Fair Trial Handbook

8/12/2019 Fair Trial Handbook

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Fair Trial Handbook


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matikaCONTENTS

TMB&rPages

GarmkfaPreface

I. karEbgEckGMNac ...... 1 The Separation of Powers ... 1

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PREFACE

This Fair Trial Handbook is a publication of the Court Watch Project ( CWP ), which is aprogram of the Legal Unit of the Center for Social Development ( CSD ). CSD is a non-profit, non-governmental organization, which seeks to promote democratic values andencourage broad participation in public affairs at both the national and local level. TheCWP monitors trials in the courts of Cambodia and reports on its findings from a humanrights perspective.

The Handbook has been developed from CWP internal training documents, but is aimed atall those who wish to learn about the legal process and human rights in Cambodia,including those with no prior legal knowledge.

The Handbook briefly describes the Cambodian court system and its participants, anddetails the rights of a criminal defendant. The importance of fair trial rights and the role ofCWP in monitoring those rights are explained within the context of internationallyaccepted minimum standards and the rule of law in Cambodia.


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The Center for Social Development

Fair Trial Handbook 1

I. THE SEPARATION OF POWERS

Cambodia adopts a policy of liberal democracy and pluralism (See Article 51 of theConstitution). As many other democratic countries, the state powers are divided into threedifferent and independent branches: the Executive, the Legislature and the Judiciary.

The essential work of the state is distributed among these separate entities. This principle ofdistribution of the business of state is called the separation of powers.

The Executive is responsible for initiating, developing and implementing policy. It alsodrafts law.

The Legislature is the law-making branch of state. It passes legislation proposed by theExecutive or by Deputies it approves law.

The Judiciary applies and interprets the law passed by the Legislature.

GKarTIs IkarKNrdmRn ICouncil of Ministers

GKarrd sPa (kMBugsagsg)National Assembly

(under construction)

GKarRksYgyut iFm nig salaTrN_ Ministry of Justice and Appeals Court

The Council of Ministers:Prime Minister,

Deputy Prime Ministers,Senior Ministers, Ministers,

Secretaries of State.

EXECUTIVE

Municipal / ProvincialCourts and Military

Court

Supreme Court

Appeals Court

JUDICIARY

National Assembly Senate

LEGISLATIVE


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I. karEbgEckGMNacRbeTskm


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CAMBODIAN COURT STRUCTURE

* There are many judges at the Supreme Court, Appeals Court, Municipal and Provincial Courts, and the Military Court but onlysome judges hear each particular case: 1 judge for the court of first instance, 3 judges for the Appeals Court and 5 or 9 judges forthe Supreme Court.

Supreme Council of Magistracy:-Ensures independence and impartialityof the Judiciary.

-A disciplinary organ

A APPPPEE A ALL CCOO UUR R T T**

SSUUPPR R EEMMEE CCOO UUR R T T** 5 Judges

3 Judges

9 Judges

1 st CassationJurisdiction

throughoutCambodia

Jurisdictionthroughout

Cambodia

2 nd Cassation

Constitutional Council:Decides on the constitutionalityof legal provisions.

CCOO UUR R T TSS OOFF FFIIR R SS T TIINNSS T T A ANNCCEE** 1 Trial Judge

MMiilliittaarry y CCoouurrtt

A Military Court

Military Offenses:

Committed by members ofthe Army and

Involve military disciplineor

Harm the properties of theMilitary.

MMuunniicciippaall aanndd PPrroo v v iinncciiaall CCoouurrttss

21 Municipal/Provincial Courts

OthersCommercialCases

Criminal Cases AdministrativeLitigations

Labor Litigations

Prosecutor

Civil Cases

Judicial PoliceOfficer

Victim Others


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II. MAIN ACTORS IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS

The State of Cambodia Law on Criminal Procedure ( SOC Law ), amended in 2002, setsout the roles and responsibilities of the various parties to a criminal proceeding. The mainactors are:

1. Judicial Police Officers,

2. Prosecutors,

3. Investigating Judges,

4. Trial Judges,

5. Court Clerks,

6. Lawyers,

7. Criminal Defendants and Civilly Responsible Persons,

8. Victims,

9. Civil Plaintiffs, and

10. Witnesses.


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c,absIBInItiviFIRBh TNrdkm


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WHO ARE JUDICIAL POLICE OFFICERS?

Those who may perform the functions of a judicial policeofficer are listed in Article 36 (new) of the SOC Law.

These include:

1. Prosecutors and investigating judges;

2. Governors, Deputy-Governors of the Municipali-ties, provinces, districts, and Commune Chiefs;

3. Senior police officers, such as commissioners,inspectors, or the heads or deputy heads of

various departments or sections;

4. Senior members of the Royal Gendarmerie; and

5. Certain officials from Government Ministries.

The operations of judicial police officers are directed bythe prosecutors, under the administrative control of theGeneral Prosecutor of the Appeals Court.


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1 RBraCGaCJa nig ecARkmesu IbGeg;t2 GPil GPilrg ext/Rkug Rsuk /x&N nig emXuM ecAsg;at 3 mnInKrlCanx


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WHAT DO THE JUDICIAL POLICE OFFICERS DO?

The Judicial Police Officers:

1. Receive complaints from the public;

2. Collect and manage evidence either on their own initiative (in flagrante delicto cases, meaning cases where the offender is caught in the act) or under the authority of the prosecutor or judge (innon- flagrante delicto cases);

3. Make procs-verbal (or police report: a detailed written statement of the facts of the case);

4. Receive rogatory commission orders from the Investigating Judge, by which the Investigating Judges powers are delegated to the Judicial Police Officer so he may carry out certain actsinvolving the gathering of information, such as the interrogation of a witness;

5.

In flagrante delicto cases, make decisions to place a suspect in custody for a maximum of 48 hours,if there is grounded suspicion to form a basis for prosecution;

6. Extend the period of detention in custody for a period of up to 24 hours, if the following 5conditions are met:

- The crime is a serious one;- There is evidence showing clearly that the offense was committed;- The extension is necessary for the investigation;- The request (application) is made in writing and submitted to the prosecutor; and,- The request includes an inscription of approval from the prosecutor.


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smehtupl nig- mancMNarylRBmBIRBraCGaCJa


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PUBLIC PROSECUTOR

1. The Cambodian Constitution provides in Article 131(new) that Only the Department of Public Prosecutor hasthe right to file criminal suits.

2. The SOC Law designates the prosecutor as theprincipal party in criminal proceedings (Article 52): heacts on behalf of the State, which brings the chargesagainst the defendant. The prosecutor prosecutes byformulating the charges and presenting the evidence incourt.

3. In each court, there is one Department of PublicProsecutor. Public Prosecutors (for the Municipal /Provincial Courts) and General Prosecutors (for the

Appeals Court and Supreme Court) are chiefs of theirrespective departments.

4. In the Municipal/Provincial Courts, the PublicProsecutors:

- Receive the complaint by parties to the case or by thepublic;

- Receive the procs-verbal made by the judicial police;- Conduct preliminary investigations in certain cases;- Request investigation by Investigating Judge;- Draft the indictment (the statement of the criminal

charges);- Present evidence in court at trial;- Conduct appeals.

5. A Public Prosecutor directs and coordinates theoperations of the Judicial Police Officers in theirinvestigations to ensure the effectiveness of theprosecution under the control of the General Prosecutorof the Appeals Court.


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1 rdFm nuBanRBraCaNacRkkm


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INVESTIGATING JUDGE

1. In each court, the Investigating Judge is responsible for the investigation into the alleged criminaloffense. The Investigating Judge is supposed to be neutral and collect evidence for and against

the suspect.2. The Investigating Judge conducts the inquiry only after receiving the investigative request from the

Department of the Public Prosecutor.

3. The Investigating Judge may request the court to assign a defense counsel.

4. Once the request is received, the Investigating Judge collects evidence. This may includeinterviewing witnesses, questioning the charged person, going to the crime scene to collectphysical evidence, assigning experts, etc.

5.

The evidence collected is placed in a case file or dossier. This dossier is not public informationbut the defense counsel (or the defendant) may have access and make copies. The Investigating Judge is obliged to inform the defense whenever new evidence is placed in the file.

6. The Investigating Judge may hold detention hearings and may order pre-trial detention wherethere is a risk that the defendant will flee or interfere with witnesses.

7. In any case, the Investigating Judge cannot be assigned as Trial Judge if s/he has been involved inthe investigation.


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CaBt mansaFarN buEnemFavICnCabecaT ( CnCabecaT) GacemIl nigftcmgn . ecARkmesuIbGeg;tmankatBVkicCUndMNwgdlemFavICnCabecenAeBlmanPstagf I eTIbbBaleTAkgsMNuMerOg .

6 ecARkmesuIbGeg;tGacebIksvnakarsMercBIIkarXu Mxn nig GacecjdIkaXuMxnbeNaGasn enAeBlEdlGacnwgmaneRKafakfaCnCabecaTnwgrteKcx n bg;karrMxandlsakI .

7 enAkgkrNINakeday ecARkmesuIbGeg;tminGacRtUvnEtgtaMgCaecARkmCMnu MCRmelIerOgkIEtmYy Edlx nnTTYlesuIbGeg;trYcehIy .


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TRIAL JUDGE

1. A judge cannot be the Trial Judge in acase where s/he has been theInvestigating Judge.

2. The Trial Judge controls the proceedingsbefore the court. For example, s/he mayassign defense counsel, subpoena

witnesses, order the trial to be postponed,etc.

3. The role of the Trial Judge is to decide on

the guilt or innocence of the accusedperson, on the basis of the evidence(including witnesses) presented on behalfof the prosecution and the defense. Trialjudges also determine the sentence if theaccused person is found guilty.

4. Trial Judges are obliged to respectinternational standards of fair trial anddue process rights (see parts III and IV).In particular, Trial Judges should ensure

that the rights of the accused person arerespected.


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1 ecARkmmak minGacCaecARkmCMnuMCRmenAkgerOgkIEdlKatneFV ICaecARkmesuIbGeg;teTLIy .

2 ecARkmCMnu MCRmRKbRKgdMeNIrkarnItiviFIenAcMeBamuxtulakar . TahrN_CMnuMCRmGaccattaMgemFavIeGayCnCabecaT eksvnakareTAeBlxagmux .l.

3 tYnaTIrbsecARkmCMnu MCRmKW sMercesckIeTAelIBiruTPaB nireTas an

eTas) rbsCnCabecaT edayeRbIRsnUvPstag (rYmTaMgsakI) EdlbgeTLIgkgnamCaPaKIedImecaT nig xagPaKICnCabecaT . ecARkmCMercpgEdrnUvTNkm elICnCabecaT ebIsinrkeXIjfamanBiruT .

4 ecARkmCMnuMCRm mankatBVkiceKarBnUvbTdanGnrCatinsiTiTTYl edayyutiFm nig RtwmRtUv (sUmemIlEp kTI III nig TIIV ) . BiessCageneTAeTot ecARkmCMnuMCRmRtUvFanafasiT irbsCnCabecaTTaMgGsRtUvneKarB .


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COURT CLERKS

Court Clerks:

1. Accompany the Investigating Judge or theProsecutor in their operation.

2. Help the Trial Judge in arranging the dossier for thetrial.

3. Notify the concerned persons (defendant, victim,civil plaintiff, defense counsel, and witnesses) aboutcourt decisions and orders.

4. Deal with administrative issues at the trial, such as:

- Calling parties and witnesses and checking theiridentification at the opening of the hearing.

- Reading out the rules of the court to the parties,and- Reading out the written statements of absent parties

whose testimony is offered as evidence in the case.

5. Take notes and write the summary report of thehearings.


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3 CUndMNwgdlGkCabBakB&nkgerOgkI (CnCabecaT CnrgeRKa edrdb,evNI emFavI nig sakI) GMBIesck IsMerc nig dIkaepg@rbstulakar .

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- ehAPaKI nig sakI nig BinitGtsBaaNrbsPaKITaM epImebIksvnakar .

- GanbTbBaapkgrbstulakardlPaKI .- GancemIyCalaylkN_GkrrbsPaKIGvtman Edlnpl cemIyksiN

sakI CaPstagenAkgerOgkI .

5 ktRta nig sresrrykarN_segbnsvnakar .


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LAWYERS

1. The adequate protection of human rights andfundamental freedoms to which all persons areentitled requires that all persons charged incriminal proceedings have access to effectivelegal services provided by an independent legal

professional.

2. Before the court, lawyers represent differentparties to the case. There are lawyers whorepresent the victim (hereafter referred to as

victim counsel ) and lawyers who defend theaccused person (hereafter referred to asdefense counsel ).

3. In criminal proceedings, the lawyer plays animportant role in protecting the defendants

rights at all stages of the proceedings, as well aspreparing and presenting the defense case.

4. The basic duties of a lawyer are:

- Advising clients as to their legal rights andobligations;

- Taking all appropriate legal action to protect theclient's interests;

- During the investigation, taking an active roleby questioning prosecution witnesses and

asking the Investigating Judge to search forspecific evidence in support of the defense;- Preparing the defense case;- During the trial, testing the prosecution

evidence and presenting the defense case.


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4 tYnaTICamUldanrbsemFavIKW

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bnk nig es IsuMeGayecARkmesuIbGeg;tRsavRCavrkPs edIm,ICYydlkarkarBarkIrbsx n .

- eRtomerobcMkarBarkI .- enAeBlCMnuMCRm emFavIsYredjedaleTAelIPstagdakbnk nig bgHaj

GMNGMNagedabnk .


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CRIMINAL DEFENDANTS AND PERSONS CIVILLY RESPONSIBLE

1. A Criminal Defendant is:

a. A person accused in a criminal proceeding, orb. A person charged with one or more criminal

offenses.

2. To help ensure that only those who are guilty getconvicted, defendants have rights. These rightsare specifically protected under the provisions ofthe International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ( ICCPR ) and the Constitution of the Kingdom ofCambodia (see parts III and IV).

3. If convicted, the criminal defendant is responsiblefor the damages resulting from his/her action. Insome cases, there are also third parties who arecivilly responsible ( A person civillyresponsible ).

4. A person civilly responsible is:

- A person who is liable for the civilconsequences of the offensescommitted by the criminaldefendant.

- For example, the parents of a 16year-old defendant may be liable topay the damages resulting from anoffense committed by their child.


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1 CnCabecaTk gerOgRBh TNKWCa - CnEdlRtUvnecaTRbkanenAkgnItiviFIRBh TNmYy - CnEdlRtUvnecaTRbkanfanRbRBwtbTel IsRBh TNmYy eRcIn .

2 edIm,IeFVIeGayRkdfamanEtCnEdlRbRBwtbTel IseT EdlRtUvTTYlrgeTasTN CnCabecaTRtUvmansiTi . siTiTaMgenRtUvnkarBarCaBiessedayrdFm nuBanRBraCaNacRkkm


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CIVIL PLAINTIFFS AND/OR VICTIMS

1. A victim is a person harmed by a crime.

2. The Civil Plaintiff can be:

- The victim,

-

The person who has legal guardianship of the victim,- The person who, by law, has the authority to

represent the victim, or- Other persons who suffer damages or loss as

the result of an offense.

3. In criminal proceedings, victims or civil plaintiffscan bring a related civil suit (a civil action ) in acourt of law.

4.

The purpose of the civil action is to seekdamages/compensation from the criminaldefendant or from the person civilly responsible.


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edImbNwgrdb,evNI nig/ rW CnrgeRKa

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bTel Is .

3 k gnItiviFIRBh TN CnrgeRKa edImbNwgrdvb,evNIGacdakbNwgrdb,evNIeTAtulakarn .

4 eKalbMNgnbNwgrdb,evNI KWedIm,ITamTarkarCYsCulkarxUcxatBICnCabecaT BIG kTTYlxusRtUvrdb,evNI .


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WITNESSES

1. A witness of fact is a person who sees, hears, orknows something about the crime and who isinvited to give testimony, either in person or by

written deposition.

2. Expert witnesses are people with particularspecialist knowledge (such as scientists, doctors) who may be called to help the court understandcomplex issues.

3. Witnesses may be called by the court or by theparties to support the prosecution or thedefense case.

4. All witnesses are obliged to tell the truth.

5.

According to the law, all witnesses mentionedin the police file must be heard in court.

6. The parties have the right to question witnessesappearing for the other side.


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3

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4 ralsakIRtUvmankatBVkicniyaykarBit .

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6 PaKITaMgTLaymansiTisYredjedalsakIrbsPaKImageT


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III. RULE OF LAW & FAIR TRIAL RIGHTS IN CAMBODIA

A. WHAT IS THE RULE OF LAW?

1. The rule of law refers to the principle that every member of a society, even its ruler,

must follow the law.2. It also implies that the law is dominant over all other interests the law takes primacy

over money, power, politics, etc., and nobody is above the law.

3. The rule of law means that every person, from the poorest to the richest, is bound by thesame rules, and must be treated as equal before the courts. State institutions must alsoact in accordance with the law.

4. The rule of law is essential to freedom and democracy it acts as a safeguard againstarbitrary governance.

5. It means that nobody can be punished unless a court has decided that a law has beenbreached.

6. To ensure the rule of law, citizens rights must be laid down in laws that are:

- Publicly known;- Easy to understand;- In accordance with human rights principles;- Equally applied and non-discriminatory; and- Effectively enforced.

7. To effectively enforce the law, the State must establish institutions safeguarding the legalsystem (e.g. police, courts), which are bound by human rights guarantees, such as fairtrial rights.


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III.

nItird nig siTi TTYlnkarCMnuMCRmkIedayyutiFmenA Cak GVIeTACanItird ?

1 nItird sMedAeTAelIeKalkarN_EdlRKbsmaCiknsg:m sUEtGkkanGMNacRtUvRbtibtitamc,ab .

2 eKalkarN_enksMedAfac,abRKbdNbelIRKbplRbeyaCn_TaMgGs mantmPaBelIGMNac luykak neyay .l. ehIyminmannrNaenAelIc,abeTLIy .

3 nItirdmann&yfa RKbbuK:lTaMgGscabtaMgBIGkRkrhUtdlGkman RtUvcgPabedayviFandUcKa nig RtUvTTYlnnUvkarRbRBwtmkelIx nes IKaenAcMeBamuxtulakar . sSab&nrdkRtUveKarBc,abEdr .

4 nItirdmansarsMxansMrabesrIPaB nig liTiRbCaFibety - nItirdedIrtYCkarBarTbTlnwgkarRKbRKgpackar .

5 nItirdmann&yfa minmannrNamakGacTTYleTas l:wkNatulakarminTannsMercfamankarbMBanc,abNamYy .

6 edIm,IFana[nnUvnItird siTirbsBlrd tUvEtmanEcgenAk gc,abEdl - ndwg|CasaFarN- gayyl-

RsbCamYynwgeKalkarN_siTimnus- tUvnGnuvtes IKa/ edayminerIseGIg- tUvnGnuvtedayRbsiTPaB .

7 edIm,IGnuvtc,abedayRbsiTPaB rdtUvbeg;ItsSab&nkarBarRbB&nc,ab (dUcnKrl tulakar) EdlmankatBVkicFanasiTi mnusnana dUcCasiTi TTYlnkarCMnuMCRmedayyutiFmCaedIm .


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B. WHAT ARE FAIR TRIAL RIGHTS?

1. Everyone charged with a criminal offense has the right to a fair trial.2. The right to a fair trial involves a series of individual rights that begin from the moment

a suspect is arrested, and continues throughout the legal process until the final appeal hastaken place.

3. Fair trial rights benefit everyone in society. They protect the innocent, safeguard theindividual against abuse by the State, and ensure that the guilty are punished, regardlessof their status.

4. Fair trial guarantees help:

- To contribute to feelings of personal security, by limiting arbitrary arrest andprosecution;

- To ensure that the police do not abuse their power, by reviewing their actionsthrough an impartial tribunal;

- To ensure that only guilty people are convicted, by having strong standards forreviewing the evidence;

- To maintain the integrity of the legal system, by having open and public hearings;- To lower crime rates and corruption, by supporting a strong judicial system.


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x GVIeTACasiTiTTYlnkarCMnuMCRm edayyutiFm ?

1 RKbCnEdlTTYlrgecaTRbkanBIkarRbRBwtbTel IsRBh TNman siTiTTYlnkarCMnuMCRmkIedayyutiFm .

2 siTiTTYlnkarCMnuMCRmedayyutiFm rYmbBalnUvRkumsiTi edayETLk@ EdlmancabtaMgBIeBlEdlCnsg&yRtUvncabx n nig bnenAkgdMeNIrkarkItamc,abrhUtdlmanbNwgtvacugeRkaybMput .

3 siTiTTYlnkarCMnuMCRmedayyutiFm manRbeyaCn_dlRKbsmaCikTaMgGsenAkgsg:m . siTiTaMgenkarBarmnusstRtg karBarbuK:lmak@BIkard nig FanafamanEtGkxuseTEdlmaneTas eTaCaKatmanfanGVIkeday .

4 karFananUvkarCMnuMCRmedayyutiFmCYy - cUlrYmEckrMElkkarrmBIsnisuxpalxn edaykRmitkarXatxkarecaTRbkanedaybMBan .- FanafanKrlminbMBanGMNacrbsxn tamrykarBinitesIerIskm PaB

rbsnKrlenaedaytulakarminlMeGogmYy .- FanafamanEtGkRbRBwtbu eNaEdlmaneTas edaymanbTdandlrab

RtYtBinitPstag .- rka[mannUvsucritPaBnRbB&nc,ab tamrysvnakarebIkcM

saFarN .- katbnSyGRtabTel Is nig GMeBIBukrlYy edayCYyeRCamE

tulakarmYy[xaMgBUEk .


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C. HOW ARE FAIR TRIAL RIGHTS PROTECTED UNDER CAMBODIAN LAWS?

1. The Cambodian Constitution is the highest law in Cambodia. It provides the frameworkfor all other laws. Fair trial rights are addressed through a series of general and specificprovisions. For example:

a. Article 31 states:

The Kingdom of Cambodia shall recognize and respect human rights as stipulated in the United Nations Charter, the Universal Declaration of Human rights, the covenants and conventions relatedto human rights, womens and childrens rights.

b. Article 38 contains a number of important rules regarding the rights of the accused:- "The prosecution, arrest, or detention of any person shall not be done except in accordance with

the law."- "Coercion, physical ill treatment or any other mistreatment that imposes additional punishment

on a detainee or prisoner shall be prohibited."- "Confessions obtained by physical or mental force shall not be admissible as evidence of guilt."- "Any case of doubt, it shall be resolved in favor of the accused."- "The accused shall be considered innocent until the court has judged finally on the case."- "Every citizen shall enjoy the right to defense through judicial recourse."

2.

The Draft Code of Criminal Procedure is pending approval by the National Assembly,and is likely to be ratified in early 2007. It provides a comprehensive series of rules forhow suspects should be treated, and how judges, prosecutors and defense attorneysshould proceed, from the time of arrest until the final appeal. There are over 900provisions in the Procedural Code, many of them based on the principles set forth in

Article 38 of the Constitution.

Universal Declarationof Human Rights


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K etIsiTiTTYlnkarCMnuMCRmedayyut iFm tUvnkarBaredayc,abkm


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D. HOW ARE FAIR TRIAL RIGHTS PROTECTED UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW?

1. The Cambodian Constitution explicitly provides that the State shall recognize andrespect human rights as stipulated in the . . . covenants and conventions related tohuman rights . . .

2. The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ( ICCPR ) is one of the keyUnited Nations instruments codifying civil and human rights, including fair trial rights.

3. Cambodia ratified the ICCPR on 26 May 1992.

4. Accordingly, the ICCPR is officially part of the laws in Cambodia, and the Cambodia hasan international obligation to uphold and apply the protections set forth in the ICCPR.


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mCmNlGPivDn_sg:m


X etIsiTiTTYlnkarCMnu MCRmkIedayyutiFmtUvnkarBareRkamc,abGnrCatiyagdUcemc ?

1 rdFm nuBanRBraCaNacRkkm


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IV. FAIR TRIAL RIGHTS IN CAMBODIA

A. RIGHTS RELATED TO ARREST

1. Fair trial rights begin with at thefirst moment of contact between thesuspect and the State. In most cases,this happens during the arrest.

2. Everyone has the right to be freefrom arbitrary arrest. This meansthat the police must have reasonablegrounds to believe a suspect hascommitted a crime before they canlawfully make an arrest.

3. Police must inform a suspect at thetime of arrest the reason for thearrest. (ICCPR, Article 9(2)).

4. Every suspect must be broughtbefore a judge within 48 hours of hisarrest so that the court may decideon the lawfulness of the detention.

5. Everyone must be informedpromptly and in detail of the natureand cause of the charges against him.(ICCPR Article 14(3)(a)).

6. Everyone subject to unlawfularrest or detention shall have theright to compensation.


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mCmNlGPivDn_sg:m


IV.

siTiTTYlnkarCMnuMCRmkIedayyut iFmenARbeTskm< Ca

k siTinanaEdlTakTgnwgkarcabxn

1 siTiTTYlnkarCMnuMCRmkIedayyutiFm cabepImenAtMNakkaldMbUgbMput enAeBlEdlmankarTakTgrvagCnsg&y nig rd . enAkgkrN

cabepImenAeBlcabx n .2 CnRKbrUbmansiTiesrIPaBBIkarcabx ntamTMenIgcit . enmann&yfa n

RtUvmanmUlehtusmrmEdlGac[eCOnfaCnsg&ymaknRbRBwtbTel Is muneBleFVIkarcabxneTAtamc,ab .

3 nKrlRtUvCUndMNwgdlCnsg&y enAeBlcabx n GMBImUlehtunkarcabxnen (ktikasBaaGnrCatisIBIsiTiBlrd nig siTineyay maRta 9 (2)) .

4 RKbCnsg&yRtUvbBaneTAecARkmkgeBl 48 emabBIkarcabxn edIm,ItulakarGacsMercGMBIPaBRtwmRtUvRsbc,abnkarXuMxnena

5 CnRKbrUbRtUvTTYldMNwgPam@ nig lMGitGMBIRbePT nig mUlehtunkare

RbkanmkelIx n (ktikasBaaGnrCatisIBIsiTiBlrd nig siTi neyay maRta14 (3)(k)) .

6 CnNaEdlrgeRKaedaykarcabx n XuMxnxusc,ab mansiTiTTYls


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B. RIGHTS DURING INTERROGATION

1. The right to remain silent:

a. When a suspect is first detained, the police usually attempt to get as muchinformation as possible from the suspect with regard to the crime. Later, theinvestigating judge may interrogate the suspect.

b.

According to the express provisions of ICCPR 14(3)(g), the accused cannot becompelled by the police to confess his guilt. In the determination of anycriminal charges against him, everyone shall be entitled . . . not to be compelledto testify against himself or to confess guilt.

2. The right to counsel:

a. All suspects must be informed immediately that they have the right to the assistanceof counsel of their own choice.

b. All suspects shall be provided with reasonable facilities for exercising that right.c. It is therefore the duty of the arresting or detaining police officer (rather than the

prosecutor or investigating judge) to provide some opportunity for the suspect tocontact a lawyer within 48 hours of being arrested.d. This right begins at the time of arrest, but applies throughout the criminal

proceedings.

3. The right to be free from coercion or torture:

a. Article 38 of the Cambodian Constitution provides that: Coercion, physical ill-treatment or any other mistreatment that imposes additional punishment on adetainee or prisoner shall be prohibited.

b. Article 38(5) also clearly states that a confession that has been obtained by physical

or mental force is not admissible as evidence of guilt.c. Even where a confession has been obtained, a defendant cannot be found guiltysolely on the evidence of a confession. Thus, a prosecutor must conduct a furtherinvestigation of a case to bring evidence that matches the confession, and police arediscouraged from coercing suspects into making false confessions.


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mCmNlGPivDn_sg:m


x siTinanakgeBlesIubGeg;t

1 siTienAesomminsI k enAeBlCnsg&yRtUvnXuMxnCaelIkdMbUg nKrlEtgBayamykB&tmang

bTl Is[nkanEteRcInEdlGaceFVIeTAnBICnsg&yena . bnabmkecGeg;tGacsYrcem IyCnsg&yena .

x EpkeTAelIbTdanyagc,asnanaEdlmanenAkg maRta GnrCatisIBIsiTiBlrd nig siTineyay nKrlminGacbgMCnsg&y[eqIysarPaBfamanBiruTenaeT . kgkarseRmcesckI ecaTRbkanBIbTRBh TNNamYyRbqaMelI xn CnRKbrUbmansi Ti minRtUvnbgitbgM[eq IydakkM husxng sarPaB

famanBiruT

.2 siTimanemFavI

k Cnsg&yTaMgGsRtUvTTYldMNwgPam@BIsiTiTTYlnCMsedayxng .

x Cnsg&yTaMgGsRtUvTTYlnmeFay nig {kassmrmsMrabGnuvtsiTirbsxnxagelI .

K dUec vaCaParkicrbsmRnInKrlEdlneFVIkarca n (CaCagRBrGaCJa ecARkmesIubGeg;t) kgkarpl{kasx@dlyedIm,I[eKGacTakemFavIenAkgkMTLgeBl 48 emagbnabBIcabx n .

X siTiencabep ImenAeBlcabxn buEnRtUvGnuvtrhUtenAkgnItiviFIRBh TNTaMgmUl .3 siTimanesrIPaBBIkarbgitbgM kareFVITaruNkm

k maRta 38 nrdFm nuBakm


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C. RIGHT TO BE TRIED WITHIN A REASONABLE TIME

1. Every person accused of a crime has a right to a trial without delay (ICCPR Article 14).

2. What is a reasonable time to wait for trial may depend on the complexity of the case.

3. In general, a criminal trial in Cambodia must take place within six months of arrest(UNTAC Law Article 21(1)).


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mCmNlGPivDn_sg:m


K siTiRtUvnCMnu MCRmkgryeBlsmrm

1 CnRKbrUbEdlRtUvnecaTRbkanBIbTel IsRBh TNNamYy mansiTi TTYlnkarCMnuMCRmmYyedayminBnareBl (ktikasBaaGnrCatis IBIsiTiBlrd nigsiTineyay maRta 14) .

2 ryeBl smrm edIm,IrgcaMkarCMnuMCRmkI KWGaRs&yeTAelIP Ks ajnerOgkI .

3 CaTUeTA karCMnu MCRmkIRBh TNenARbeTskm< CaRtUveFVIeTLIgkgryeBl 6 ExbnabBIcabx n (c,abRBh TNGnrkal maRta 21 (1)) .


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D. THE PRESUMPTION OF INNOCENCE

1. Article 38 of the CambodianConstitution states that theaccused shall be consideredinnocent until the court hasjudged finally on the case.

2. Therefore, the accused shall be presumed innocent from firstmoment of suspicion, andtreated as innocent until they

are proven guilty, asdetermined by the judge.

3. In practice, this means that thedefendant does not have toprove his innocence. Instead,the prosecutor has anobligation (known as theburden of proof ) to provethe guilt of that defendant.

a.

The defendant must not becoerced into giving aconfession while indetention (see p. 18, theRight to be Free fromCoercion or Torture).

b. The defendant has the rightnot to be compelled totestify against himself or toconfess guilt in court. If hedecides not to testify, the

judge cannot interpret thisdecision as a silentadmission of guilt.

c. Any case of doubt shall be resolved in favor of the accused (Cambodian Constitution Article 38). This means that if the prosecutor fails to present adequate evidence of guilt, or there is reasonabledoubt as to the defendant's guilt, he must be acquitted.

4. Public officials must refrain from influencing the case by making public statements about a defendant'sguilt.


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X karsn

tCamunfaK

aneTas 1 maRta 38 nrdFm nuBakm


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E. THE RIGHT TO AN INDEPENDENT AND IMPARTIAL TRIBUNAL

1. The ICCPR states thateveryone shall be entitled

to a fair and public hearingby a competent, indepen-dent, and impartial tribunalestablished by law. (ICCPR

Article 14(1)).

a. A tribunal is a body which exercises judicialfunctions, established bylaw to determine matters

within its competence on

the basis of rules of lawand in accordance withproceedings conducted ina prescribed manner.

b. A competent judge is one who is well-trained andhas good knowledge ofthe law.

c. An independent judge is

one who is not influencedby any outside person orpolitical influence, and isfree to make judgments

without any expectationsof favors or fear ofconsequences.

d. An impartial judge is one who does not favor eitherthe defense or

prosecution, and makeshis or her judgmentsbased on the evidence rather than personal connections or feelings.

2. Judicial power must be separate from political power.

a. If judges can be removed by politicians, they may not be independent.b. If judges and clerks are paid very low living wages, they may not act independently.

3. Judges must decide cases on the basis of evidence presented at trial.

a.

Judges must not make their decisions based on outside threats, incentives, bribes, personal bias, etc.b. If a judge has a financial interest in a case, or is a personal friend of one of the parties, s/he may notbe impartial.


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mCmNlGPivDn_sg:m


g siTiTTYlnkarCMnuMCRmedaytulakarkraC nig }tlMeGog

1 ktikasBaaGnrCatisIBIsiTiBlrd nig siTineyayEcgfa CnRKbrUbRvmansiTi [salakImansmtSkic kraC minlMeGogEdlbeg;IteTLIgnedaysmFm nig CasaFarN (maRta 14 (1)) .

k tulakar salakI KWCasSab&nmYyEdlRbtibtimuxgartulakaredayc,abedIm,IedaRsayerOgkIEdlsSitenAeRkamsmtSkicrbsxn edayEpkeTAelImUld annItird nig GnuelameTAtamnItiviFIRtwmRtUvtamc,ab .

x ecARkmmansmtSPaB KWCaecARkmEdlTTYlnkarhwVkhVWmRtUv nig mancMeNdwglGMBIc,ab .K ecARkmkraC KWCaecARkmEdlminTTYl}TiBlB

y nig manesrIPaBkgkarvinic&yesckIedayminmankarrMBwgTukfanweRKaepg@ edayminP&yxacBIplviknana .

X ecARkmminlMeGog KWCaecARkmEdlminpl karGnueRKadlPaKICnCabecaT PaKIRBraCGaCJa nig eFVIkarvinic&yedayEpkeTAelIPstag CaCageTAelITM menaseBatnabuK:l .

2 GMNacyutaFikar (GMNactulakar) tUvbMEbkecjBIGMNa

k RbsinebIecARkmGactUvdkecjBItMENgedayGkneGacminkraC .x RbsinebIecARkm nig RkTLabBaITTYlRkExTabCagkMritEdlGacrsenAn BYkKat

GacmineFVIkargaredaykraC .3 ecARkmtUvsMercerOgkIedayEpkelIPs tagbgHajenAeBlCMnuMCRm .

k ecARkmmintUvsMerccitedayEpkeTAelIkarKMramkMEhg karTTYleRKOgelIkkcitsMNUkBIxageRkA PaBlMeGogCalkNbuK:l .l.

x RbsinebIecARkmmanplRbeyaCn_xagEp khirBavtSenAkgerOgkImYy CamitP&ki rbsPaKINamYynerOgkI KatminGacminlMeGogneT


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F. RIGHT TO A PUBLIC HEARING

1. Accused persons have a right to be tried in public: this means it may be openly observedby their families and community, including the public and press.

2. This helps to ensure a fair trial and builds public confidence in the judiciary.

3. Information on the time and place of the hearing has to be made public by the courts.

4. There must be an oral hearing on the merits of the case.

5. However, the public may be excluded for reasons of public morals, public order,national security, or interests of private lives.

6. It is a breach of the right to a public hearing when the court excludes the public from thehearing session without any of the grounds mentioned above.

7. In every case, the judgment must be made in public.


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mCmNlGPivDn_sg:m


c siTiTTYlnkarCMnuMCRmCasaFarN

1 CnCabecaTmansiTitUvnCMnuMCRmCasaFarN manyfakarCMnuMCRmRtUvemIlCacMh edayKYsarrbsBYkeK nig edayshKmn_ rYmTaMgsaFarNCnnig sarB&t man .

2 karN_enFananUvkarCMnuMCRmedayyutiFm nig sSabnaTMnukcmkelItulakar .

3 tulakartUvplBtmanEdlTakTgnwgeBlevla nig TIkEgnsvnakardl

saFarNCn .4 RtUvmansvnakaredaypalmatGMBIGg:ehtunerOgkI .

5 yagNak I saFarNCnGactUvhammin[cUlsabsvnakar edaysarmUlehtunTMenomTMlabl sNabFabsaFarN sn isuxCati plRbeyaCn_nCIvitkCnrbsKUPaKI .

6 vaCakarbMBansiTiTTYlnsvnakarCasaFarN enAeBlEdltulakarbeNsaFarNCnecjBIsvnakar edayminmanmUlehtuNamYydUcEdlnelIkeTLIgxagelI .

7 enARKbkrNITaMgGs salRkmRtUveFV ICasaFarN .


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G. ALL PERSONS SHALL BE EQUAL BEFORE THE COURTS

1. There must be equality of arms at trial.

2. This means that the defense counsel and the prosecutor should have equal status.

a. Both parties must have an equal opportunity to present evidence and argumentsbefore the court.

b. Neither party should benefit from a substantial advantage over the other.

- The arrangement of the courtroom should reflect this equality. For example,the prosecutor should not sit at a desk that is situated next to the judge or ona platform above the desk for defense counsel.

- Any private meeting between the judge and the lawyers to discuss the caseshould include both the prosecutor and the defense counsel.

- The judge must allow equal time for the prosecution and defense to presenttheir views of the case.

- When the Trial Judge withdraws into the deliberating room to consider thecase, he must not receive any further submissions or requests from anyparties to the case.

This picture represents the breach of the equality of arms. The Judge wrongly discusses the case with the Prosecutorwhile he is in the final stage of making a decision on the case.


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mCmNlGPivDn_sg:m


q CnRKbrUbmansiTies IK aenAcMeBamuxtulakar

1 RtUvmansmPaBrvagkarecaTRbkan nig karkarBar enAeBlCMnu MCRmkI .

2 enmann&yfaemFavIkarBarCnCabecaT nig RBraCGaC IKa .

k RKbPaKITaMgGstUvman{kasesI KaedIm,IbgHajPstag nig GMNGMNagenAcMeBamuxtulakar .

x minmanPaKINamYyTTYlnRbeyaCn_Casarvn eRcInCagPaKIeeTLIy .

- karerobcMbnbsvnakarRtUvbgHajBIsmPaBen . RBraCGaCJaminRtUvGg:yenAEk,rturbsecARkm en CagturbsemFavIkarBarkIenaeT .

- ralkarCYbKaCakCnrvagecARkm nig emFavBiPakaerOgkIRtUvmanTaMgRBraCGaCJa nig emFavIk

- ecARkmRtUvpleBlevlaes IKadlGykar nig PaKICnCabecaT edIm,IbgHajBIkaryleXIjrbsBYkeKeTAelIerOgkI .

- enAeBlecARkmCMnuMCRmfyeTABicarNae

minRtUvTTYlsabGMNGMNagbEnSm kares IsuMBIPaKINamYynerOgkIeTLIy .

rUbPaBenATMB&rCabenbgHajBI karbM BansmPaBrvagkarkarBar nig karecaTRbkan .ecARkmneFV Ixus edayBiPakaerOgkI CamYyRBraCGaCJa enAxNEdlKatkMBugstenAkgdM NakkalcugeRkaynkarsMercesckI eTAelIerOgk Iena .


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H. RIGHT TO BE PRESENT AND THE RIGHT TO LEGAL COUNSEL

1. A trial that is held without the defendant present violates the right to defense by judicialrecourse provided in Article 38 of the Constitution.

2. A defendant must be present to defend the charges against him, and is entitled to legalcounsel of his choice to help defend against those charges (ICCPR Article 14(3)(d)).

3. The defendant has the right to an experienced, competent and effective defense counsel.

a. The defendant must be informed of this right, at the earliest stage.b. The defendant is entitled to have a lawyer assigned to him, free of charge, if he

cannot pay for a lawyer of his own choosing.c. The defendant has the right to adequate time and facilities for the preparation of the

defense and to communicate with his counsel (ICCPR Article 14(3)(b)).

This picture shows the breach of the right to defense counsel. Everyone has the right to counsel and the Trial Judge

must give the opportunity to the accused person to choose one when s/he so desires.


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mCmNlGPivDn_sg:m


C siTi[eKCMnuMCRmenAcMeBamuxsamIxn nig siTimanTIRbwkac,ab

1 karCMnuMCRmkImYyEdleFV IeTLIyedayminmanvtmanCnCabecaT bMBxntampvtulakar EdlmanEcgenAkgmaRta 38 nrd nuBa .

2 CnCabecaTRtUvmanvtmanedIm,IkarBartTlnwgkarecaTRbxnKat nigmansiTimanTIRbwkac,ab EdleRCIserIsedayxng edIm,ICYykarBartTlnwgkarecaTRbkanTaMgena (ktikasBaaGnrCatisIBIsiTiBlrd nig siTineyaymaRta 14 (3)(X)) .

3 CnCabecaTmansiTimanemFavIkarBarEdlmanbTBiesaFn_ mansmtSPaB nigmanRbsiTPaB .

k CnCabecaTtUvTTYldMNwgGMBIsiTien enAdMNakkaldMx CnCabecaTmansiTi TTYlnemFavIEtgtaMgedayminKitf RbsinebIKat

minmanlTPaBbgfesvaemFavIEdlKateRCIserIsedayxng .K CnCabecaTmansiTiTTYlneBlevla nig meFaysmrmsMrab

karkarBar nig TakTgCamYyemFavIrbsxn (ktika14 (3)(x)) .

rUbPaBenATMB&rCabenbgHajBI karbM Bansi Ti TTYlnemFavI . CnRKbrUbmansiTimanemFavI ehIyecARkmCM nuM CRmRtUvpl {kasdl CnCab ecaTedIm,IeRCI serIsemFavI RbsinebICnCabecaTenacgn .


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I. RIGHT TO CALL AND EXAMINE WITNESSES

1. This right is related to the right to present a defense. The defense counsel must be ableto call and compel the attendance of witnesses on behalf of the accused (ICCPR Article14(3)(e)).

2. The defense must be able to question its own witnesses to support its case.

3. The defense must be able to examine (ask questions to challenge) or to have examinedby the judge, all witnesses against him, including police officers and victims. Thedefense is also entitled to challenge all evidence presented at trial.


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mCmNlGPivDn_sg:m


Q siTiehA nig sYredjedalsakI

1 siTienTakTgnwgsiTikarBarxn . emFavIkarBarCnecaTRtUvmanlTPaBehAnig bg M[sakIedabnkcUlxn (ktikasBaaGnrCatisIBIsiTiBlrd nig siT neyay maRta 14 (3)(g)) .

2 PaKICnCabecaTtUvmanlTPaBsaksYrsakIrbsxn edIm,IKaMRTnUvGMNGMNagkarBar .

3 PaKICnCabecaTtUvmanlTPaBsYredjedalsakIrbsPaKIbdibTaMgmnInKrl nig CnrgeRKa . PaKICnCabecaTkmansiTiviPaKRKbPEdlykmkbgHajenAkgeBlCMnu MCRmpgEdr .


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J. RIGHT TO AN INTERPRETER

1. Everyone is entitled to the free assistance of an interpreter if s/he does not understand

the language used in court (ICCPR Article 14).2. This is related to the right of the accused to understand the nature of the charges against

them, and the right to defend themselves against those charges. This right begins withthe arrest of the suspect, and applies throughout the investigation and all courtproceedings.

In this case, even though the accused person is represented by a lawyer, he has to be assisted by an interpreterbecause he does not understand the language used in court (Khmer).


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mCmNlGPivDn_sg:m


j siTiTTYlnCMnYyBIGkbkERb

1 CnRKbrUbmansiTiTTYlnCMnYyeday}tKitfBIG kbkERbPasamak RbsinebIKat minylPasaEdleRbIenAkgtulakar (ktikasBaaGnrCatsIBIsiTiBlrd nigsiTineyay maRta 14) .

2 siTienTakTgnwgsiTiepgeTotrbsCnCabecaT kgkarylGMBIbTecaTRbkan mkelIxnKat nig siTikarBarxntTlnwgkarecaTRbkanena . siTi TTYln

CMnYyBIGkbkERbcabepImtaMgBIeBlcabxn nig GnuvtCahUrEhrenAkGeg;t nig enARKbdMNakkalTaMgGsnnItiviFItulakar .

enAkgrUbPaBenATM B&rCaben eTaCaCnCab ecaTmanemFavI karBarkI kKat RtUvmanCM nYyBIGkbkERbPasamakEdr BIeRBaKatmi nylPasaEdleKeRbIenAkgtulakar (PasaEx r) .


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K. JUVENILES

1. In Cambodia anyone under the age of 18 is legally considered a juvenile. Specialsafeguards have been developed in order to protect the interests of juveniles in thecriminal justice system, to try to avoid the harmful impact of imprisonment, and to enablerehabilitation wherever possible.

2. In adjudicating the cases of juveniles, the courts must take into account their age and thedesirability of promoting their rehabilitation (ICCPR Article 14).

3. According to the State of Cambodia Law on Criminal Procedure ( SOC Law ):

a. Suspects under the age of 13 cannot be held in pre-trial detention;b. Juveniles between 13 and 18 years old are not to be held in pre-trial detention for

longer than one month, which may be extended to two months in cases involvingfelonies;

c. The appointment of defense lawyer is mandatory in cases where there are juveniledefendants;


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d GnItiCn (kumar)

1 enARbeTskm


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L. NON-RETROACTIVITY OF NEW LAWS

1. No one can be found guilty of a crime which was not forbidden at the time of the act(ICCPR Article 15).

2. No heavier penalty can be imposed than that which was applicable at the time of thecriminal offense.

3. However, the defendant should benefit from a lighter penalty if one has been providedfor by law, subsequent to the commission of the act.


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mCmNlGPivDn_sg:m


z PaBminRbtiskm nc,abf I

1 minmannrNamakRtUvCabBiruTPaBBIbTel IsRBh TN cMeBaGMeBIEdlminncatTukCabTel IsRBh TNkgxNeBlRbRBwtenaeTLIy (ktikasBaaGnrCa siTiBlrd nig siTineyay maRta 15) .

2 minmanTNkm FnFrCagTNkm EdlRtUvGnuvtenAeBlmanbTel IsekIteTLIg GacRtUvndakeTAelICnCabecaTeTLIy .

3 buEn CnCabecaTRtUvTTYlplRbeyaCn_BITNkm f IEdlRsalCag RbsinebITNkm enamanEcgenAkgc,ab bnabBImanGMeBIel IsekIteTLIg .


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M. NO ONE SHALL BE TRIED MORE THAN ONCE FOR THE SAME CRIME

1. No one shall be tried again for a crime for which he has already been convicted or

acquitted (ICCPR Article 14). Putting a person on trial more than once for the samecrime is also known as double jeopardy.

2. The prohibition against double jeopardy protects the defendant from being punishedmultiple times for the same offense.

3. A case is closed once the final appeal has been decided, and there are no appeals left.

4. This finality also benefits society as a whole, as the public can know who is guilty or notguilty of a particular crime. It also protects the limited resources of the court, which canturn its attention to other pending cases.

5. Exceptionally, if after the conviction there is evidence to prove the innocence of aconvicted person, the Supreme Court can revise the case (Revision).


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N. RIGHT TO AN APPEAL

1. Every person convicted of a crime has the right to have his conviction and sentence

reviewed by a higher court or tribunal (ICCPR 14(5)).

2. In Cambodia, if a party (Prosecutor, victim, or accused person) is not satisfied with ajudgment or decision rendered by the court of first instance, that party must file anappeal to the Appeals Court within two months from the date of the judgment of thelower court (SOC Law Article 178; UNTAC Law Article 4(4)).

3. The Appeals Court is given full trial power to rehear and review all legal and factualissues that were considered by the Municipal or Provincial Courts (SOC Law Article 163and 178).

4. If the convicted person appeals against the judgment of the lower court, the AppealsCourt cannot impose a more serious penalty than was imposed by the lower court. Itcan only modify the judgment in favor of the accused, or affirm the judgment of thelower court.

5. If a party is not satisfied with the judgment of the Appeals Court that party may appealto the Supreme Court of Cambodia. The Supreme Court is the highest court in thecountry, and the place for the last and final appeal.

The Supreme Court


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V. STRENGTHENING THE RULE OF LAW AND FAIR TRIAL

A. HOW CAN THE RULE OF LAW AND FAIR TRIAL RIGHTS

BE STRENGTHENED IN CAMBODIA?1. There are three important steps to bolster the rule of law and fair trial rights:

- Revise existing laws to ensure compliance with the rule of law and internationalstandards of human rights.

- Strengthen the legal and judicial institutions, especially the courts.- Ensure governmental activities compliance with these laws and standards,

especially the independence of the judiciary.

2. The reform process can only be effective if reliable information is available about the

current situation in the courts, and what changes need to be made. Trial monitoringprovides crucial information to feed into that process.

B. HOW CAN THE COURT WATCH PROJECT (CWP) BENEFITLEGAL AND JUDICIAL REFORM?

1. The CWP acts as an impartial monitor of the court system.

2. Each year the CWP publishes four Court Watch Bulletin s and an Annual Report, which highlight concernsregarding the rule of law and fair trial rights, and provide recommendations for reform of the legal

system.3. These recommendations may

include:- A change of practice by

judges, court officials,lawyers and the police;

- An amendment to the law;- Additional training on

specific areas.

4.

CWP reports help thoseinvolved in the process ofjudicial reform by identifyingthose areas that require thegreatest attention andresources.

5. Lawyers, prosecutors andjudges also benefit frominformation about proceedingsin other courts and objective

recommendations for bestpractice.


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EDITING, RESEARCH AND PUBLICATION:

The research and drafting of the Handbook

was undertaken primarily by the staff of the

Court Watch Project of the Legal Unit:

ANG Udom, Head of Legal Unit PEN Rany, Manager of the Court

Watch Project SO Mosseny, Deputy Manager of the

Court Watch Project, Database Analyst

Additional assistance was provided by: Theary C. SENG, Executive Director Richard J. ROGERS and Zoe NIELD,

International Justice Consultants Holly TELERANT, Pro Bono Attorney CHEK Sotha, Head of

Research/Publication Unit OUM Nareth, Computer Operator SEN Samondara and SAM Sarath,

Cartoonists


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CENTER FOR SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

The Center for Social Development (CSD) was established as a non-profit, non-governmental organization in1995 and seeks to promote democratic values and improve the quality of life of the Cambodian people.

The mission of CSD is to encourage broad participation (at both national and local levels) in the public affairs,develop a respect for human rights and the rule of law, enhance transparency and accountability in the publicsphere, raise awareness of issues of national concern, among others.

Fair Trial Handbook

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Transcript of Fair Trial Handbook