jycsuf rsm;udkrlaz:jy&efroifhyg?Oyrm? ?rk'drf;r_rsm;wGifusL;vGefcH&ol.trnf/ae&yfvdyfpm/tjynfhtpHk udkaz:jy&efroifhay? jypfr_usL;vGefoludkta&;,ltjypfay;&mwGiftusifhpm&dwWðyjyifa&;udka&S@&_Iw&m;pD&if&rnf? usL;vGefaomjypfr_ESifhjypf'%frSmoifhawmf&rnf?*syefrsm;jrefrmEdkifiHudktkyfcsKyfcJhpOfucdk;r_rsm;udkao'%fay;avh&Sdonf?cdk;r_usL;vGef&jcif;udkjyefvnfoHk;oyf&efvdkrnfvm;/t*FvefEdkifiHwGifuav;wpfOD;udkZGef;wpfacsmif;cdk;,lr_jzifhao'%ftjypfay;bl;onf?vuf&SdjrefrmEdkifiHwGifvnf;tcsdK@aoma'orsm;wGifjypfr_rsm;udkaus;&Gm"avhxHk;pHrsm;twdkif;ta&;,ltjypfay;avh&Sdonf?cdk;r_udkao'%fay;aeqJjzpfonf? 1947ckESpfzJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya'.yk' fr24wGif&mZ0wfOya'qdkif&mtcGifhta&;rsm;ESifhywfoufIðyvkyfr_wpfckudkðyonfhtcgYtwnfjzpfaeaomw&m;Oya'udkusL;vGefonfrSwpfyg;rnfol@udkrSjypfr_xif&Sm;rpD&if&?xdk@tjyifjypfr_udkðyvkyfonfhtcgutwnfjzpfaeaomw&m;Oya't&ay;Edkifaomt jypf'%fxufydkI=uD;av;aomtjypf'%fudkvnf;rnfol@udkrSray;&? w&m;ol=uD;a&G;cs,fjcif; Õtem*gwfwGifrdrdwdk@wdkif;jynftwGufw&m;ol=uD;rsm;udkrnfuJhodk@a&G;cs,frnfenf;? Õ ? ? ? paomt&nftcsif;rsm;&Sdaomolrsm;udkrnfuJhodk@ a&G;cs,frnfenf;?

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Independence of Judiciary and Fair Trail.

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jyefjyXmef;onfhOya'onfjynfoklrsm;twGufw&m;r#wjcif;r&SdygurvfdkufembJaeEdkif onfhqHk;jzwfcsuf udkcsrSwfEdkif aomw&m;&Hk;.w&m;pD&ifa&;udkvGwfvyfpGmcGifhjyKxm;onfhEdkifiHtcsdK@ udkawG@&SdEdkifonf? Oyrm tar&dueff?Oya'jyXmef;EdkifcGifh&SdaomuGef*&ufrSjyXmef;onfhOya'onfjynfolrsm;.qENESifhrudkufnDyg ur vdkufembJaeEdkifonfhqHk;jzwfcsuftrdef@udkw&m;&Hk;rsm;ucsrSwfay;Edkifonf?Oya'òytm%mydkiftzGJ@ujyXmef;onfhOya'onfjynfolrsm;.qENESifhudkufnDr_&Sdr&SdudktjrifhqHk;w&m;pD&ifa&;jzpfonfhw&m;&Hk;csKyfutqHk;tjzwfay;onf? tcsdK@EdkifiHrsm;wGifOya'òya&;udktjrifhqHk;rSmxm;onf?Oya'jyKydkifcGifh&Sdonfhtm%mydkiftzGJ@uOya'òyxm;onfht wdkif;vdkufemaqmif&Guf&effw&m;pD&ifa&;tm%mydkiftzGJ@jzpfonfhw&m;&Hk;uqHk;jzwf&onf?Oya'jyXmef;csufudkausmfvGefIqHk;jzwfEdkifjcif;r&Sday? wenf;tm;jzifh Oya'òya&;u Oya'jyXmef;xm;jcif;udk w&m;pD&ifa&;u y,fzsufIr&/ wm;qD;Ir&? xdkodk@vdkufemusifhoHk;onfhEdkifiHrSm-Oyrm - t*FvefEdkifiH? tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mudktjrifhqHk;xm;&SdonfhEdkifiHrsm;udktm%m&SifEdkifiHrsm;wGiftrsm;qHk;awG@&Sd&onf?tkyfcsLyfa&; pDrHcef@cGJa&;wdk@twGufvdktyfaomOya'jyXmef;csufrsm;/udkOya'jyKtzGJ@ujyXmef;ay;&onfhtjyifOya'udkrvdkufembJ azgufzsufusL;vGefyguvJw&m;&Hkk;ESifhw&m;pD&ifa&;tzGJ@wdk@taejzifhtkyfcsKyfa&;ESifhpDrHcef@cGJa&;wdk@.n$ef}um;csufrsm;t wdkif;vdkufemItr_rsm;udkppfaq;}um;emqHk;jzwfay;&onf?Oyrmtrsm;tm;jzifhuGefjrLepfpHJepfudkusifhoHk;onfhEdkifiHrsm;ESifhtm%m&SifpHepfudkusifhoHk;onfhEdkifiHrsm;wGifawG@&SdEdkifonf? (1) Separation of Power Legislative Executive Judiciary (2) tar&duef Judiciary Executive Legislative (3) t*Fvef Legislative

Executive Judiciary Separation of power tm%mudkcGJjcm;usifhoHk;Edkifap&efcGJjcm; xm;&mwGif - wef;wltm%mcGJa0xm;jcif;r&Sday/ odk@aomf tm%moHk;&yfudkcGJjcm;usifhoHk;&mwGif tjyeftvSefapmifh}unfhjcif; ESifhxdef;nSdjcif; check and balance vkyfEdkifap&efcGJjcm;xm;jcif;jzpfonf? Oya'òya&;/ tkyfcsKyfa&;/ w&m;pD&ifa&; tm%m (3)ckrSm wckESifhwck apmifh=unfhxdef;nSdEdkif&ef cGJjcm;xm;jcif;jzpfonf? Oyrm? - Oya'òya&;rS jyXmef;onfhOya'twdkif; tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mydkifrsm;u vdkufem&rnf?

- tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mydkifrsm;u jyXmef;Oya'xuf ausmfvGeftoHk;csv#if w&m;pD&ifa&; qHk;jzwfay;&

rnf?

" Basic Principle on Independent of Judiciary" [20] “vGwfvyfaom w&m;pD&ifa&;tajccHrlrsm; 20- csuf ”

1985 ukvor*~ taxGaxGnDvmcHrS twnfòyjyXmef;onf? ukvor*~y‚dnmOfpmwrf;/ tjynfjynfqdkif&m vl@tcGifhta&;a}unmpmwrf;/ pD;yGm;a&;/vlr_a&;ESifh,Ofaus;r_ tcGifhta&; qdkif&mEdkifiHwumoabmwlpmcsKyf wdk@wGifvGwfvyfaomw&m;pD&ifa&;twGufvdktyfonfhtajccHrl tcsuf 20 udk xkwfaz:jyXmef;owfrSwfay;cJhonf? tajccHrltcsuf20 udk acgif;pOfi,f 5 ck atmufwGifcGJjcm;wifjyxm;onf? 20 Principle to 5 Sub- Heading. - ukvor*~yÉdOmOfpmwrf;? - vltcGifhta&;a=unmpmwrf; - EdkfiHwum EdkifiHom; ESifh EdkifiHa&; tcGifhta&;qdkif&m oabmwlnDcsufpmcsKyf wdk@wGif yg&Sddd aomw&m;pD&ifa&;qdkif&m tajccHr_ tcsuf (20)udk acgif;pOfi,f (5)ckcGJjcm;owfrSwf I azmfjyxm;onfudkawG@&SdEdkifonf? - vl@tcGifhta&; a=unmpmwrf;ay:rlwnf+yD; tajccHrltcsuf (20)csrSwfxm;onf? UN charter ukvor*~yÉdnmOfpmwrf;wGif - vlwOD;wa,muf. tajccHtcGifhta&;udk av;pm;vdkufem&rnf? - w&m;pD&ifa&;eSifhywfoufI w&m;ol}uD;udkpD&ifppfaq;ydkifcGifhtm%mtyfESifxm;onf? - vGwfvyfpGmw&m;pD&ifqHk;jzwfEdkif&ef tajccHrl (20)udk vdkufem&rnf? - EdkifiHtrsm;pku vdkufem&efoabmwl=uonf? - wcsdK@EdkifiHrsm;u tcsuftvuftcsdK@udkom vufcH=uonf?

tajccHr_tcsuf ¡20¢ Ù(A). vGwfvyfaomw&m;pdD&ifa&;/ Independence of Judiciary (1) zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'/ Constitution vGwfvyfaomw&m;pD&ifa&;jzifhomjzpfyGm;onfhtr_rsm;udkppfaq;pD&ifrnfjzpfa}umif;udkzGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'wGif twdtvif;xnhfoGif;azmfjyItmrcH&rnf? xdkodk@jyXmef;a&;qGJ&mwGifatmufygtcsufrsm;yg0if&rnf? (u) trsm;jynfola&S@arSmufwGif vGwfvyfpGmppfaq;pD&if&rnf? (c) tr_ppfaq;&mwGif oufaotaxmuftxm;rcdkifvHkyJ aESmifhaES;=uef@=umr_r&Sdap&? (*) vGwfvyfaomw&m;&kH;rsm; zGJ@pnf;wnfaxmif&rnf? EdkifiHawmftpdk;&udk,fwdkif uyif zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya' wGifxnfhoGif; a&;qGJxm;onfhjyXmef;csufrsm; udkav;pm;vdkufem&rnf/ w&m;&Hk;csKyf w&m;okl}uD;ESifh w&m;&Hk;csKyftm; av;pm;&rnf?

1947 jrefrmEdkifiH. zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya't& EdkifiHawmforRwuG,fvGefvsif w&m;ol}uD;csKyfu EdkifiHawmf orwtjzpf acwWwm0ef,l&rnf[kjyXmef;xm;onf? odk@aomf- 1962- ckESpfwGifawmfvSefa&;aumifpDrS AdkvfcsKyf ae0if; tm%modrf;jyD;aemufw&m;&Hkk;csKyf w&m;ol}uD;csKyfOD;jrifhodef;udk (5)ESpf xdef;odrf;cHxm;&onf? tb,fha=umifhqdkaomf Todk@vkyf&jcif; tcsuf (2)csuf &Sdonf?

(1) tm%modrf;onfhudpPonf zGJ@pnf;yHkudkusL;vGefazmufzsufa=umif;ESifhw&m;r0ifa}umif; w&m;&Hk;csKyf w&m;okkl}uD;u a=unmEdkifonf? xdk@aemuftpdk;t&tzGJ@opfudkzGJ@pnf;uma&G;aumufyGJtwGuf quf vufaqmif&GufEdkifonf?

(2) w&m;ol}uD;tm; xdef;odrf;xm;onfhtwGuf usefw&m;ol}uD;rsm;udk ajcmufvSef@Edkif&ef&nf&G,fonf? (2) bufvdkufr_uif;aom r#wr_&Sd&rnf? Impartial trSefw&m;udkaz:xkwftr_ppfaq;&mwGif ESpfzuftr_onfrsm; udkbufrvdkufbJoufaocHcsufrsm;tay:wGif omtajccH&rnf? rawmf}oZmv$rf;rdk;jcif;/ zdtm;ay;jcif;/ jcdrf;ajcmufjcif;/ aoG;aqmifjzm;a,mif;jcif;/ wm;jrpfjcif;wdk@ r&Sdap&? w&m;cGifa&ShwGifrsrsww ESifhbufvdkufr_r&SdbJ ppfaq;pD&ifa}umif; jynfoltrsm; jrifomodomap&ef ppfaq;pD&ifaqmif&Guf&rnf? (3) ppfaq;qHk;jzwfcGifh &Sd§r&Sdudk w&m;ol}uD;udk,fwdkif qHk;jzwfEdkif&rnf? Jurisdiction to decided. tr_rsm;udkvufcHppfaq;&m wGifrnfonfhtr_rsm; udkrnfonfh tqifhw&m; &Hk;rsm;wGif ppfaq;pD&if&rnfudkw&m;&Hk; w&m;ol}uD; rsm;uom qHk;jzwfEdkifcGifh&Sdap&rnf? omreftm;jzifhtxl; w&m;&Hk;rsm;zGJ@pnf;Iw&m;pD&ifjcif;rjyKap&bJ/ omrefw&m;&Hk;rsm;wGif om r_cif;rsm;udkppfaq;pD&ifap&rnf? (4) w&m;pD&ifa&;tqifhqifhwGif 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif;uif;&rnf? Interference with the Judicial Process.

tr_tcif;rsm;udkppfaq;pD&ifonfhtqifhqifhwGif w&m;&Hk;ESifh w&m;ol}uD;rsm;. vkyfydkifcGifh tm%mrsm;udk v$rf;rdk;ap onfh txuftm%mydkifrsm; 0ifa&mufpGufzufr_ rsm; uif;&Sif;ap&rnf? w&m;Oya'wGifjyXmef; xm;onfh twdkif;omjypf'%fay;ta&;,l&rnf?

(5) txl;cHk&kH;jzifh ppfaq;pD&ifcGifhròy&? To be Trial by ordinary court. rnfonfhjypfr_qdkif&mr_cif;rsm;udkrqdk trsm;jynfolrsm; a&S@arSmufwGifom ppfaq;pD&if onfh omrefw&m;&Hkk;rsm; jzifhomppfaq;pD&if&rnf? w&m;&Hk;.pD&ifydkifcGifhtm%mt&ppfaq;pD&ifjcif;udkrnfolr# 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif;r&Sdap&? (6) bufvdkufr_uif;Ir#waomw&m;cGif? Fair Trial. w&m;&Hk;taejzifhtr_rsm;udkppfaq;pD&if&mwGifvGwfvyfaomw&m;pD&ifa&;Esifhrswaomw&m;cGifudkaz:aqmifEdkif&eftxkl;vdktyfonf// vGwfvyfaomw&m;pD&ifa&;rnfrsyif&Sifoef}uD;xGm;aeapumrlrswaomw&m;cGifudkraz:aqmifEdkifao;or#umvywfvHk; w&m;pD&ifa&;r¾fKifonfwdrf;apmif;aetHk;rnfomjzpfonf? xdkuJhodk@aomw&m;cGif rsm;onf jynfoltrsm;twGuf vGwfvyfaom w&m;pD&ifa&; udkraz:aqmifbJ tkyfpdk;olwdk@ oabmus pdwf}udKufppfaq;

pD&iff rnfh vGwfvyf aom w&m;pD&ifa&;omjzpfayvdrfhrnf?xdk@a}umifhrswaomw&m;cGifuom vGwfvyfaomw&m;pD&ifa&; udkxdef;a}umif; wnfhrwfay;Edkif rnfjzpf&m r#wonfhw&m;cGif.ta&;ygr_udkarhaysmufxm;Ir&ay? xdk@a}umifhw&m;pD&ifa&; onfESpfzuf tr_onfrsm;uw&m;r#wr_&Sdonf[kav;pm;,HJk}unf&efvdktyfonf? (7)EdkifiHawmfrSvdktyfaomt&if;tjrpfrsm;axmufyHhay;jcif; State to provide resources.

- EdkifiHawmfrS w&m;pD&ifa&;twGuf vdktyfaomaiGa=u;rsm; axmufyHhulnD&rnf? vGwfvyfIw&m;rswaomw&m;pD&ifa&;udktaumiftxnfaz:aqmif&mwGif EdkifiHawmftpdk;&taejzifh vdktyfaom b¾maiGa}u;rsm;udk axmufyH@r_ay;a&;onfvnf; ta&;ygaomtcef;u¾ rSyg0ifaeonf? w&m;&Hk;rsm;wGif aehpOfukefusonfh toHk;p&dyfrsm;/ w&m;ol}uD;rsm;ESifh w&m;&Hk;tqifhqifh wGifwm0efxrf;aqmif aeolrsm;. pm;0wfaea&; wdk@twGufvdktyfonfhvpmaiGrsm;/ axmufyHha}u;rsm;/ESpfwdk;vpmaiGrsm;/ yifpif tjidrf;pm;vpmaiGrsm;/ oufaowdk@twGuftpdk;&u uscHay;&rnfhoufaop&dyfrsm;tp&Sdonfhw&m;&Hk; 0efaqmifp&dyfrsm; twGuf EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u wm0ef,laqmif&Gufay;&ef wm0ef&Sdonf? ESpfpOf&oHk;cef@rSef;ajcbwf*swfESifh b¾maiGcGJa0oHk;pGJ onfhudpPrsm;wGiftpdk;& tzGJ@taejzifhtpOf*&kjyKaqmif&Guf&eft"duvdktyfonf? Ù (B) vGwfvyfpGmxkwfaz:ajymqdkcGifh ESifh vGwfvyfpGmtoif;tzGJ@rsm;xlaxmifcGifh/ Freedom of expression & Freedom of association.

(1) vGwfvyfaomw&m;pD&ifa&;udkaz:aqmif&mwGifw&m;&Hk; w&m;ol}uD;rsm;taejzifh EdkifiHa&;ygwD ESifh oufqdkifonfhudpPrsm; udkzGifh[ajymqdkjcif;jzifhtrsm;jynfolwdk@.tjrifwGif bufvdkufaqmif&Guf&ma&mufonf w&m;r#wr_r&Sd[k oabmoufa&mufapEdkifonfh twGufEdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh ywfoufIxifjrifcsuf ay;onfh oabm oufa&mufaponfh pum;rsdK; ajymqdkcGifhr&Sday?

(2) vGwfvyfpGmtoif;tzGJ@rsm; zGJ@pnf;wnfaxmifjcif;ESifhywfoufI EdkifiHa&;ESifhqufEG,fonfh oabmouf a&mufaom toif;tzGJ@ rsm;zGJ@pnf;wnfaxmifjcif; rSty useftoif;tzGJ@rsm;tm; vGwfvyfpGm zGJ@pnf; EdkifhcGifh&SdouJhodk@ yg0if aqmif&Guf EdkifcGifhvnf; &Sdonf?

Ù (C) t&nftcsif;ESifh a&G;cs,fwifajrSmufjcif;/ Qualification and Selection.

(1) w&m;ol}uD;rsm;udk a&G;cs,fcef@xm;&mY Oya'wwfusGrf;olrsm;ESifh w&m;pD&ifa&;wGif tawG@t}uHK&Sdolrsm;udk t"dua&G;cs,f cef@xm;&rnf? xdkodk@a&G;cs,fcef@xm;&mwGif vlrsdK;bmom/ usm;/ r/ tom;ta&mif ponfwdk@udk cGJ;jcm;jcif;r&SdapbJ a&G;cs,fcef@xm;&rnf? wdkif;wyg; EdkifiHjcm;om; rjzpfap& EdkifiHom;jzpf olrsm;xJrS yifa&G;cs,fcef@xm;&efvdkonf? woD;yk*~v vGwfvyfolrsm;jzpf&rnf? rnfonfhEdkifiHa&;taoG;ta&mifr#r&Sdap&?

Ù (D) vkyfoufESifhtajctae/ Condition of Service. (1) vkyfief;cGiffvkyfouf vHk+cHKcGifhr_? Security of service.

w&m;&Hk;/ w&m;ol}uD;tjzpfaqmif&Gufolrsm;.vkyfoufvHkjcHKr_ESifhywfoufItpdk;&taejzifhvkHjcHKr_udkzefwD;ay;&rnf// w&m;ol}uD;tjzpfwm0efxrf;aqmif&rnfhoufwrf;umv udk xdkufoifhaom tcsdefumv owfrSwfcsufjzifh tmrcHr_ ay;&rnf? wm0efxrf;aqmifaepOf umvtwGif; &ifqdkif}uHKawG@& onfh w&m;pGJqdkr_rsm; udkvnf; Oya'ESifhtnD tumtuG,fay;&rnf? (2). t+idrf;pm;,l&rnfhoufwrf;? Retirement Age w&m;ol}uD;rsm;.tjidrf;pm;,l&rnfhoufwrf;umvudkoifhwifhpGmowfrSwfay;&rnf? vdktyfonfhtr_xrf;oufwrf;ESifh/ tjrifhqHk;owfrSwfxm;onfh touft&G,fudktwdtusowfrSwfjyXmef;xm;&rnf? (3) &mxl;wdk;ay;jcif; Promotion. w&m;ol}uD;rsm;vkyfoufESifhaqmif&GufcJhonfhrSwfwrf;rsm;t&xdkufoifhaomoludk &mxl;wdk;jrSifhay;jciff;/ ESpfwdk;vpm wdk;jrSifhcHpm;apjcif;/ ponfhvkyfief;cGifom,ma&;twGufftcGifhta&;rsm;udkzefwD;ay;&rnf? xdkodk@&mxl;ESifh vpmaiGrsm; wdk;jrSifhay;&mwGifvnf; oifhawmfolrsm;udktxl;OD;pm;ay;a&G;cs,f&rnf? Oyrm tr_xrf;oufESifh tawG@ t}uHK&ifhusuf olrsm;/ w&m;pD&ifa&;wGif rSefuefpGmqHk;jzwfay;Edkifolrsm;udk &mxl;wdk;ay;&rnf? (4) vHk+cHKr_/ Security r#waomw&m;pD&ifa&;udkaz:aqmif&mwGif w&m;ol}uD;rsm;taeESifh txl;vdkufem&ef vdktyfonfrSm ppfaq;pD&ifqJ rjyD;jywfao;aom tr_rsm;wGif rdrd.oabmxm;xifjrif,klqcsufwdk@udk tr_pD&ifqHk;jzwfcsufrcsrSwfrSDtcsdeftxd jyifyodk@ ayguf=um;jcif;r&Sdap&ef xdef;odrf;&rnf?

(5) uef@owf/ vd_@0Suf/ Confidentiality w&m;ol}uD; rsm;taejzifh ppfaq;pdD&ifqJ tr_rsm;wGif oufaocHtjzpfwifoGif; azmfjyxm;onfh ppfaq;azmfjy rsm;/ oufaowdk@. tppfcHcsufrsm;/ oufaocHpm&Gufpmwrf;rsm; w&m;&Hk;.jyify odk@tr_ppfaq;pD&ifjcif;rjyF;jywf ao;rD umvtwGif; jyif yodk@ ayguf=um;jcif;r&Sdatmiftxl; vd_@0Sufxm;&rnf?

(6) tumuG,fay;jcif;/ Protection

jypfr_qdkif&mtr_rsm;wGifjzpfap/ w&m;rr_rsm;wGifjzpfap w&m;ol}uD;tzGJ@. rSm;,Gif;aomqHk;jzwffcsuftay: tajc òyIepfemolrSepfemr_rsm;ukpm;Edkif&efw&m;rr_ jyefvnfw&m;pGJqdkjcif;rS umuG,fay;&rnf? xdk@tjyif &Hzef&Hcg tr_tcif; rsm;rjyD;jywfrD r#waomw&m;cGifESifhvGwfvyfaomw&m;pD&ifa&;udk xdcdkufaponfhjcdrf;ajcmufr_rsm;udk vnf;EdkifiHawmf tpdk;&ESifh wm0ef&Sd olrsm;utumtuG,fay;&rnf?

Ù (E) pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm; / Discipline

(1) r#waom pHkprf;ppfaq;jcif; Enquiry fair hearing.

w&m;ol}uD;wOD;taejzifh tr_ppfaq;pD&if&mwGif rrSefruefvkyfaqmifr_rsm; ESifhywfoufI oufqdkif&m w&m;ol}uD; tzGJ@xHodk@ wdkif=um;Edkifonf? tr_tcif;rsm;jzpfyGm;onfhtcg ESpfzuftr_onfrsm;t}um;vlwdk@.obm0tavsmuf&H_l;edrfholwdk@taejzifhrausreyfjzpfwwfonfrSmobm0yifjzpfonf// xdkodk@rauseyf&mrStxufodk@ w&m;ol}uD;.tjyKtrl/ vkyfaqmifr_rsm;ESifhywfoufI wdkif}um;}uonfh

udpPrsm;udkvnf; &ifqdkif}uHKawG@&wwfonf? wdkif}um;pmvufcH &&SdIpHkprf;ppfaq;&efwm0ef&SdonfhtzGJhtaejzifhvnf;

xdkodk@pHkprf;ppfaq;onfhtcg - (1) vGwfvyfpGmppfaq;=um;em&rnf?

(2) Oya'ESifhtnD a&S@aeESifh ckcHacsycGifhòy&rnf?

(3) w&m;r#waomqHk;jzwfcsuf jzpf&rnf?

(2) &mxl;csxm;onfhumvonftuefhtowfESifhjzpf&rnf/ Suspension only when unfit.

-wdkif}um;onfhr_cif;ESifhywfoufI Xmeqdkif&m pHkprf;ppfaq;r_jyKvkyf+yD; wdkif=um;xm;onfhtwdkif; rrSeftueffvkyfaqmifonfudkawG@&Sd&v#ifusL;vGefonfhjypfr_twdkif;twmt& &mxl;rScsxm;jcif;/ ESpfwdk;vpmqdkif;iHhjcif;/ &mxl;wdk;jrSifhay;a&;twGufESpfa&G@qdkif;jcif;ponfhjypf'%frsm;udkay;Edkifonf?xdkodk@jypf'%fowfrSwf&mwGifvnf; tcsdefum vowfrSwfcsufjzifh ay;onfhjypf'%fowfrSwfcsuf jzpf&rnf? Oyrm- ESpfwdk;vpm wESpf&yfqdkif;jcif;/ wqifhedrfh&mxl;wGifwESpfwm0efxrf;aqmifapjcif;/ &mxlwdk;ay;&efwESpfa&G@qdkif;jcif;ponfhjypf'%frsm;omjzpf&rnf?ss

(3) w&m;Oya'ESifhtnDppfaq;pD&ifjcif;jzpf&rnf? Proceding to be Judicial.

- xdkuJhodk@Xmeqdkif&mpHkprf;ppfaq;r_jyK &mwGif w&m;Oya'ESifhtnD ppfaq;pD&ifjcif;jzpf&rnf? xdkufoifh aomckcHacsycGifh ay;&rnf? Oya'ucGifhjyKxm;onfhtcGifhta&;rSefor#udk&&SdcHpm;ap&rnf?

(4) Independent review.

- Xmeqdkif&mpHkprf;a&;tzGJ@. pHkprf;ppfaq;r_udk rauseyfygu owfrSwfxm;aomw&m;pD&ifa&;tzGJ@odk@ jyefvnfoHk;oyf cGifhwifjyEdkifonfh tcGifhta&;&Sd&rnf?

Ð Fair Trial. (r#waomw&m;pD&ifa&;)

- Pre Trial (tr_rppfaq;cifumv)

- Trial (tr_ppfonfhumv)

- Post Trial (tr_ppfaq;qHk;jzwf+yD;onfhumv)

-Pre Trial

&mZ0wfr_ (2) rsdK;awG@Edkifonf?

vl@udk,fudkxdcdkufapaomjypfr_rsm;/ESifh

ypPnf;udkxdcdkufapaomjypfr_rsm;[lI2 rsdK;awG@&SdEdkifonf?

&mZ0wfr_rsm;wGif rnfolrqdktr_zGifhwdkif=um;Edkifonf?

- tr_zGifh&efyxrowif;ay; wdkifcsufzGifhv#if

(1) wdus&Sif;vif;&rnf?

(2) &Jta&;ydkifaomtr_jzpfff&rnf?

(3) rnfolrqdkwdkif=um;Edkifonf?

(4) tcif;jzpfyGm;csdefwGif oufao&Sd§r&Sd?

(5) wdkifcsufay:wGif vufrSwfxdk;&rnf?

wdkifcsufwGif oufaoudkwcgxJxnfha&;&rnf?

jypfr_rsm;wGif

(1) Compoundable (ausat;Edkifaomtr_)ESifh

(2) Non- Compoundable (rausat;Edkifaomtr_)rsm;[lI&Sdonf?

(3)ESpftxuf jypfr_rsm;&Jta&;ydkifonhf &Jta&;ydkifaomjypfr_rsm;wGif ausat;Ir&?

- Pre Trial (tr_rppfaq;rSD w&m;cH.tcGifhta&;)

(1) ta=umif;t&m (rnfonfhtr_ESifh zrf;onfudk&Sif;jy&rnf)?

(2) a&S@aeiSm;&rf;cGifh?

(3) 24-em&DtwGif; w&m;&kH;wifydk@&rnf?

(4) EdSyfpufn‡if;yef;jcif;ròy&?

(5) wdkufydwfjcif;ròy&?

(6) twif;t"<r ajzmifhcsufr,l&?

(7) &JutmrcHay;Edkifv#iftmrcH ay;&rnf?

- Trial (tr_ppfaq;pOfumvtwGif;ckcHacsyol.tcGifhta&;rsm;)

(1) tcGifhta&;wefwl&Sd&rnf?

(2) vGwfvyfaomw&m;pD&ifa&;jzpf&rnf?

(3) vltrsm;a&SharSmufwGif tr_udk=um;emppfaq;&rnf?

(4) w&m;cHudk jypf'%frcsrcsif; tjypfr&Sdol[k,lq&rnf?

(5) &mZ0wfr_wGif pGwfpGJolw&m;vdktay:wGif oufaojy&efwm0ef&Sdonf?

(6) pGJcsufwif+yD;tcsdeffwGif tjypfr&Sd[kajymv#if oufaojy&efwm0ef w&m;cHay:wGifajymif;vJusa&mufonf?

(7) oHo,.tusdK;udk w&m;cH cHpm;cGifh&Sdonf?

(8) &kH;wGif tmrcHay;Edkifv#ifay;&rnf?

(9) tmrcHray;Edkifonfhtr_rsm;wGiftmrcHray; oifhyJay;v#if w&m;cHxGufajy;Edkifonf? oufaorsm;udk azsmufzsufEdkifonf?

(10) rnfonfhtcsdeffwGifrqdk tmrcHav#mufxm;Edkifonf?

(11) rnfonfhtr_wGifrqdk oufaocdkifvHkr_r&Sdv#if tmrcHay;Edkifonf?

(12) vHkavmufaomoufao ac:,lcGifh&Sdonfffff?

(13) tr_udk jrefjref ESifh rSefrSefppfaq;&rnf?

(14) oufaocHOya'ESifhudkufnD aomoufaocHcsufrsm;udkom vufcH&rnf?

(15) trsm;jynfola&SharSmufwGif pD&ifcsufcs&rnf?

(16) w&m;r#wr_&Sdaom tjypfudkomay;&rnf?

(17) t,lcH/ jyifqif/ apm'u av#mufxm;Edkifonf?

(18) &kH;ajymif;ppfaq;ay;&ef av#mufxm;Ekdifonf?

(19) w&m;ol}uD;pGJcsufwifI rauseyfv#if txufw&m;&kH;odk@wufEkdkifonf?

(20) vlowfr_ESifh tjcm;tr_}uD;rsm;wGif w&m;cHudkbufvdkufI v$wfay;ygu txufw&m;&kH;odk@wifEdkif&ef EdkifiHawmfu pDpOfvkyfaqmifay;&onf?

tjynfjynfqdkif&mvl@tcGifhta&;a}unmpmwrf;ESifh tjynfjynfqdkif&m EdkifiHom; ESifh EdkifiHa&;tcGifhta&; oabmwlpmcsKyf wdk@wGifyg&Sdonfh vlwOD;wa,muf. Oya't& cHpm;cGifh&SdonfhtcGifhta&;rsm;? tydk'f 3 vlwdkif;Ytouf&Sif&efvGwfvyfr_tcGifheSifhvkH¹ckHpdwfcscGifh&Sdonf? tydk'f 5 rnfoludkr#nSif;yef;ESdyfpufjcif;/ odk@wnf;r[kwf &ufpuf}urf;}uKwfpGm vlrqefpGm *k%fi,fapaom qufqHr_ rjyK&/ odk@wnf;r[kwf jypf'%fray;&// tydk'f 6 vlwdkif;wGif Oya't&mY vlyk*~dKvf wOD;tjzpfjzifh t&mcyfodrf;wGif todtrSwf jyK jcif;udkcH,lydkifcGifh&Sdonf// tydk'f & vltm;vHk;wdk@onf Oya't&mYwlnD}uonfhtjyif Oya'.tumtuG,f udkjcm;em;jcif; rcH&apbJ wlnDpGm cHpm;cGifh&Sdonf// Tausnmpmwrf;yg oabmw&m;rsm;udk zDqefI cGJjcm;jcif;rSvnf;aumif;/ xdkodk@ cGJjcm;jcif; udkv_H@aqmfjcif;rSvnf;aumif;/ uif;vGwfap&ef tumtuG,fudk wlnFpGm cHpm;ydkifcGifh&Sdonf// tydk'f * zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'uaomfvnf;aumif;/ tjcm;Oya'uaomfvnf;aumif;/ vlwdkif;twGufay;xm;onfh tajccHtcGifhta&;rsm;onf csdL;azgufzsufqD;jcif;cH&vsif xdkodk@ csdL;azgufzsufpD;aom jyKvkyfr_a}umifh jzpfay:vm aom epfemcsuftwGuf xdkolonf EdkifiHqdkif&mtm%mydkif w&m;&Hk;wGif xda&mufpGm oufom cGifh&Edkifap&rnf// tydk'f 9 rnfolr#Oya't&r[kwfaomzrf;qD;jcif;udkjzpfap/ csKyfaESmifjcif;udkjzpfap/ jynfESifjcif;udkjzpfap rcHap&// tykd'f 10 tcGifhta&;rsm;eSifh wm0ef 0wW&m;rsm;ukd tqkH;tjzwfcH&mwGifvnf;aumif;/ jypfr_a=umifhw&m;pGJqkdpD&if qkH;jzwfcH&mwGifvnf;aumif;/ vlwdkif;onfvGwfvyfI bufrvkdufaom w&m;&kH;awmf. vltrsm;a&SarSmufwGif r#wpGm=um;em ppfaq;jcif; ukd wlnDpGm cHpm;ykdifcGif&Sdonf? tykd'f 11

(1) vltrsm;a&SarSmufYOya'twkdif; ppfaq; I jypfr_usK;vGefonf [k xif&Sm;pD&ifjcif;cH&onf tcsdeft xdjypfr_eSifh w&m;pGJqkdjcif; cH&olwdkif;onf tjypfrJhol[lI ,lqjcif;cHxdkufonfh tcGifhta&;&Sdonf?

xdktr_ukd=um;emppfaq;&m 0,fpGyfpGJcH&onfh jypfr_twGuf ckcHacsyekdif&ef vkdtyfaom tcGifhta&;rsm; ukd xkdoltm;ay; jyd;jzpfap&rnff?

(2) vlwpfOD;wpfa,muftm; edkifiHOya't&jzpfap/ tjynfjynfqkdif&mOya' t&jzpfap jypfr_rajrmufaom vkyf&yf okd@r[kwf ysufuGufr_t&qGJqkdjypfay;jcif;r¹yk&? xkd@tjyifjypfr_usL;vGef pOftcgu xkdufoifh apekdifaom tjypf'%fxuf ykdrdk}uD;av;aom tjypf'%f ukd xkdufoifhjcif; r&Sdap&//

tykd'f 12 rnfolr# rdrdoabmtwdkif; at;csrf;vGwfvyfpGmxkdifjcif;ukd aomfvnf;aumif;/ rdrd.rdom;pkukdaomfvnf;aumif; rdrd.aetdrftokduft0ef; ukdaomfvnf;aumif;/ pmay;pm,lukdaomfvnf;aumif;// Oya't& r[kwfaom 0ifa&mufpGyfzufjcif;rcHap&? xkd@tjyif rdrd.*k%foduQm ufkdvnf;txufygtwkdif; ykwfcwfjcif; rcHap&? vlwdkif;wGif xkdodk@0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif;rSaomfvnf;aumif; ykwfcwfjcif;rSaomfvnf;aumif; Oya't& umuG,fykdifcGifh&Sdonf?

tjynfjynfqdkif&mEdkifiHom;ESifhEdkifiHa&;tcGifhta&;oabmwlpmcsKyf wGifyg&Sdaomw&m;cGifESifh pyfqdkifaomtcGifhta&;rsm;?

ICCPR; Article .6, (1,2,4,5) Article 7 , 1 , tykd'f (6) 1? touf±Sif&yfwnfykdifcGifhonf vlom;wkdif;. rjiif;qefEkdifaom arG;&mygtcGifhta&;jzpfonf? TtcGifhta&;ukd Oya'jzifh umuG,fapmifha±Smuf&rnf? rnfolr# yk*~dKvfwOD;wa,muftm; toufqkH;±_H;atmif w&m;rJhpGm vkyfaqmif ykdifcGifhr±Sd? 2? ao'%ftjypfay;aompepfukd tqkH;rowfao;aomEkdifiHrsm;wGif tqkd;±Gm;qkH;aomjypfr_rsm;ukd usL;vGef=uolrsm; udkfom jypfr_usL;vGefpOfu wnfqJw&m;Oya't& ao'%f pD&ifcsufcsEkdifygonf? okd@&mwGif TuJhokd@ao'%f csrSwf&mY TyÉdnmOfpmwrf;. jyXmef;csufrsm;ESifhvnf;aumif;/ rsdK;ðzwfowfjzwfr_wm;qD;a&;ESifh tjypf'%fcsrSwf a&;qkdif&moabmwlnDcsufESifhvnf;aumif; uGJvGJjcif;r±Sdap&? Ttjypf'%fukd tjrifhqkH;w&m;±kH;u aemufqkH;pD&if csufcsrSwftwnfðy+yD;rSomv#if pD&ifEkdifygonf? 4? ao'%fcsrSwfjcif;cH&olwGif vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifhtwGufaomfvnf;aumif;/ ao'%ftpm; tjcm;tjypf'%fajymif; vJcHpm;cGifhtwGufaomfvnf;aumif;/ av#mufxm;ykdifcGifh±Sdonf? TuJhokd@ vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifh twGufaomfvnf; aumif;/ ao'%ftpm; tjcm;tjypf'%fajymif;vJcHpm;cGifhtwGufaomfvnf;aumif; av#mufxm;csufrSefor#ukd vkdufavsmEkdifygonf? 5? touf 18 ESpfatmufi,faom vli,frsm;usL;vGefaom&mZ0wfr_twGuf ao'%fpD&ifcsuf rcsrSwf&? xdk@twl ukd,f0ef aqmiftrsdK;orD;rsm;tm; ao'%frpD&if&? tykd'f (7)

rnfo!hfyk*~dKvfukdr# rESdyfpuf&? &ufpufpGmrðyusifh&? vlrqefaom okd@r[kwf vl@*k%foduQmukd!‡dK;EGrf;apaom qufqHr_rsdK;aomfvnf;aumif;/ tjypfay;r_aomfvnf;aumif; rðyvkyf&?

Article . 9 (1), (2), (3), (4), (5). tykd'f (9) 1? vlom;wkdif;wGif vGwfvyfcGifhESifh vkHòcHa&;pdwfcs&ydkifcGifhwdk@udk cHpm;ykdifcGifh±Sdonf? rnfolukdr# wzufowftm%mokH;I rw&m; zrf;qD;jcif;udk aomfvnf;aumif;/ Oya'rJh rw&m;xdef;odrf;jcif;aomfvnf;aumif; rðyvkyf&? wnfqJOya't& csrSwf xm;onfh Oya'/ enf;Oya'rsm;t& zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;&efvkdtyfaom tajctaerSwyg; yk*~dKvfwOD;.vGwfvyfcGifh udk rqkH;±_H; ap&? 2? yk*~dKvfwOD;tm; zrf;qD;&mY zrf;qD;csdefYyif ,if;yk*~dKvftm; zrf;qD;&o!hfta=umif;ukd today;&rnfjzpf+yD; pGJqkd csufwpkHw&myg±Sdyguvnf; csufcsif;today;ajym}um;&rnf? 3? wpkHwOD;tm; &mZ0wfr_usL;vGefa=umif;pGJqkdcsufjzifh zrf;qD;jcif;aomfvnf;aumif;/ xdef;odrf;jcif;aomfvnf; aumif; ðyvkyfygu ‚if;tm; w&m;ol}uD;wOD; okd@r[kwf w&m;pD&ifykdifcGifhtm%m tyfESif;jcif;cH&aom t&m±SdwOD;. a±S@arSmufokd@ csufcsif;ac:aqmifvm&rnfjzpf+yD; Tyk*~dKvfwGif oifhawmfaomumvtykdif;tjcm;wcktwGif; =um;em ppfaq;r_ukd pwifcH,lykdifcGifh±Sdonf? okd@r[kwf oifhawmfaomumvtykdif;tjcm;wcktwGif; =um;emppfaq;r_ rpwif Ekdifygu ‚if;tm; v$wfay;&rnf? w&m;cGif=um;emppfaq;r_tm; apmifhpm;ae=uaom w&m;cHrsm;tm; zrf;qD;csKyf aESmifxm;jcif;onf a,bk,stm;jzifh vkdufem&o!hf vkyf±kd;vkyfpOfr[kwfyg? okd@aomf w&m;cHu w&m;cGifokd@ vma&muftppfaq;cH&ef vkdtyfo!hftcgwkdif; vma&muftppfaq;cHrnf[lIvnf;aumif;/ pD&ifcsuf csrSwfo!hf tcgwGifvnf; w&m;cGifokd@vma&mufrnf [kvnf;aumif; tmrcHv#if ‚if;tm;csKyfaESmifxm;jcif;rS v$wfay;&rnf? 4? zrf;qD;jcif; okd@r[kwf xdef;odrf;jcif;a=umifh vGwfvyfr_ qkH;±_H;ae&aom yk*~dKvfwOD;taejzifh ‚if;tm;zrf;qD;jcif; okd@r[kwf xdef;odrf;jcif;onf Oya'ESifh nDrnD/ Oya'ESifh rnDygu ‚if;tm;v$wfay;Ekdif&eftwGuf w&m;±kH;u tcsdef rqkdif;bJ qkH;jzwfay;Ekdif&eftvkd@iSm w&m;±kH;xH av#mufxm;ykdifcGifh±Sdygonf? 5? w&m;Oya'rJh zrf;qD;jcif;udk aomfvnf;aumif;/ xdef;odrf;jcif;udk aomfvnf;aumif; cH&onfh yk*~dKvfwOD;wGif trdef@t& ay;ukday;&r!hfavsmfa=u; &ykdifcGifh±Sdonf?

Article . 14 (1) (2), (3) q, (7). tykd'f (14) 1? vlwkdif; w&m;±kH; okd@r[kwf ckH±kH;rsm;a±S@arSmufwGif wef;wlnDr#tcGifhta&;&Sonf/ yk*~dKvfwOD;tm; r_cif;w&yfESifh ywfouf+yD; &mZ0wfjypfr_a=umif;t& w&m;pGJqkd&mYvnf;aumif;/ w&m;rr_w&yfESifhpyfvsOf;I rdrd.cHpm;ykdifcGifh ±Sdo!hftcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh xrf;aqmif&r!hf wm0ef0wW&m;rsm;ysufuGufr_tay: w&m;pGJqkd&mYvnf;aumif;/ xdkolonf Oya'ESifh tnD zGJ@pnf;I vGwfvyf+yD; bufvkdufjcif;r±Sdo!hf w&m;±kH;wGif vltrsm;a±S@arSmufYppfaq; =um;emjcif;ukd cHpm;ykdifcGifh±Sdonf? 'Drkdua&pDpepfusifhokH;aom EkdifiHwEkdifiHwGif ukd,fusifhoduQm ESifh xdkol. vkHòcHa&;ukdta=umif;ðyIaomfvnf;aumif;/ tr_&ifqkdifae=u&aomyk*~dKvfwkd@. yk*~dKvfa&;tusdK;pD;yGm;ukd umuG,f apmifha±Smuf&efvkdtyfIaomfvnf;aumif;/ xl;jcm;oaomtajctaersdK;a=umifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ =um;emppfaq; xGufqkdr_rsm;onf/ vlod±Sif=um;jzpfoGm;cJhygu/ w&m;Oya'ESifhtnDppfaq;aeonfh r#waom w&m;pD&ifa&;ukdxdckdufEkdifonf[k w&m;±kH;uxifjrif,lqv#ifaomfvnf;aumif;/ owif;axmufrsm;ESifh

jynfolvlxk tm; w&m;cGifwav#mufvkH;wGifaomfvnf;aumif;/ w&m;cGif.=um;emppfaq;r_ wpdwfwa'oukdaomfvnf; aumif; wufa&muf=u!hf±_em;axmif owif;,ljcif;wdk@ tm; tcgtm;avsmfpGm wm;jrpfydwfyifEkdifygonf? uav;oli,fw&m;cHrsm;. tusdK;udk iJhuGufI uav;oli,frsm; usL;vGefaom &mZ0wfr_/ odk@r[kwf uav; oli,fESifhywfoufaeaom tdrfaxmifa&; tjiif;yGm;r_/ om;orD;tkyfxdef;cGifh&vdkr_rsm;wGif uav;i,fwdk@. tusdK;pD;yGm;udkumuG,fonfh taejzifh tr_ESifh oufqdkifaom pD&ifcsufudk vlod&Sif=um;rxkwfjyef&? TuJhodk@tr_rsm;rSty &mZ0wfr_tm;vHk;wGifcsrSwfaom pD&ifcsuf rSefor#udk vlod&Sif=um;xkwfjyef&rnf? 2? &mZ0wfjypfr_t&w&m;pJGqdkjcif;cH&olrSefor# w&m;Oya't& ‚if;wGiftjypf&Sda=umif; oufaorjyEdkifao; or#umv ywfvHk; ‚if;tm;tjypfuif;pifoltjzpf oabmxm;jcif;udkcH,lydkifcGifh&Sdonf? 3? &mZ0wfjypfr_t&tjypf&Sda=umif; pJGqdkcH&olwdkif;wGif tenf;qHk;atmufygtcGifhta&;rsm;udk cHpm;ydkifcGifhtjynfht0 &Sdonf?

(u) ‚if;tm;pJGqdkonfh jypfr_. oabmobm0ESifhpJGqdk&onfh ta=umif;t&if;tao;pdyfudk ‚if;em;vnf onfh bmompum;jzifh csufcsif;today;ajym}um;&rnf? (c) ‚if;taejzifh rdrdudk,fudk umuG,fckcHEdkifa&;twGuf jyifqif&efESifh ‚if;udk,fwdkif a&G;cs,faomOya' tusdK; aqmifESifh qufoG,fa&;wdk@twGuf tcsdefESifhtaxmuftuludk vHkavmufpGmay;&rnf? (*)tr_udkoifhavsmfonfhtcsdeftwGif; =uef@=umr_@r&SdapbJ =um;emppfaq;r_pwif&rnf? (C)tr_udkppfaq;pD&if&mwGif ‚if;.a&S@arSmufYyif =um;emppfaq;&rnf? rdrdudk,fudkumuG,fckcHonfhtaejzifh udk,fwdkifacsy ydkifcGifh&Sdovdk ESpfouf&mOya'tusdK;aqmif. tultnDESifhckcHacsyydkifcGifh&Sdonf? tu,f I‚if;taejzifh Oya'tusdK; aqmif.tultnDr&,lao;ygu ‚if;wGif tcGifhta&;&Sda=umif; today;&rnf? w&m;r#wpGm =um;emppfaq; a&;udka&S@&_vsuf vdktyfygu Oya'tusdK;aqmifiSm;&rf;EdkifpGrf; r&Sdaomw&m;cHtwGuf Oya' tusdK;aqmifudk Xm;&rf; ay;&rnf? Todk@iSm;&rf;&m wGif O'a'tusdK;aqmifc udkw&m;cHxHrS&,ljcif;rðy&? w&m;cH twGuf tcrJhjzpfap&rnf? (i) ‚if;bufrSxGufqdkrnfh w&m;cHjyoufaorsm;tm; qifhac:ppfaq;onfhtcg w&m;vdkjyoufaorsm;tm; ppfaq;onfhtajctaersdK;twdkif; yif ppfaq;&rnf? (p) ‚if;onfw&m;&Hk;uoHk;pJGaom bmompum;udkem;rvnfygu ‚if;twGufbmomjyefyk*~dKvf cef@xm; ay;&rnf? (q) tjypfudktwif;t=uyf0efcHapjcif; odk@r[kwf rdrdudk,fwdkifqef@usifwGufqdkcsufrsdK; twif;t=uyfay;apjcif; rðyvkyf&?

4? vlrr,fuav;oli,frsm;. tr_rsm;udk=um;emppfaq;&mwGif ‚if;uav;i,f. touft&G,fudk axmuf xm;I vnf;aumif;/ ‚if;tm;jyefvnfðypkysdK;axmifa&;udka&S@&_Ivnf;aumif; qDav#mfaom vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;jzifhom =um;em ppfaq;&rnf? 5? &mZ0wfr_wckjzifh tjypf'%fcsrSwfcH&olwdkif; Oya't& txufw&m;&Hk;wGifjypf'%fowfrSwf csuftm; jyefvnf oHk;oyf&eftwGuf t,lcHydkifcGifh&Sdonf? 6? t=uifyk*~dKvfwOD;wa,muftm; &mZ0ifta=umif;t& jypf'%fcsrSwf+yD;onhfaemuf/ ‚if;tm;jypf'%fcsrSwfcJhjcif;onf rSm;,Gif;a=umif;ay:vGifvmcJhojzifh ‚if;tay: tjypf'%f csrSwfcsuftm; jyefvnf&kyfodrf; onfjzpfap/ ‚if;tm;vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifh ay;&onfjzpfap/ T taxmuftxm; tcsuftvufopfrsm;tm; tcsdefrSDrazmfxkwfEdkifcJhjcif;rSm ‚if;yk*~dKvfudk,fE_dufu xdefcsefcJh jcif;jzpfonf[k

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tydk'f (15) 1? usL;vGefcsdefY wdkif;jynf.wnfqJw&m;Oya't&jzpfap/ tjynfjynfqdkif&mOya't&jzpfap &mZ0wfr_rajrmufaomjypfr_udk usL;vGefcJh=uaomyk*~dKvfwdkif;/ odk@r[kwf vkyfoifhvkyfaqmif&efysufuGufjcif;jzifh &mZ0wfr_rajrufaom jypfr_udk xdkOya'jyXmef;csdef ðyvkyfcJhaomolwdkif;tm; (wnfqJOya'jzifh) &mZ0wfr_ usL;vGefonf[krowfrSwf&? (aemufa=umif;jyefItm%moufa&mufjcif;r&Sdap&) xdkenf;wl/ &mZ0wfr_udk xdktcsdefYusL;vGef cJholtm; wnfqJOya't& ay;&rnfhOya'jyXmef;csuf xufydkI }uD;av;aom tjypf'%fray;&? tu,fIjypfr_usL; vGefcJh+yD;aemuf &Sd&if;pJGOya'xuf av#mhayghaom tjypf'%fay;&ef Oya'jyXmef;csuftopf ay:aygufvmygu jypfr_usL;vGefolonf TjyXmef;csuf topf. tusdK;udkcHpm;ydkifcGifh&Sdonf? 2? EdkifiHwumrStodrSwfðyaom taxGaxGOya'rsm;t& wpHkw&mvkyfaqmifjcif; odk@r[kwf vkyfaqmif&efysufuGufjcif;jzifh jyXmef;cJhhaomOya'rsm;t& xdktcsdefwGif&mZ0wfr_ajrmufaom jypfr_udkusL;vGefcJh olwdkif;tm; =um;emppfaq;jcif;ESifh tjypf'%fpD&if;jcif;udk xdyg;ap&ef Tyk'fru rnfolr#r&nf&G,fyg?

tydk'f (16)

vlom;wdkif;ae&ma'ora&G; Oya'a&S@arSmufwGif vlom;wOD;tjzpf todtrSwfðycHydkifcGifh&Sdonf?

w&m;r#waomw&m;cGif(Fair Trial ) ay:aygufEdkifa&;twGuf taxmuftyHhjzpfap&ef

jypfr_qdkif&mr_cif;rsm;ESifhw&m;Oya' A[kokw

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8 jypfr_qdkif&musifhxHk;Oya'yk'fr 61 9 jypfr_qdkif&musifhxHk;Oya'yk'fr 167 (1) 10 jypfr_qdkif&musifhxHk;Oya'yk'fr 167(2) w&m;&Hk;rsm;vufpGJpmydk'f 410 11 w&m;&Hk;rsm;vufpGJ pmydk'f 406 12 jypfr_qdkif&musifhxHk;Oya'yk'fr 498 (2) 13 w&m;&Hk;rsm;vuffpGJ pmydk'f 405 (2) 14 jypfr_qdkif&musifhxHk;Oya'yk'fr 200/ w&m;&Hk;rsm;vufpGJpmydk'f 425 15 jypfr_qdkif&musifhxHk;Oya'yk'fr 204/ w&m;&Hk;rsm;vufpGJpmydk'f 429

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16 w&m;&Hk;rsm;vufpGJpmydk'f 529 17 oufaocHOya' yk'fr 137 18 oufaocHOya' yk'fr 141 19 oufaocHOya' yk'fr 143

w&m;vdk (odk@r[kwf) oufaojyvdkolzufrS t"duppfar;jcif;jyD;pD;ygu wzufrSjyefvSefar;cGef;ar;jref;Edkifonf// oufaotm; wzuftr_onfuppfar;jcif;udk jyefvSefppfar;jcif;[kac:onf//20 jyefvSefar;cGef;xkwfjcif;.t"du&nf&G,fcsufrSm oufaoxGufcsufonf r,Hk}unfxdkuf/ ,kwWdr&Sd[k jzdKzsuf&efjzpfonf// oufaouvnf;rcdkifvHk/ jyefvSefar;oluvnf;rusGrf;usifvsif oufaoxGufcsuf onfysufEdkifonf// oufaoaumif;I jyefvSefar;olutar;tjref;xlvsif oufaoxGufcsufonf ydkrdkIcdkifcHhoGm;wwfonf// xdk@a}umifh jyefvSefar;cGef;onf tar;cH&okludkxdovdk/ tar;cH&oludkvnf; xdwwfaom ESpfzuf'g;oGm;ESifhwlonf// jyefvSefppfar;jcif;wGif edrdwfjyar;cGef;rsm;udk ar;jref;Edkifonf// oufao. t"duxGufqdkcsufrSm rSefuefr_/ wdusr_ wefzdk;rnfa&G@rnfrs&dSonfudk pHkprf;ppfaq;&eftwGufjzpf&m edrdwfjyar;cGef;rsm;ar;jcif;jzifhom aumif;pGm prf;oyf Edkifrnfjzpfonf// oufaowOD;tm; jyefvSefppfar;onfhtcg atmufygar;cGef;rsm; udkvnf; ar;jref;Edkifonf? 1// ‚if;.oufaoxGufqdkcsufrsm; rSefuefr_&dSr&dSprf;oyf&ef/ 2// ‚if;.vlr_a&;tajctae/ tusifhpm&dwW rnfuJhofkd@&dSonfudkod&SdEdkif&ef/ 3// ar;cGef;rsm;udkajzqdkjcif;a}umifh wdkuf&dkufaomf‚if;/ oG,f0dkufIaomf‚if; &mZ0wfjypfr_xdkufoifhaprnf/ '%faiGay;aqmifap&rnf/ odk@r[kwf ypPnf;odrf;qnf;jcif;cH&ap&ef usa&mufEdkifaomfvnf; ‚if;. tusifhpm&dwWudk xdcdkufI‚if; tm;,Hk}unfjcif;udk,drf;,dkifap&ef/ jyefvSefppfar;&mwGif tr_ESifhoufqdkif aom ta}umif;jcif;&mrsm; udkomru oufaoonf ,Hk}unfxdkufokl[kwfr[kwff od&dSEdkif&eftwGuf ar;cGef;rsm;udk jyefvSefppfar;&mwGif ar;jref;eDkifonf//21 oufaoonf t"duppfar;jcif;wGif tppfcHoGm;aomtr_ESifhywfoufI trSefwu,fod&Sdjcif; [kwfr[kwf/ rSwfrdEdkifjcif;&dSr&dS/ aumif;pGmem;vnfEdkifjcif;&dSr&dS/ bufvdkufjcif;&dSr&dS/ tr_onfwOdD;OD;ESifh aqGrsdL;awmfpyfjcif;/ cifrif&if;ESD;jcif;/ &efnd_l;xm;jcif;&dSr&dS ponfwdk@rSm tr_jzpfta}umif;t&mrsm;ESifh pyfqdkifjcif;r&Sdaomfvnf; oufaoonf ,Hk}unfxdkufaomoufao [kwfr[kwfod&SdEdkif&eftwGuf ar;jref; Edkif onf//22 jyefvnfajz&Sif;ar;cGef; (Re- examination) jyefvnfajz&Sif;ar;cGef; (odk@r[kwf) &Sif;vif;ppfaq;jcif;rSm jyefvSefar;cGef;wGifyg&Sdaom ta}umif;tcsuf rsm;udk &Sif;vif;ap&efjzpfonf// tu,fI &Sif;vif;ppfar;jcif;wGif ta}umif;t&m topfudk w&m;&Hk; cGifhjyKcsufjzifh xnfhoGif;ar;jref;vsif ‚if;ta}umif;t&mtopftay:wGif tjcm;wzufrS jyefvSefar;cGef; ar;jref;Edkifonf// &Sif;vif;ppfaq;jcif;wGifedrdwfjyar;cGef;rar;Edkifay//23 w&m;&Hk;taejzifh oufaotppfcHcsufrsm;udk a&;rSwf,kl&mwGif t"duppfaq;jcif;/ jyefvSefppfar;jcif;ESifh jyefvnf&Sif;vif;ppfaq;jcif; ponfwdk@udkcGJjcm;I &Sif;vif;jywfom;pGmrSwfom;xm;&dS&ef txl;ta&;}uD; onf//24 &Hk;ar; (Court Question) w&m;&Hk;w&m;ol}uD;onf tr_ppfaq;aepOftwGif; ESpfzuftr_onfwdk@ wifjyajymqdkaeonfhudpP&yfrsm; udk xdkifIem;axmifae&Hkom wm0ef&Sdonfr[kwf/ ESpfzufoufaorsm;udkppfaq;pOf/ oufaoxGufcsuf rsm;/ 20 oufaocHOya' yk'fr 138 21 oufaocHOya' yk'fr 146 22 oufaocHOya' tzGifhusrf;/ OD;bdk;om/ wwd,t}udrf/ *k%fxl;pmaywdkuf/ pm 350 23 oufaocHOya' yk'fr 138 24 jypfr_qdkif&musifhxHk;Oya'yk'fr 359

oufaocHtjzpfwifoGif;onfh pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;/ oufaocHypPnf;rsm;/ udk&Hk;rSvufcH&mwGif pHepfwus&Sdap&ef }uyfrwfuGyfuJjcif;/ w&m;cGifwGif tr_ppfaq;aepOftwGif; ESpfzufrSwifjyaom oufaorsm;. xGufcsufrsm;tay: tjiif;yGm;csufrsm;&Sdygu Oya'jyXmef;csufrsm;ESifhtnD qHkkk;jzwf ay;jcif;wdk@udk aqmif&Gufay;&rnf// oufaorsm;onf rSefrSefESifhjrefjrefw&m;pD&ifa&;ESifh trSefw&m; ay:aygufa&;twGuf w&m;&Hk;tm; ulnDaxmufyHhaeonfholrsm;jzpf&m w&m;&Hk;rSoufaorsm;tm; apmifha&Smuf&rnfjzpfonf// ESpfzufoufaoxGufcsufrsm;teuf w&m;&Hk;taejzifh r&Sif;vif;onfhtcsuf rsm;&dSygu &Hk;ar;tjzpfw&m;ol}uF;uar;jref; Edkifonf// xdkokd@ar;jref;yguvnf; oufaoxGufqdkcsufwGif &Hk;ar;[lIoD;oef@a&;rSwfxm;&onf// oufaowifjyrnfhtpDtpOf tr_oGm;tr_vmxifxif&Sm;&Sm;ay:ayguf&ef oufaowa,mufjyD;wa,muf qufIoufaojy&onf// pOfqufrjywf uGif;qufoufaocHtaxmuftxm;&&dSedkif&ef txl;ta&;}udD;onf// jyD;rSajzmifhcsuf a&;rSwf,lol/ usGrf;usifoklyg&*lwdk@udk ppfar;&onf// t"duoufaoudk aemufrSppfI aemufrSppfaq; oifholudk a&S@rSmppfaq;vsif w&m;&Hk;rsufpfdvnfwwfonf// xdk@a}umifh tr_wnfaqmufonfhtcg oufaorsm;udk tpDtpOftuswifjyjcif;ESifh ppfaq;jcif;wdk@onfta&;ygonf//25 oufaowifjyrnfhtpDtpOfudk wifjyrnfhzufujyifqif&onf// tpDtpOfaumif;vsif tr_.ta&;}uD; tcsuftvufrsm; jrefjref&Sif;&Sif;ay:vGifvmonf// tpDtpOfraooyfvsif w&m;&Hk;rsufpdvnfI vrf;aysmufwwfonf/ tr_}uef@}umwwfonf// xdk@a}umifhjypfr_rsm;udk w&m;&Hk;odk@pGJqdkwifydk@onfhtcg twwfEdkifqHk;jrefqefpGm ppfaq;tyfonf// tb,fa}umifhqdkaomf tr_jzpfyGm;jyD;umv}umrS tr_ppfaq;ygu oufaorsm;uarhavsmhjcif;/ &ufpGJ rrSwfrdawmhjcif;/ oufaotaxmuftxm;rsm;ysufpD;jcif; ponfwdk@a}umifh tr_rSefay:aygufa&;twGuf tcuftcJrsm;jzpfay:aponf// oufaotjzpf&Hk;a&S@tppfcH&ef vma&mufonfhtcgwGifvnf; rdrdtvSnfha&muf&efapmifh&jcif;/ tr_ rppfjzpfygu waeukefapmifhqdkif;ae&onfhtwGuf tvkyfysufjcif;/ oufaop&dyfxkwf,l&ef }uef@}um jcif;wdk@a}umifh omrefvlrsm;taejzifh w&m;&Hk;okd@rvma&mufvdk}uawmhay// jrefrmvlrsdK;wdk@."avh p&dkufrSm w&m;&Hk;/ &Jpcef; ponfhae&mrsm;udk ta0;uyifa&Smifwwfonfh tusifh&Sdojzifh w&m;&Hk;wGif oufaotjzpftppfrcHvdk}uay// w&m;&Hk;wGiftppfcH&mwGifvnf; tusdL;aqmifa&S@aersm;uvSnfhywf I‚if;/ ajcmufvSef@I‚if; ar;jref;}uojzifh oufaotjzpfvma&mufI rxGufqdkvdk}uay/ xdk@a}umifh omrefjrifawG@onfhudpPrsm;wGifvnf;/ rjrif/ rawG@/ r}um;/ rod[k ajymqdkvdkufojzifh tzdk;wefoufao taxmuftxm;rsm; rqHk;&H_;oifhbJqHk;&H_;}u&onfvnf;&Sdonfudk awG@&onf// tpdk;&oufao odk@r[kwf az:aumif (Approver) &mZ0wfr_w&yfudkpHkprf;aomtcg oufaotaxmuftxm;&Sm;yg;aevsif odk@r[kwf tqufjywfae onfhtcgrsm;wGif az:aumif vkyfrnfhw&m;cHudk &Sm&onf// az:aumif.owif;ay;csufjzifh tjcm; w&m;cHrsm;udkvdkuf&onf// az:aumif.oufaocHcsufrsm;jzifh tjcm;taxmuftxm;rsm; udkaygif;pyfI w&m;&Hk;wGifpGJqdkonfhtr_udk tcdkiftvHk oufaoxl&onf//26

25 oufaocHOya' yk'fr 135 26 jypfr_qdkif&musifhxHk;Oya'yk'fr 337 (1)

az:aumifonfvnf; tjypfuif;rJhonfholr[kwfI ‚if;.pum;udk owdxm;IpOf;pm;&onf// tjcm; taxmuftxm; rsm;u ‚if;.pum;udk axmufcHap&onf// omreftm;jzifh&mZ0wfr_rsm; usL;vGefol wOD;ESifh trSefxkwfaz:ajymvsif jypf'%frSuif;vGwfcGifhay;rnf[k tay;t,lrvkyfoifhay// odk@&mwGif xll;xl;jcm;jcm;tr_rsdK;wGif *dk%f;zGJ@I usL;vGefoklrsm;udkzrf;rdap&efESifh &Hk;wGifydkifydkifEdkifEdkif tr_pGJqdkEdkifap&ef az:aumifwa,mufawmh &Smavh&Sdonf// tr_udktwGif;ususodI wefzdk;&Sdaom owif;udkay;Edkifol/ rjyvsifrjyD;aom oufaotaxmuftxm;rsm;udk wifjyEdkifolrsdL;udkomvsif az:aumifvkyftyfonf//27 ajzmifhcsuf// (Confession) ajzmifhcsufqdkonfrSm w&m;cHwOD;OD;u ‚if;tay:pGJqdkxm;onfhjypfr_udk usL;vGefa}umif; 0efcHajymqdkcsuf jzpfonf? w&m;cHjzpfolu jypfr_udkusL;vGefa}umif; w&m;cHu tvdktavsmufay;aom ajzmifhcsuf jzpfvsif oufaocH0ifonf//28 &JtcsLyfwGif&dSaepOf &Jt&m&SdxHwGifay;aomajzmifhcsufeSifh aoG;aqmifjcif;/ jcdrf;ajcmufjcif; ponfwdk@a}umifh ay;aomajzmifhcsufrSm oufaocHr0ifay//29 ajzmifhcsufrsm;udk a&;rSwf,l&ef jypfr_qdkif&musifhxHk;Oya'ESifh w&m;&Hk;rsm;vufpGJygjyXmef;csufrsm;udk vdkufemaqmif&Guf&ef vdkonf//30 tu,fI w&m;cHjzpfokkkl.0efcHajymqdkcsufrSm pGJqdkxm;onfhtr_rS uif;vGwfaprnf/ (odk@r[kwf) tjypf r&ap&ef udk,fvGwf&kef;onfhpum;jzpfjyefvsifvnf; xdk0efcHajymqdkcsufudk ajzmifhcsuf[krac:Edkifay//31 w&m;cHwOD;.ajzmifhcsufudk tjcm;w&m;cHwOD;tay:wGif t"duoufaocHcsuftjzpf toHk;rjyKEdkifay/ axmufcH onfhoufao tjzpfom toHk;jyKedkifonf// w&m;cHwOD;tay:Y tjcm;oufaocHcsufr&DdSvsif yl;wGJw&m;cH wOD;.ajzmifhcsufudk vHk;0xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;jcif; rjyKbJ w&m;cHjzpfoltm; tr_rSv$wf&rnf jzpfonf// tjcm;oufaocHcsuf&SdrS omvsif xdkoufaocHcsufudk axmufcHonfhtaeESifh xnfhoGif; pOf;pm;Edkifonf// w&m;vdkzufrS aysmhuGuf[muGufrsm;udk jznfhpGuf&ef( to fill up the gaps in the prosecution) taejzifh toHk;rjyKEdkifay//32 oufaocHedkifolrsm; w&m;&Hk;rsm;Y tr_ppfaq;&mwGif rnfolrqdktppfcHEdkifonf//33 odk@aomf ar;cGef;rsm;udk em;rvnf vsifjzpfap/ tusdL;ta}umif;avsmfnDpGmajzqdkEdkifjcif;r&Sdvsifrl oufaotjzpftppfrcHap&ay// &kl;oGyf aeaomolonf ar;cGef;udkem;rvnfavmufatmif&l;oGyfaerSomvsif oufaotjzpftppfrcHEdkifacs// qGH@t pum;rajymEdkifaom oufaojzpfvsifrl pmjzifha&;om;Ijzpfap/ udk,ftrlt&mtm;jzifhjzpfap tppfcHcsufay;Edkifonf// TuJhodk@ tppfcH csufrsm; onf w&m;cGifa&S@wGifjzpfap&rnf// rSwfom;xm;onfh tppfcHcsuf (odk@r[kwf) oufaoua&;om;ay;onfh tppfcHcsufjzpfapumrl E_wfoufaocHcsuftjzpf owfrSwf&rnfjzpfonf//34 yg&*lrsm;.xifjrifcsufrsm;/ (Opinion of experts)

27 (bk&ifrif;jrwf ESifh OD;apm/ EdkifiHawmfvkyf}uHr_/ a'gufwm armifarmif) 28 oufaocHOya'yk'fr 24 29 oufaocHOya'yk'fr 25 30 jypfr_qdkif&musifhxHk;Oya'yk'fr 164(3)/ 364/ w&m;&Hk;rsm;vufpGJ/pmydk'f/ 603/ 604// 31 oufaocHOya' yk'fr 32 32 ac:awmESifhjynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH (1948/ rwp 310)/ bazESifhjynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdlifiH (1950 w&m;vGwfawmfcsKyfpm-178) 33 oufaocHOya' yk'fr 118 34 oufaocHOya' yk'fr 119

w&m;&Hk;wGif tr_ppfaq;pD&if&mY omreftm;jzifh vlwOF;wa,muf.xifjrifcsufonf w&m;&Hk;rsm;wGif oufaocHtjzpf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;jcif;rjyKay/ odk@aomf w&m;&Hk;rsm;onf trSefw&m;az:xkwf&eftwGuf tcsdL@aomudpPrsm;wGif txl;usGrf;usifolrsm;.xifjrifcsufrsm;onf oufaocH0ifonf//35 tr_ppfaq;&mwGif tjzpftysufrSefudk tjynfhtpHkaz:xkwf&ef t"dujzpfonf// trSefw&m;wydkif;wpudk awG@jrif&HkESifhrjyD;/ w&m;&Hk;onf qDavsmfaomtjzpftysuftpHkudk xkwfaz:EdkifrSom jy\em.tajzudk awG@&dSEdkifrnfjzpfonf// trSefw&m;udkaz:xkwf&efrSm w&m;&Hk;.wm0efjzpfonf// tr_pwifppfaq;onfrS pD&ifqHk;jzwfjyD;onftxd pDrHxdef;uGyfjcif;/ r&Sif;wmar;jcif;/ vdktyfaomtcsufrsm;udk wifjyapjcif;/ ponfwdk@udkvkyfaqmif&ef w&m;&Hk;wGifwm0ef&Sdonf/ tm%mvnf;tjynfht0&Sdonf// w&m;&Hk;u oufaotm; ar;oifhwmudkar;Edkifonf/ ta&;ygrnfxifaomoufaoudk wzufzufu rwifvsif wifapEdkifonf// (odk@r[kwf) w&m;&Hk;u ac:,lppfar;Edkifonf// tr_jzpfyGm;onfhae&m/ tr_ESifhoufqdkifaomae&modk@ oGm;a&muf}unfh&_Eddkifonf//36 w&m;&Hk;u oufaoac:,lppfar;jcif;/ oGm;a&mufppfaq;jcif;wkd@wGif r#wzdk@ bufrvdkufzdk@ ESifh rswa}umif; trsm;jrifapzdk@ ta&;}uD;onf// oufaoonf udk,fwdkifjrif/ awG@/ }um;/ od/ ponfwdk@udkom w&m;&Hk;wGif oufaoxGufqdk Edkifonf// w&m;&Hk;taejzifhvnf; wqifh}um;oufaocHcsufudk tr_wGifxnfhoGif;rpOf;pm;ay// jrif/ }um;/ od onfudkom oufaouajym&onf// xifa}u;udkrajym&ay//37 usGrf;usifolyg&*lrsm;.xifjrifonfhoufaocHcsufudkrlw&m;&Hk;uvufcHEdkifonf//38 yg&*lrsm;.xifjrifcsuf vGJrSm; a}umif; udk wzufujyefvSefar;I acsyEdkifonf// (odk@r[kwf) usGrf;usifolaemufwOD; tjydKif wifjyI acsyEdkifonf// pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;udk oufaocHtjzpfwifoGif;vsif rl&if;udk wifoGif;&onf//39 rl&if;aysmufqHk;a}umif; oufaotxift&Sm;jyEdkifrSom'kwd,tqifhoufaocHcsufudkwifoGif;Edkifonf//40pmcsLyfpmwrf;rsm;oufaowifoGif;vsif pmcsKyfpmwrf;wGifvufrSwfa&;xdk;oludk oufao xGufqdkap&onf//41 odk@aomf q&m0ef.aq;pm/ xifjrifcsufudk w&m;&Hk;odk@wifjy&mwGif q&m0efudkac:I ppfar;&efrvdk/ ‚if;.vufa&;udkodol aq;&Hk0efxrf;wOD;OD;uvma&mufI q&m0ef.vufa&;rSefuefa=umif; oufao xGufqdkv#if vkHavmufonfhtjiif;yGm;csuf&SdrS q&m0efukdac:&efvdkonf?42 tvm;wlyifoufaocH0ifonfh ppfaq;csufxifjrifcsuf/ tpd&ifcHpmrSwfwrf;rsm;&Sdonfh "gwkaA'ppfaq;xifjrifcsuf/ ajzmifhcsuf/ aowrf;tppfcHcsufponfwkdhukd ppfaq;ol/ tpD&ifcHol/ rSwfwrf;wifol ukd,fwdkdifvma&mufI w&m;&kH; okd@wif&efrvkd/ owfrSwfxm;aom usifhxkH;Oya'rsm;eSifhnDnGwfv#if w&m;0ifpm&Gufpmwrf;rsm; tjzpf w&m;&kH;u vufcHekdfifonf? tjiif;yGm;csuf wpkHw&m&SdrSom ac:,lppfaq;&efvkdonf?43 &mZ0wfr_rsm;wGif w&m;cHonf jypfr_usL;vGefa=umif;ukd oHo,uif;&Sif;pGmjzifh oufaoxif&Sm; jy&efwm0efonf w&m;vkday:YtpOfwpkduf wnf&Sdonf?44 okd@aomf w&m;cH. ¹ykvkyfr_rSm &mZowf}uD;Oya'wGif uif;vGwf &rnfhtcsufrsm; (General Exceptions in the Penal Code) okd@wnf;r[kwf &mZowf}uD;Oya'Yjzpfap /tjcm;aomjypfr_qkdif&mOya'w&yf&yfYjzpfap txl;uif;vGwfcsufrsm; okd@r[kwf ¹cGif;csufrsm; (special exceptions or provision) wkd@eSkifhoufqkdifv#if ‚if;tcsufrsm;ukd oufaocHwifjy&efwm0efrSm w&m;cHtay:usa&mufonf[k jyXmef;xm;onf?

35 oufaocHOya' yk'fr 45/ jypfr_qdkif&musifhxHk;Oya'yk'fr 510 36 jypfr_qdkif&musifhxHk;Oya'yk'fr 531 (c) / w&m;&Hk;rsm;vufpGJpmydk'f 621 37 oufaocHtufOya' yk'fr 60 38 oufaocHtufOya'/yk'fr 45/ 39 oufaocHtufOya'/ yk'fr 60/ 64 40 oufaocHtufOya'/ yk'fr 65/ 41 oufaocHtufOya' yk'fr 63 tydk'f(5) 42 w&m;&Hk;rsm;vufpGJ pmydk'f 531 43 oufaocHOya'yk'fr 45/ jypfr_qdkif&musifhxHk;Oya'yk'fr 509 (1)(2) / w&m;&Hk;rsm;vufpGJpmydk'f 610 44 oufaocHtufOya'yk'fr 101

wkdif;a&;jynfr_rsm; (affairs of State ) eSifhywfowfaom tpdk;&pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;ukd oufqkdif&mXme t}uD;tuJjzpfoklu cGifh¹ykrSomv#if oufaocHwifoGif;edkifonf? ,if;Xmet}ud;tuJucGifh¹ykrnf/ r¹ykrnfrSm ‚if;.qifjcifwkHw&m;tay:wGifom wnf&Sdonf? trsm;jynfolwkd@.tusKD;eSifhqefhusifv#if wifoGif;cGifh ¹ykrnf r[kwfay?45 jypfr_rsm;wGif w&m;vkdu w&m;cHonf pGJqkdxm;onfhyk'frt& tjypfay;xkdufa=umif; oufaojy&onf?46 w&m;vkdukd ppfaq;jyD;onfhtcgwGif ckcHacsy&ef w&m;cHbufokdh oufaojy&efwm0ef ajymif;vGJ =ua&mufonf? w&m;vdkeSifh w&m;vdkzufrSoufaorsm;tm; ppfaq;jyD;ygu pGJqdkxm;aomtr_ &kyfvHk;ay:vmjyDjzpfonf// oufaoxif&Sm;awG@&dSygu pGJcsufwifI ajz&Sif;ap&onf// pGJcsufwifjcif;jzifh w&m;vdkzufrSpGyfpGJI oufaoxlcJhor# &kyfvHk;ay:vmjyD[k w&m;&Hk;uqHk;jzwf./ ajz&Sif;xkacs&ef tcsuf tvufrsm;awG@jyD[kvnf; w&m;cHrsm;udk w&m;&Hk;u wduspGmowday;./ wenf;tm;jzifh ajz&Sif; xkacs&ef toifhjyifayawmh[k ajymjcif;vnf;jzpf.// w&m;vdkzufu wifjyEdkifor#aom oufao taxmuftxm;rsm;udk rSefonf[k vufcHapOD;/ rnfonfhjypfr_r# cdkifcdkifvHkvHkay:aygufjcif; r&Sdv#if w&m;&Hk;taejzifhpGJcsufrwifEdkif/ oufaoxif&Sm;rawG@ygupGyfpGJcH&oltm; w&m;&SifvG$wfonfh trdef@ csrSwf&rnf//47 w&m;&Sifv$wfjyD;aomoludk aemiftcg oufaotaxmuftxm;jynfhpHkygu xyfrH w&m;pGJqdkedkifonf// w&m;vdkbufrSwifjyaomoufaorsm;udkppfaq;jyD;aemufoufaotaxmuftxm;rsm;EsifhoufaoxGufcsufrsm;tajctjrpf&Sdonf[kppfaq;awG@&Sdfygu rnfonfh jypfr_jzifhpGJcsufwif a}umif;az:jyI pGJcsufwif&rnf//48 pGJcsufwifjyD;aemufw&m;cHtm; rnfonfhtwGufpGJJcsuf wifa}umif;&Sif;vif;ajymjy&rnf//49 w&m;cHjzpfolu tvdk&Sdv#ifpGJcsufrdwWLwapmiftcrJ@ay;&rnf//50pGJcsufwif&Hkr#ESifhw&m;cHwdk@ onf tjypf &awmh rnf[krqdkEdkifay// w&m;cHwdk@u cdkifcdkifvHkvHkajz&Sif;xkacsEdkifv#if ‚if;wdk@tm; v$wf&rnfomjzpfonf// xdkodk@ tr_udk tjyF; wdkif}um;emjyD;rS w&m;cHtm; jypfr_rxif&Sm;[kaz:jyIv$wfjcif;udk w&m;aov$wfjcif;[kac:onf// w&m;aov$wfjyD;aemuf ol@udk aemifwGif xdkjypfr_ESifhyifxyfrHI w&m;pGJqdkjcif;/ tjypfay;jcif;rjyKEdkifay// pGyfpGJcH&ol w&m;cHjzpfolrsm;zufrSvnf; w&m;vdkzufu wifjycJhonfhoufaorsm;teuf jyefvnf ppfaq;vdkonfhoufaorsm; &dSyguvnf; jyefac:oufaorsm;tjzpf jyefvnfac:,klppfaq; ar;jref;Edkifonf//51 pGyfpGJcH&oltoD;od;onf udk,fydkiftcGifhta&;t&a&S@aejzifh xkacs ydkifcGifh&Sdonf//52 w&m;vdkzufu oufaoxljyF;v#if w&m;cHudk,fwdkifoufaocH&efESifh tjcm;oufaorsm;udkwifjyvdku wifjy&efcGifhay;&onf//53 wzufowfqHk;jzwfjcif; rjzpfap&/ w&m;cHwGifvnf; trSefw&m; &kyfvHk;ay:ap &efESifh &Sif;vif;wifjy&ef wm0ef&Sdonf// xdkodk@ar;jref;jyD;ygu w&m;cHudk,fwdkif oufaotjzpf tppfcHvdku tppfcHEdkifonf//54 xdkodk@oufaotjzpf tppfcHygu w&m;vdkzufrS jyefvSefar;cGeff; ar;jref; Edkifonf//55 w&m;cHjzpfoluoufaotjzpf tppfrcHedkif[kqdkygu w&m;&Hk;rS vG,fulaomar;cGef;rsm;udk &Hk;ar;tjzpfar;jyF; w&m;cHtm; ajz&Sif;aptyfonf//56 w&m;cHjzpfolzufrS oufaorsm;wifjyvdkyguvnf; w&m;&Hk;rScGifhjyK&rnfjzpfonf//57 45 oufaocHtufOya' yk'fr 123 46 armif}uD;armifESifh jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH (1968/ rwp txl;&mZ0wf&Hk; t,lcHtzGJ@ 6) 47 jypfr_qdkif&musifhxHk;Oya'yk'fr 209 (1) (2) 48 jypfr_qdkif&musifhxHk;Oya'yk'fr 210 (1) 49 jypfr_qdkif&musifhxHk;Oya'yk'fr 210 (2) 50 w&m;&Hk;rsm;vufpGJ pmydk'f 446 (1) 51 jypfr_qdkif&musifhxHk;Oya'yk'fr 256 / w&m;&Hk;rsm;vufpGJpmydk'f 448 (1) 52 w&m;&Hk;rsm;vufpGJpmydk'f 455 (1) 53 jypfr_qdkif&musifhxHk;Oya'yk'fr 211 (2) / w&m;&Hk;rsm;vufpGJpmydk'f 525 (1) (2) 54 w&m;&Hk;rsm;vufpGJpmydk'f 581 (1) 55 w&m;&Hk;rsm;vufpGJpmydk'f 581 (2) 56 w&m;&Hk;rsm;vufpGJpmydk'f 583 (3) 57 jypfr_qdkif&musifhxHk;Oya'yk'fr 342 (1)

eSpfzufoufaowdk@udkppfaq;jyd;v#if eSpfzufa&@Saersm;/ av#mufvJ=uonfha&S@aersm;r&Sdyguvnf; tr_ onfrsm;ukd,fwdkif av#mufvJekdif=uonf? oufaoxGufcsufrsm;ukd pkaygif;okH;oyfekdifatmif wifjy=u&onf? oufaoxGuf qkdtcsufrsm;ukfd xif&Sm;ap&ef oufqkdifonfhOya'rsm;ukd!$ef;qkdI qDav#mfaompd&ifxkH; rsm;ukd ukd;um;wifjy=uonf// qkH;jzwfjcif; ppfaq;jyDd;v#if qkH;jzwf&onfqkH;jzwfjcif;onf w&m;&kH;.wmm0efjzpfonf? w&m;vkdw&m;cHeSpfzufa&Saersm; ekdifiHawmftwGufvkdufygaqmif&Gufonfh Oya't&m±Sdwkdhu tr_eSkifhqufpyfonfhtxmuftxm; rsm;/tcsuftvufrsm;/ oufqkdifonfhOya'yk'fr tudk;tum;rsm;jzifh wifjy=uonf? w&m;&kH;. wm0efeSifhvkyfykdifcGifhrSm w&m;Oya'eSkifhqufpyfI okH;oyfqkH;jzwf&efjzpfonf? tcsuftvufwdk@ukd eSpfzuftjyeftvSefwifjy=uojzifh rnfonfhzufurSefonfukd w&m;&kH;urS qkH;jzwf&onf? oufaoxGufcsufwkdhonf tr_tm;qkH;jzwf&mwGif t"du=uonfh tcsuftvufrsm; jzpfonf? xdk@tjyif tr_tm; ppfaq;pOf oufxGufqkdol.rsufeSmay;/ trlt&mudkyg w&m;&kH;u tuJcyfavhvm&onf?58 oufaojzpfolonf oGefoifxm;aompug;udk xGufqkdaeovm; oufao xGufcsufrsm; onfajyjypfacsmarG@vGef;ovm;/ a&S@aetusKd;aqmifwkd@u rppfar;&ao;bJ c&m;a&oGeff xGufqkdaeovm; ponfwdk@udkavhvmI vkdtyfu rSwfwrf;wifxm;&onf/ oufaoxGufcsufudkjyefvnfzuf&_onfhtcg trlt&mtuJcyfcsufudkygwGJI pOfpm;ygrS trSm;trSefcGJjcm;&vG,ffffonf? xkd@a=umifh tr_ppfaq;qkH;jzwfjyD;onf txdw&m;ol}ud;tajymif;tvJ r&SSdv#iftoifh jrwfqkH;jzpfonf? oufaorsm; udkvnf;ta&twGufjzifhwkdif; wm&efr[kwfay t&nftcsif;jzifhomcsifhcsdef &onf xkd@a=umif@ tr_onf uoufaopm&ifwifoGif;v#if ta&twGufxuf t&nftcsif;udk t"du xm;oifhonf rvkdvJwif aeaom oufaoudk w&m;&kH; uy,fekdifonf? oufaorsm;udkcsdefq&mwGif r#w&onf/ wzufoufaotm;vHk;udk,Hk}unfI tjcm;wzufoufao xGufcsufrsm;udk xnfhoGif;rpOf;pm;wmrsdL; vHk;0rvkyftyf/ ta&;}uD;aom tcsufwcsufpDtay:wGif ESpfzufoufaotm;vHk;udk av;eufpGm pOf;pm;&onf// tcsufuav;wcsufwGif rSm;&Hkr#ESifh oufaoxGufcsuf w&yfvHk;udk rjypfy,foifhay// }umrS ppfaq; &aomoufaoonf tao;pdwftcsufrsm;udk arhavsmhwwfonfrSm vl@obm0jzpfonf/ wESpf}umrS oufaoxGuf&vsif tr_jzpfpOfu rnfolonf rnfonfht0wftpm;/ ta&mif 0wfxm; onfudk ajym&efrvG,f/oufaotaxmuftxm;rsm;rS tcsuftvufrsm;udk az:xkwf&onf// jyD;vsif qdkif&m Oya' rsm;ESifhcsdefxdk; }unfh&onf// w&m;&Hk;wGif pD&ifydkifcGifhtm%m&Sdovm;/ tr_udkowfrSwfonfhtcsdeftwdkif; pGJqdkcJhovm;/ omrmef tm;jzifhjypfr_rsm;wGif tcsdeftuef@towfr&Sdwwf/ odk@&mwGifvGwfjidrf;csrf;omcGifhwGif t}uHK;0ifaom/ odk@r[kwf umv pnf;urf;owfjyD; aomjypfr_rsdL;vnf;&Sdwwfonf// Oya'udkoHk;oyfvsif aemufqHk;jyifqifcsufrsm;udkygavhvm&rnf/ Oya'rSaygufzGm;vmaom enf;Oya'/ trdef@rsm;/ nG$$ef}um;csufrsm;udk tpOfwpdkufavhvmrSwfom;xm; &efvdkonf// tcsuftvuf/ Oya'/ jynfhpHkjyDqdkvsif qHk;jzwf&awmhrnf/ Za0Z0gESifhrqHk;jzwfoifh/ &Sif;viff;cdkifrmo!hftajccHay:wGifom qHk;jzwf&onf// xdkodk@qHk;jzwf&mwGif w&m;&Hk;taejzifhvdkufem&efvdktyfonfh tajccHtcsufrsm;&Sdonf/ ‚if;wdk@rSm- w&m;cHwOD;tm; jypfr_usL;vGefa}umif; oufaoxif&Sm;jyEdkifjcif;r&SdrD ‚if;onf tjypfuif;pifonf[k rSwf,l&rnf//

58 jypfr_qdkif&musifhxHk;Oya'yk'fr 363 / w&m;&Hk;rsm;vufpGJpmydk'f 620

A person accused of an offence is presumed to be innocent until he is proved to be guilty.

w&m;cHwOD;onf jypfr_usL;vGefa}umif; oifhavsmfaom'dG[oHo,&Sdvsif oHo,.tusdL;udk ‚if;tm;cHpm;cGifhjyKI jypf'%fpD&ifjcif;rjyKvkyfoifhay//

If there is a reasonable doubt of the guilt of an accused person, he is entitled to the benefit of that doubt and can not be convicted.

jypfr_usL;vGefoltrsm; vGwfajrmufjcif;onf tjypfuif;pifolwOD; epfemjcif;xuf avsmfuefoifhjrwf onf//

It is better that several guilty persons should escape than that one innocent person should suffer. ponfwdk@jzpfonf//59

w&m;rr_wGifjzpfap/ jypfr_qdkif&mtr_rsm;wGifjzpfap/ aocsmrSqHk;jzwf&onfhtajccHoabmrSm twlwlyif jzpfonf// w&m;rr_wGif rSm;,Gif;qHk;jzwfrdvsif avsmfa}u;/ epfema}u;wdk@jzifh ukpm;Edkifao;onf//

jypfr_wGif w&m;cHtm; rSm;,Gif;axmifcscJhvsif t,lcHwGifvGwfapOD; usjyF;aomaxmif'%fudk jyef tavsmfay;Ir&/ ao'%fpD&ifjyF;onfhtr_jzpfvsif ydkIukpm;&efcufonf//

xdk@a}umifh jypfr_rsm;wGif aocsmrStjypfay;&ef/ xifa}u;ESifhtjypfray;&ef/ oHo,&Sdvsif w&m;cHtm; v$wf&efESifh oHo,.tusdL;udk w&m;cHuomcHpm;&ef jyXmef;csuf&Sdonf//oHo,.tusdL; [laompum;&yfonf t*Fvdyfbmompum;rS jrefrmvdk wdkuf&dkufbmomjyefqdk xm;jcif;jzpfonf// t*FvefwGifvnf; xdkpum;&yfa}umifh ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmtjiif;yGm;I pD&ifxHk;trsdL;rsdL;jyKcJh}uonf//60

aemufqHk; wGif oHo,.tusdL;[l aompum;&yfudk y,fIaocsmrS tjypfay;yg [laom &Sif;vif; vG,fulonfhpum;&yfESiffh tpm;xdk;cJh}uonf// xifa}u;ESifhtjypfray;&? aocsmrStjypfay;yg//

odk@&mwGif w&m;ol}uF;rsm;onf tr_tjzpftysufudk udk,fwdkifjrifawG@}um;od&onfr[kwf/ oufao wifjyonfh tcsuftvufrsm;tay:wGifom rlwnfIqHk;jzwf&onf//

w&m;cHtjypf&Sda}umif; w&m;vdku oufaoxl&onf// oufaocdkifvHkatmifrwifjyEdkifvsif w&m;cHtm;

v$wf&rnf// jypfr_xif&Sm;awG@&Sdjcif;rcH&aomw&m;cHtm; tjypfuif;onf[k rSwf,lxm;&rnf// xdk pum;&yfonf a,bl,stm;jzifhrSefonf/ odk@&mwGif w&m;cHuvnf; wzufpGyfpGJcsufudk &Sif;vif;acsyjcif;jzifh taxmuftuljyKtyfonf// xdk@tjyif tjcm;aomtxl;Oya'rsm;u w&m;cHjzpfoltm; rdrdwGiftjypfuif;a}umif;oufaoxl&ef wm0efay;xm;onf//

59 oufaocHOya' tzGifhusrf;/ OD;bdk;om/ wwd,t}udrf/ *k%fxl;pmaywdkuf/ pm 269 60 pdefvSESifhjynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH (1951/ rwp w&m;v$wfawmf 289)/ jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHESifh OD;at;}unf/ (1964/ rwp w&m;&Hk;csKyf 396)

Oyrm- Oya'jzifhwm;jrpfxm;aom rl;,pfxHkxdkif;ab;jzpfapwwfaomaq;0g;rsm; vuf0,fawG@&dSr_jzifh ta&;,ljcif;cHxm;&onfhw&m;cHtaejzifh rdrdwGif w&m;0ifvuf0,fxm;&SdcGifh&Sda}umif; oufaojy&ef wm0ef&Sdonf//

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67 jypfr_qdkif&musifhxHk;Oya' yk'fr 420/ w&m;&Hk;rsm;vufpGJ/ pmydk'f 774 (c) 68 jypfr_qdkif&musifhxHk;Oya' yk'fr 426/ usrf;udk;pm&if;// 1947 zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'/ jypfr_qdkif&mOya'/ jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHw&m;&Hk;csKyf// jypfr_qdkif&musifhxHk;Oya'/ jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHw&m;&Hk;csKyf 1989 w&m;&Hk;rsm;vufpGJ/ EdkifiHawmf w&m;&Hk;csKyf wwd,t}udrfwnf;jzwfjcif;/ 1970 oufaocHOya'/ oufaocHOya'tzGifhusrf;/ OD;bdk;om/ *k%fxl;pmaywdkuf// wwd,t}udrf// 1991 ZGef/

avsmufxm;awmif;qdkrS/ a&S@aeygrS tcGifhta&;&±SdcHpm;ap&ef rjzpfoifhay// w&m;pD&ifa&;rSefuefr#w ap&ef t,lcHw&m;&Hk;ESifh w&m;&Hk;tqifhqifhwdk@ t"duxm;aqmif±Guf&r!hfwm0ef0wW&m;rsm;jzpfay onf//

ae@pGJ? ?27/ 3/ 2002

- Legal System.

- Judicial system

- a&S;,cifu w&m;r#wr_ESifh &kd;om;r_udktajccH+yD; w&m;pDD&ifa&;udkqHk;jzwfonf? vGwfvyfaomw&m;pD&ifa&;rjzpf?

- 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHrsm;wGif Oya'ESifhjyXmef;xm;onfhtwdkif; pD&ifqHk;jzwfonf?

[1] legal System. (Oya'òypepf)

- Legal System trsdK;rsdK;&Sdonfhteuf tpdk;&trsdK;rsdK;ajymif;ayr,fh Legal System rajymif;jcif;?

- Legal System wGif - Common Law,

- Civil Law.

Õ Commom Law (t*Fvdyf&kd;&mpepf)

- &kdrif tifyg,m tiftm;}uD;pOfvdkufem&ef pkaygif;a&;qGJxm;onfh Oya'rsm;[kac:onf?

- yxrt*FvdyfjrefrmppfyGJt+yD; t*Fvdyfwdk@odrf;ydkufonfh armfv+rdKif ESifh &efukef wGifpwifusifhoHk;onf?

- wwd, t*Fvdyfjrefrm ppfyGJjzpfyGm;onfh oDaygrif;vufxufwGif t*Fvdyf&dk;&mOya'tjzpf aqmif&GufyHkrsm;udk oDaygbk&ifu twk,lvdkufemum jyifqif&ef}udK;pm;cJhonf?

-t*Fvdyfwdk@odrf;ydkuf+yD;aemuf jrefrmEdkifiHtm;tkyfcsKyf&ef t*Fvdyf&kd;&mOya'pepfESifh udkufnDaomjrefrmEdkifiH w&m;pD&ifa&; Oya'twGJ (1) trSwf(13)txd wkef@jyefI jypfr_qdkif&mtr_rsm;/ w&m;rr_rsm;/ ajrESifhtcGeftufOya'rsm;/ tvkyform;tufOya'rsm;/ tif;tdkif acsif;ajrmif; ESifh opfawmOya'rsm; ponfwdk@yg0ifonf?

- t*FvdyfacwfwGif Oya'udk ygvDrefuxkwfjyefonf?

- t*Fvdyfvufxuf ygvDrefuxkwfaomOya'udk OD;EkvufxufrSm ygvDrefu qufvufjyXmef;onf 1950 ta&;ay:pDrHr_ tufOya'xkwfjyefonf?

- rw&m;toif; zGJ@pnf;xlaxmifjcif; tufOya' xkwfonf?

- 1907 ckwGif Town and Village Oya'onfvnf; rw&m;Oya'jzpfonf? t*FvdyfacwfwGif oHk;aomOya'jzpfonf? ( òrd@e,f ESifh aus;&GmzGH@òzd;a&;twGuf vkyftm;ay;tvkyform;rsm; vdktyfovdkac:Edkifonf?)

- 1962 awmfvSefa&;aumifpD vufxufrSm yHkESdyfxkwfa0a&;tufOya'udk xkwfjyefonf?

- vGwfvyfpGmwifjyajymqdkcGifhudk ydwfyifvdkaoma=umifh yHkESdyfolrsm;tufOya'udk twnfòyjyXmef;vdkufonf?

- 1990 tEdkif&ygwD NLD tzGJ@0if a'gufwmatmifcifqifhonf zGJ@pnf;yHkESifhqdkifaom pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;udk xkwfa0 onfhtwGuf axmif'%f (21)ESpf csrSwfjcif;cHcJh&onf?

- 1974 aemufydkif; r q v tpdk;&wufvm+yD; 1988 txd

- 1975 State Protection ¡ EdkifiHawmf aESmuf,SufzsufqD;olrsm;umuG,fa&; tufOya'udk xkwfjyefjyXmef;cJhonf?

- vHkavmufaom ta=umif;jycsufr&Sdv#if vlwa,muftm; oHo,jzifh (3)ESpftxd zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifxm;Edkif onf?

- 1988 aemufydkif; e 0 w acwfwGif

- oHo,ESifh zrf;qD;jcif; axmif'%f 3-ESpf rS 5-ESpf txd wdk;jr‡ifhcJhonf?

- w&m;&kH;. cGifhòycsufrvdkyJ vlwa,muftm;zrf;qD; csKyfaESmifxm;Edkifonf? (5- ESpftxd)

- xdkodk@Oya'udkjyifqifvdkv#if w&m;ol}uD;tzGJ@. oabmwlnDr_&,lonf? xdkodk@Oya'udk y,fzsuf+yD; rndonfhcGifhòycsufsrSrvdkyJ oHo,ESifhzrf;qD;ta&;,lv#if axmif'%f (5)ESpfajymif;vJowfrSwfcJhonf?

- ygvDrefu tufOya'udk xkwfjyefEdkifonf? ygvDreftpnf;ta0;usif;ycsdefwGif vGwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,ftcsif; csif; aqG;aEG;+yD; tufOya'udkxkwfEdkifonf?

(1) Notification (trdef@a=unmpmtrSwf)

11§89

2§89

(2) trdef@ 1§88

(3) nGef=um;v$m

[2] Judicial System.

(1) Law 2/ 2002.

(2) Chart.

- jrefrmEdkifiHwGif ESpf-50 twGif; w&m;pD&ifa&;pepfajymif;cJhonf?

- 1974 ckESpfwGif w&m;pD&ifa&;pepfajymif;vJaoma=umifh 88 ta&;tcif;jzpfonf?

w&m;pD&ifa&;qdkif&m tajccHrlrsm; (7)csuf

- w&m;pD&ifa&; Oya'yk'fr (2)wGifâ

(u) Oya'ESifhtnD vGwfvyfpGmw&m;pD&ifjcif;?

(c) jynfolwdk@.tusdKK;pDyGm;udk umuG,fapmufa&Smuf&ef w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&; e,fajrat;csrf;om,ma&;wnfaqmuf &mwGif taxmuftuljzpfapjcif;?

(*) Oya'udkjynfolrsm; vdkufemusifhoHk;ap&efynmay;jcif; ESifh jynfolrsm;uOya'udkvdkufemaom tavhtusifhysdK; axmifay;jcif;?

(C) tr_udpPrsm;udk Oya'cGifhòycsufabmiftwGif; Oya'ESifhtnDausat;+yD; ysufap&efaqmif&Gufjcif;?

(i) Oya't&wm;jrpfcsufrsm;rSty jynfola&S@arSmufwGif w&m;pD&ifjcif;?

(p) tr_wGif ckcHacsycGifhESifh Oya't& t,lcHcGifhay;jcif;?

(q) jypfr_usL;vGefoludk ta&;,ltjypfay;&mwGif tusifhpm&dwWòyjyifjcif;udk OD;wnfjcif;?

Ù 1974-ckESpf r q v acwfwGif 1-csufydk

(1) qdk&S,fvpftusdK;pD;yGm;udk umuG,fapmifha&Smufjcif;?