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Transcript of eudicots.ppt
Diversity And Classification of Flowering Plants:
Eudicots
Eudicots
• Palynological apomorphy:
tricolpate or tricolpate-derived pollen grain
EudicotsCORE EUDICOTS
CARYOPHYLLALES
Nyctaginaceae
Amaranthaceae
Plumbaginaceae
ROSIDS
MYRTALES
Myrtaceae
CUCURBITALES
Cucurbitaceae
FABALES
Fabaceae= Leguminosae
MALPIGHIALES
Euphorbiaceae
ROSALES
Rosaceae
Moraceae
MALVALES
Malvaceae
SAPINDALES
Rutaceae
ASTERIDS
GENTIANALES
Rubiaceae
Apocynaceae s.l.
LAMIALES
Lamiaceae=Labiatae
SOLANALES
Solanaceae
ASTERALES
Asteraceae=Compositae
Asteraceae: 21 000 spp.Orchidaceae: 17 500 spp.Leguminosae: 16 500 spp.Rubiaceae: 13 000 spp.Graminae: 8 000 spp.Mammalia: 5 000 spp.
CORE EUDICOTSCARYOPHYLLALES
encompass a traditional group formerly known as
the Centrospermae (or Caryophyllidae, after
Cronquist, 1981, and Takhtajan, 1999).
Higher CaryophyllalesBetalain pigments (instead of anthocyanins)
HO
HO COOH
COOH
N N
COOHHOOC
H
N COOHHOOC
H
N
sieve tube plastids with protein crystalloid inclusions surrounded by proteinaceous filaments
campylotropous ovule
campylotropous ovule
perispermous seeds
- storage tissue in nucellus, not endosperm
NYCTAGINACEAE
• Herbs, shrubs, sometimes trees• Leaves simple• Alternate or opposite• Exstipulate
NYCTAGINACEAE
• Flowers uni- or bisexual• Involucre of bracts• Perianth tube petaloid• Bracts usually colored• CymeK (5) A ? G ? [Bougainvilla spectabilis]
NYCTAGINACEAE
• Unicarpellate• 1-ovulate• Fruit achene• Fruit usually inside persistent calyx tube• Endospermous
NYCTAGINACEAE
• Bougainvillea spectabilis
• Mirabilis jalapa “alas cuatro” or “four o’ clock plant”
• Pisonia “lettuce tree”
Diversity And Classification of Flowering Plants:
Eudicots: Rosids
ROSIDS
• Very large, monophyletic group of Eudicots• Linked by no clear non-molecular
apomorphies• Ovules bitegmic (2 integuments) &
crassinucellate [contrast with Asterids]
Myrtaceae - Myrtle family (myrtus, Gr. name for myrtle). 120 genera / 3850 species
• trees and shrubs• with glandular-punctate or pellucid leaves• Usually epiperigynous flowers with
numerous stamens.• Papery or flaky bark• Aromatic – terpenes, spicy resin• Leaves pellucid-dotted
Ca 4-5 Co 4-5 A ∞ G (2-5), inferior [rarelyhalf-inferior or superior], with hypanthium.
MYRTACEAE
• Psidium guajava “guava”• Eucalyptus “well” “conceal”, referring to
operculum covering stamens in bud• Syzygium samarangense “makopa”• Syzygium cumini “duhat” = Eugenia jambolana• Callistemon
Leptospermum laevigatum
CUCURBITACEAE
• Climbing herbs• Tendrils • Leaves cordate• Palmately veined• Alternate• Exstipulate
CUCURBITACEAE
• Flowers unisexual• 5-merous• Calyx gamosepalous• Corolla poly- or gamopetalous• Stamens 5, coherent into a synandrium
CUCURBITACEAE
• Gynoecium inferior• Carpels 3• Uniloculate• 3 parietal placentae• Fruit pepo, sometimes capsule• Exalbuminous
Melothria pendula
Coccinea grandis
CUCURBITACEAE
• Cucurbita maxima – “squash”• Cucumis – “cucumber”, “melon”• Momordica charantia – “ampalaya”/”bitter
gourd”• Luffa cylindrica – “patola”• Citrullus – “pakwan”/”watermelon”
CUCURBITACEAE
• Lagenaria – “upo”/”bottle gourd”• Benincasa hispida – “kundol”• Sechium – “sayote”• Melothria• Trichosanthes
Fabaceae (Leguminosae) - Bean/Pea family
(after faba, Latin name for broad bean). 643 genera / 18,000 species
• trees, shrubs, vines, or herbs,
• stipulate, often compound leaves
• Single, unicarpellous pistil with marginal placentation
• legume (or modified legume)
Ca 5 or (5) Co 5 or (5) A 10 or (10) to ∞ G 1 superior, hypanthium sometimes present
worldwide distribution
ecologically important for nitrogen-fixing rhizobial nodules
pulses (e.g., beans, peas, soybeans, etc.), fodder plants, oils, timber trees, gums, dyes, and insecticides.
Fabaceae: 3 subfamiliesCaesalpinioideae
Flowers zygomorphic; petals distinct; posterior petal inner to laterals; stamens distinct.
MimosoideaeFlowers actinomorphic; petals distinct or connate;
stamens often ∞, showy; flowers often densely aggregated.
Faboideae (=Papilionoideae)Flowers zygomorphic; perianth papilionaceous; posterior
petal outer to laterals; stamens connate.
Caesalpinioideae
Flowers zygomorphicPetals distinctPosterior petal inner to lateralsStamens distinct
Bauhinia variegata Orchid Tree
posterior petalinner to laterals
Bauhinia variegata Orchid Tree
stamensdistinct
Bauhinia variegata Orchid Tree
ovary
style
stipe
Cassia alata- akapulko
Purgative, for cough, fungicidestomatitis.
CAESALPINOIDEAE
• Caesalpinia pulcherrima – “caballero”• Caesalpinia inerma• Cassia fistula – “golden shower”• Cassia alata – “Acapulco”
CAESALPINOIDEAE
• Delonix regia – “flame tree”• Bauhinia purpurea – “alibangbang”• Cynometra• Tamarindus indica• Intsia – “ipil”
Flowers actinomorphic, often densely aggregated
Petals distinct or connate; hypanthium sometimes present
Stamens often ∞, showy
Mimosoideae
Acacia spp.
heads
Acacia spp.: phyllodinous
phyllode
rachillae with leaflets
phyllode
Acacia longifolia (native to Australia)
spike
ovary (removed)
flowers actinomorphic,stamens ∞
Calliandra haematocephala
Mimosa sp.
Pithecellobium unquis-cati Cat Claw
MIMOSOIDEAE
• Mimosa pudica – “makahiya”• Samanea saman – “acacia”• Acacia sp.• Leucaena leucocephala – “ipil-ipil”• Calliandra• Pithecellobium dulce – “camachile”
Flowers zygomorphicPerianth papilionaceous
Terminology:Posterior petal = banner or standardLateral petals = wingsAnterior petals = keel petals (basally distinct;
distally connate; collectively called the keel)Posterior petal (banner) outer to laterals (wings)
Stamens connate: monadelphous or diadelphous
Faboideae (Papilionoideae)
PAPILIONOIDEAE
• Phaseolus – “abitsuelas”, “lima bean”, “patani”
• Vigna – “munggo”, “sitaw”• Psophocarpus – “sigarillas”• Sesbania – “katuray”
PAPILIONOIDEAE
• Dolichos lablab – “batao” = Lablab purpureus• Pterocarpus indica – “narra”• Arachis pintoi – “ornamental peanut”• Arachis hypogea – “peanut”
PAPILIONOIDEAE
• Pisum sativum – “sitsaro”, “peas”• Centrosema• Clitorea• Desmodium
PAPILIONOIDEAE
• Gliricidia – “kakawate” or “madre de cacao”• Crotalaria (with inflated pods)• Mucuna pruriens – “lipa”• Pachyrrizus erosus – “singkamas”• Abrus precatorius
Wisteria sinensis Wisteria
bannerouter to
laterals
wing petals
keel
Wisteria sinensis Wisteria
keel petal
stamens connate:diadelphous (9+1)
in Wisteria
Wisteria sinensis Wisteria
style(ovary hidden)
Erythrina caffra
banner
wing petals
stamens calyx
Erythrina caffra
stamens connate:diadelphous (9+1)
style
pistil removedstipe
ovarystyle
Erythrina caffra
pistil unicarpellous
placentation marginal
(l.s.)
(c.s.)
Clitoria mariana-a resupinate papilionoid
Euphorbiaceae - Spurge family (after Euphorbus, physician to the king of Mauritania, 1st century). 313
genera / 8,100 species
unisexual flowers with a superior,
usually 3-carpellate ovary with 1 ovule per carpel,
apical-axile in placentation;
Crotonoideae and Euphorbioideae have a red, yellow, or
usually white (“milky”) latex
Euphorbioideae -cyathium inflorescence.
K0 A 1 G 0
K0 A0 G (3)
cyathium
An inflorescence bearing small, unisexual flowers and subtended by an involucre (frequently with petaloid glands), the entire inflorescence resembling a single flower.
EUPHORBIACEAE
• Manihot esculenta “cassava” or “kamoteng kahoy”
• Euphorbia spp.• Euphorbia pulcherrima “poinsettia”• Jatropha spp.• Ricinus communis “castor plant”• Antidesma “bignay”
EUPHORBIACEAE
• Phyllanthus acidus “karmay”• Acalypha hispida “chenille plant”• Pedilanthus tithymalloides• Aleurites moluccana “lumbang”, “candlenut
tree”
• Ricinus communis, the source of castor bean oil
and the deadly poison ricin
• Hevea brasiliensis, the major source of natural
rubber;
• Manihot esculentus, cassava/manioc
• Oil (biodiesel, Jatropha), timber, medicinal, dye,
and ornamental plants.
Euphorbia grandicornis
Euphorbia spp.
Manihot esculenta Manioc
Moraceae — Mulberry family (Latin name for mulberry). ca. 40 genera / 1100
species
monoecious or dioecious trees, shrubs, lianas, or herbs
milky latex,stipulate, simple leaves• Stipules sheathingfruit a multiple of achenes or syconium.
K4 A 0 G (2)K4 A1 G 0
MORACEAE
• Ficus sp. – figs • Artocarpus – “jackfruit”, “marang”, “antipolo”• Broussonetia “himbabao”• Morus alba “mulberry”
Artocarpus altilis (breadfruit),
Ficus carica (edible fig),
Morus spp. (mulberry);
paper, rubber, and timber trees; and some cultivated ornamentals, -Ficus spp., figs;
the leaves of Morus alba are the food source of silkworm moth larvae.
Rosaceae - Rose family (Latin for various roses). 95 genera / 2,800 species
• stipulate leaves
• actinomorphic, generally pentamerous flower with hypathium present,
Ca 5 Co 5 A ∞ G ∞, superior
hypanthium present.
ROSOIDEAE
• Carpels numerous, fruit achene or drupelet, cyanogenic glycosides absent
• Rubus “raspberry” “blackberry”• Rosa• Fragaria vesca
PRUNOIDEAE
• Carpel usually 1, fruit a drupe, with HCN• Prunus “peach”, “plum”, “prunes”, “apricot”,
“cherry”, “almonds”
MALOIDEAE
• Carpels usually 2-5, connate or adnate to hypanthim, fruit a pome, with HCN
• Malus “apple”• Pyrus communis “pear”
Rosaceae
economically important
Fragaria (strawberry)
Malus (apples)
Prunus (almond, apricot, cherry, peach, plum)
Pyrus (pear)
Rubus (blackberry, raspberry)
ornamentals
Fragaria vesca Strawberry
Malus pumila Apple
hypanthium inferiorovary
Rosa spp.
Malvaceae, s.s. - Mallow family (name used by Pliny, meaning "soft"). 111 genera / 1,800 species
Malvaceae s. l.
• herbs, shrubs, or trees,
• often with stellate trichomes,
• typically with an epicalyx,
• calyx valvate, corolla often convolute
• stamens connate into tube or 5-∞ bundles
• Monothecal or bithecal anthers
• Ca (5) Co 5 A ∞ G (5) superior
A.P.G.: Malvaceae, s.l.formerly 4 families:
Malvaceae, s.s.BombacaceaeSterculiaceaeTiliaceae
PRUNOIDEAE
• Carpel usually 1, fruit a drupe, with HCN• Prunus “peach”, “plum”, “prunes”, “apricot”,
“cherry”, “almonds”
MALOIDEAE
• Carpels usually 2-5, connate or adnate to hypanthim, fruit a pome, with HCN
• Malus “apple”• Pyrus communis “pear”
Rosaceae
economically important
Fragaria (strawberry)
Malus (apples)
Prunus (almond, apricot, cherry, peach, plum)
Pyrus (pear)
Rubus (blackberry, raspberry)
ornamentals
Fragaria vesca Strawberry
Malus pumila Apple
hypanthium inferiorovary
Rosa spp.
Malvaceae, s.s. - Mallow family (name used by Pliny, meaning "soft"). 111 genera / 1,800 species
Malvaceae s. l.
• herbs, shrubs, or trees,
• often with stellate trichomes,
• typically with an epicalyx,
• calyx valvate, corolla often convolute
• stamens connate into tube or 5-∞ bundles
• Monothecal or bithecal anthers
• Ca (5) Co 5 A ∞ G (5) superior
A.P.G.: Malvaceae, s.l.formerly 4 families:
Malvaceae, s.s.BombacaceaeSterculiaceaeTiliaceae
Economic importance includes medicinal plants; Gossypium spp. (cotton, the world’s most important fiber plant) Ceiba pentandra (kapok), in both of which the seed trichomes
are utilized, Corchorus spp. (jute), a bast fiber plantfood and flavoring plants- Theobroma cacao (cacao, the source of chocolate), Cola
nitida (cola), Abelmoschus (okra), and Durio zibethinus (durian);
- ornamental cultivars such as Chorisia (floss-silk tree), Hibiscus (mallows), and Tilia (linden tree).
- Adansonia digitata (baobab, tropical Africa) - economic or ecological importance.
Hibiscus sp. Kosteletskia virginica
Durio
Theobroma cacaoCacao, source of chocolate
RUTACEAE• Trees, shrubs• Aromatic flowers and
fruits• Leaves with translucent
pellucid dots• Some have thorns and
expanded petiole
Leaves with pellucid dots
RUTACEAE• Flowers bisexual• Regular• Disc present• Stamens basally
connate, 2x number of petals
• Ca4/5Co4/5A8/10G4/5-
disc
RUTACEAE
• Ovary with 4-5- carpels• Lobed ovary on disc• Ovules 2-many• Fruit hesperidium, follicle, drupe, baccate,
schizocarp• Endosperm
RUTACEAE• Citrus microcarpa - calamansi• Citrus x limon [medica × aurantifolia]• C. maxima – pomelo• C. sinensis- orange• C. reticulata- dalandan
Diversity And Classification of Flowering Plants:
Eudicots: Asterids
Michael G. Simpson
Asterids
• Very large, diverse group• 10 orders, many families• Putative apomorphies:
– iridoid compounds– sympetalous corolla– ovules: unitegmic (one integument),
tenuinucellate (megasporangium 1-cell thick)
Ovules unitegmic, tenuinucellate
Apocynaceae, s.l. - Dogbane/Milkweed family (Greek for "away from dog," in reference to past use of some taxa as a dog
poison). 411 genera / 4,650 species.
The Apocynaceae, s.l.
• Milky latex• 2-carpellate• 5-merous perianth/androecium,
• the gynoecium usually with 2 carpels,
• ovaries distinct in some taxa with styles connate
Ca (5) Co (5) A 5 or (5) G (2), superior,
APOCYNACEAE
• Bud contorted• Gamopetalous• Anthers sagittate• Stigma thickened
Nerium oleander - adelfa
• Allamanda “yellow bell”• Plumeria “kalachuchi”• Nerium oleander “adelfa”• Thevetia “false yellow bell”
Rubiaceae — Coffee family (after rubia, name used by Pliny for madder)
630 genera / 10,200 species.
Leaves simple, entire, usually decussate leaves
connate stipules, the stipules often with mucilage-secreting colleters
usually a cyme,
Flowers bisexual, the perianth dichlamydeous, perianth and androecium often 4 –5-merous (calyx absent in some),
ovary usually inferior
Ca (4-5) Co (4-5) A 4-5 G (2) usually inferior
Rubiaceae — Coffee family (after rubia, name used by Pliny for madder)
630 genera / 10,200 species.
worldwide distribution, more concentrated in tropical
regions.
Cinchona, the source of quinine used to treat malaria,
Coffea arabica and other species, the source of coffee,
Pausinystalia johimbe, the source of the sexual stimulant
yohimbine,
some timber trees, fruiting plants, dye plants (such as
Rubia, madder), and ornamental cultivars (e.g., Pentas,
among others).
Lamiaceae (=Labiatae) - Mint family (Lamium, gullet, after the shape of the corolla tube or old Latin name used by Pliny).
251 genera / 6,700 species.
often aromatic with ethereal oils
with usually 4-sided stems, opposite [or whorled] leaves
verticillaster or thyrse inflorescence [flowers solitary and axillary in some], and zygomorphic [rarely actinomorphic],
usually bilabiate flowers
deeply 4-lobed ovary (by formation of "false septa") and
gynobasic style
Ca (5) Co (5) A 4 G (2), superior, hypanthium absent.
Mentha, mint;
Ocimum, basil;
Rosmarinus, rosemary;
Salvia, sage;
Thymus, thyme
Leaves opposite; stems 4-sided
Inflorescence a thyrse or verticillaster (usu.)
Flowers zygomorphic; corolla sympetalous, bilabiate
carpels 2; style gynobasic
Fruit a schizocarp of nutlets
Ocimum basilicum BASIL
Solanaceae - Nightshade family (Latin for sleeping or comforter, after narcotic properties of some). 94
genera / 2,950 species. internal phloem, spiral leaves usually actinomorphic, 5-merous perianth and androecium
(corolla plicate in bud), usually bicarpellate, syncarpous gynoecium, and usually
numerous ovules per carpel, connivent anthersthe fruit a berry, drupe, or capsule.
Ca (5) Co (5) A 5 G (2) [(3-5)], superior, hypanthium absent.
Members of the family have mostly worldwide distributions, concentrated in South America.
Capsicum (peppers), Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato), Physalis philadelphica (tomatillo), Solanum tuberosum (potato), Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco);alkaloids from various taxa have medicinal properties
(e.g., atropine from Atropa belladona), hallucinogenic properties (e.g., Datura, Jimson weed)deadly poisons (e.g., Datura, Solanum spp.) known carcinogens (e.g., Nicotiana tabacum); some used
as ornamental cultivars, others are noxious weeds.
Flowers actinomorphic, plicate (in bud)
Flowers actinomorphic, plicate (in bud)
Fruit a berry or capsule
Physalis ixocarpa Tomatillo
Asteraceae (Compositae)
Characteristics:Inflorescence a head (capitulum): subtended by inflorescence bracts: involucral
bracts or phyllaries, collectively termed the involucre.
Calyx modified as pappus. Stamens syngenesious.K pappus C 5 A (5) G(2), inferior, 1 basal ovuleFruit an achene.
Asteraceae (=Compositae) - Sunflower family
(after Aster, meaning star). 1,528 genera / 22,750 species.
a head (capitulum) subtended by an involucre of phyllaries,
--bilabiate, disk, or ray/ligulate, (heads of many taxa a mixture of central disk flowers and peripheral ray flowers),
with the calyx, termed a pappus, modified as scales, awns, or capillary bristles (or absent),
the androecium syngenesious,
inferior ovary with a single, basal ovule,
the fruit a multiple of achenes.
Asteraceae (=Compositae) - Sunflower family
(after Aster, meaning star). 1,528 genera / 22,750 species.
Ca 0-∞ (pappus)
Co (5) [(4)] or (3) in some ray flowers
A (5) [(4)]
G (2), inferior, hypanthium absent.
Asteraceae: floral variationThree types of flowers:
1) Bilabiate: zygomorphic (bilateral) with 2 lips2) Ray (ligulate): zygomorphic (bilateral) with 1
lobe3) Disk: actinomorphic (radial), usu. 5-lobed
Five types of heads:
1) discoid, with only disk flowers;
2) radiate, with central (bisexual or male) disk flowers and peripheral (female or sterile) ray flowers;
3) ligulate, with all ray flowers (typically with 5-toothed corolla apices);
ligulate / ray disk
syngenesious
anthers connate
Ray flowers (heads ligulate = all rays)
Rafinesquia neomexicana Malacothrix californica
ligulate corolla
Disk flower: heads discoid
Palafoxia arida Psathyrotes ramosissima
disk corolla
Chaenactis gabriuscula
Xylorhiza orcuttii Encelia farinosa
Heads radiate: inner disk & outer ray fls.
ray flowers disk flowers
Encelia californica
ovary
Some heads are "chaffy"
chaff : bracts subtending flowers
disk flower
Involucre morphology
one whorl two whorls many whorls
Senecio vulgaris Coreopsis maritima Encelia californica
Circium vulgare Silybum marianum
Phyllaries spiny
Involucre morphology
Phyllaries spiny & squarrose
Pappus: modified calyx
capillary bristles: barbellate
capillary bristles: plumose
beak
capillary bristles, borne atop "beak"
Pappus: modified calyx
ASTERACEAE
• Anthers 3-5, united syngenesious
ASTERACEAE• Gynoecium
bicarpellate• Uniloculate• Inferior• Uniovulate• Placentation basal• Fruit achene with
coma or tuft of hair cypsela
Chromolaena odorata
Cosmos sp.
Tridax procumbens
Zinnia sp.
ChrysanthemumCyanthillium cinereum