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Entrepreneurship Education: Substance
and Challenges
17thDecember, 2013
Paper Published in 10th Biennial Conference on Entrepreneurship
Volume 1 & 2, Bookwell Publishers, Delhi ISBN: 978-93-80574-48-6
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Entrepreneurship Education: Substanceand Challenges
Presentation is all about:
different models of entrepreneurship education (EE)
themes of entrepreneurship education
Identification and classification of EE challenges & Issues
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Entrepreneurship Education and Training
Entrepreneurship Education vs. Entrepreneurship Training
Entrepreneurship Education
As a course
As concentration area / specialization
As a program of academic study (EEP)
Entrepreneurship Education vs. Training
Why and How to Differentiate
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Definition of EntrepreneurshipAdopted by HEIand Impact on EE
Two Extremes
Converting ideas into action to Lifelong competence developmentVenture Creation vs. Entrepreneurial Mindset Development Dimension
Definition and Impact
In terms scope, objectives, spectrum of activities
HEI Specific
Maturity of HEI and EE Program Substance
Institution wide definition, scope and program objectives
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Entrepreneurship Education
Program Objective (s) and Focus of EE
Spectrum from
Developing entrepreneurial mindset to setting up enterprises
and businesses
Objective Decides
Courses, pathways in EE programs and finally who, what, why
and how of EE programs
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Entrepreneurship EducationHistorical
Perspective Schumpeter (1934) - entrepreneurial manifestations and economic
transformation David McClellands work
Entrepreneurship Training and EE Movement
USA as frontrunner in embracing EE
Some course on Entrepreneurship at HBS in 1947
Katz (2003) - chronology of EE University of Southern California (USC) - launched first MBA concentration
in entrepreneurship in 1971 followed by first undergraduate concentration in1972
By 1980s - 300 universities offering courses in entrepreneurship and smallbusiness in USA
Number reached 1050 schools by 1990s (Solomon, et al., 1994)
Research on EE offered by universities (Zeithaml & Rice, 1987)
Spread of EEEurope, UK based business schools and universities
EE at School level - EU
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Evolution of Entrepreneurship Education
A course on Entrepreneurship
More electives
Concentration Area / Specialization
EE Program
Journey from Business Schools to Other Institutes
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Entrepreneurship EducationIndian
Experience - 1 Movement
Research, Policy interventions, design and development of EDPs and REDPs forentrepreneurship development (1970s)
CED, Gujarat - Role of Gujarat State, Birth of EDI
EElimited to short duration entrepreneurship training programs
Different mandate of IIMs IIM-A as frontrunnerLimited to courses on entrepreneurship, family firms, small
businesses and new venture creation
Entrepreneurship subject / paper at UG & PG Level Business and Management Programs at UG and PG level in early 1990s
Sensitizing youth towards entrepreneurship as career
Development of project profile as learning outcome and evaluation component
Spread of EE beyond Exposure of Entrepreneurship to Engineering, technology and design students through
some workshops, seminars or graded courses
1998EDIs one year full time PGDBEM program
Embedding entrepreneurship as a course in many education programs
Current statusPrograms & Courses
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Entrepreneurship EducationIndian
Experience- 2 Enablers
Textbooks by Indian Authors (Context, Culture, Complexity) Case books (Entrepreneurship, SME specific)
Role of media (Magazines, Business Newspapers, Business News Channels)
Private Universities and Institutes MBA or PGDMEntrepreneurship and Family Business
Implanting entrepreneurship into plain vanilla MBA Some cases degree / qualification awarding role
Few innovative approaches / experiments ISBs MFAB (Management Program for Family Enterprises)
AMSOM, Ahmedabad Universitys EMBA Program
NMIMSMBA (Family Business) TISS MA in Social Entrepreneurship
JGI-IDEA program (Global Entrepreneurship Program)
Some attempts to combine prediction logic with creation logic
Society of Entrepreneurship Educators (SEE)
EE beyond HEI level to school level syllabus
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Program
Objective (s)
Design, Delivery
& Evaluation
Definition of
Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurship EducationFramework,
Structure and Format1
Pedagogical
Tools /
Teaching
Approach
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Entrepreneurship EducationFramework,
Structure and Format3 Dilemma between breadth vs. depth of the curriculum
Standardization vs. customization
Theories Applications & Practicespart of EE programs
Field work and internshipsChallenges and Nature
Common Part - business, Entrepreneurial and managerial skills Model based on business plan, business life cycle stages
Functional format of programs vs. business as an integrated process
Interweaving domain knowledge and functional understanding of the
business and management EE based on the various stages of venture development .
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Entrepreneurship EducationFramework,
Structure and Format 4 Pedagogical tools and learning methods
classic to social science education and management education
like lectures, readings, workbook exercises, case based class
discussion, discussions with experts, guest speakers, individual
coaching, role plays and sometimes team based projects.
Development and writing of a business plan an integral part
Premise - Learning integration and connect different parts of the business
while developing a business plan
Supported by field based project work facilitating start up of a venture
Outside classroom learning Interviewing entrepreneurs for creation of entrepreneurs profiles,
shadowing an entrepreneur, extended interactions with entrepreneurs,
internship with start ups and entrepreneurial firms
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Entrepreneurship EducationFramework,
Structure and Format 5 Assessment and Evaluationof EE program participants
Different methods of assessment and evaluation
Conventional assessment methods like written examinations are found to be
better to assess the understanding and acquisition of key concepts
Assessing some of the practical skills and entrepreneurial behavior and attitude
which cannot be assessed based on the written examinations.
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EEIssues and Challenges 1
Student
Engagement /
Student
SpecificCompetent
Entrepreneurship
Educators
Assessment / Life
beyond EE
Delivery /
Pedagogy
Design / Content
EE Challenges
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Entrepreneurship EducationIssues and
Challenges 4
Dearth of entrepreneurship educators
Very few people are formally educated and trained to
become entrepreneurship educators (trainers are many)
Dilemma of entrepreneurship educators when it comes to
research and publication as well as the future growth Dilemma between researches in the disciplinary area vs.
research in the entrepreneurship area.
Natural tilt towards publishing in the discipline specific
publications rather than specific entrepreneurship journals
Adoption of ICT in EElate entrant to distance education
programsvery few online learning platforms
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Entrepreneurship EducationIssues and
Challenges 5
Entrepreneurship educators
How to sensitize towards needs of the entrepreneurship learners and
challenges of EE programs
Challenge - How to foster creativity and innovation with risk taking
abilities
How to develop entrepreneurship educators with personalcharacteristics and personality traits that exhibit problem solving, sense
of initiative, decision making, leadership, risk-taking and creativity
Developing Entrepreneurship Educators
Ability to use active learning and experiential learning methods
focusing on building team for start-ups, client acquisition in initial days,
communication and negotiation skills, project management
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Challenges as Entrepreneurship Educators
How to become well-conversant with different pedagogical tools
Thinking creativelyhow to use resources available
Building personal network and establish rapport with different
sections of society to become effective in and outside classroom
Flexibility in teaching approach
Figuring out and trying out which teaching method would work better
while delivering a particular course
Challenges for new entrant in the field of EE
Relevant teaching material, content, pedagogical tools, experiential learning,
active learning, teaching resources
Case material for start ups and business entry stage of enterprise
Uniqueness of EE
Equipping new entrants to deliver inside and outside classroom.
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Ending Remarks 1
Radical shift towards the treatment and approach of EE
Embedded approach of active learning
Innovation and creativity in course delivery and program design.
Emergence of Dream FactoriesStart up Schools (Venture Studio Like)
Use of live and multimedia cases - Exercises and simulations
Entrepreneurship educators with similar traits and attitudes of an
entrepreneur Zealous people with optimistic & encouraging attitude with ability to inspire
Self-motivation and confidence of entrepreneurship educators
Open to new ideas and able to think in cross-functional and multidisciplinaryway
Seamlessly blending or implanting entrepreneurship courses
Attracting and developing Entrepreneurial educators
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Ending Remarks 2
Choice of definition, scope, objectives and approach(s) of EE
Focus on entrepreneurship competencebeyond knowledgeacquisition
Learning that use realistic learning from real-life world
Entrepreneurship educators
Motivator, counselor, consultant and a facilitator
Assessment and Evaluation Wide range of innovative evaluation components and parameters
Assessment componentsAs Pedagogy and evaluation element
Role of administrators Recognizing and rewarding entrepreneurship educators - entrepreneurial in
terms of using experiential learning, active learning and using assessmentcomponents that involve risk taking, innovation and creativity
Students acceptance and receptivity for different learning experience
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Selected References 1
Awasthi D. (2011), Approaches to Entrepreneurship Development: The Indian
Experience Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research Winter & Spring, 1(1),pp.107-124.
Donald F. Kuratko (2003), Entrepreneurship Education: Emerging Trends and
Challenges for the 21st Centurey, Coleman Foundation White Paper Series for the
U.S. Association of Small Business & Entrepreneurship
Gartner, W.B., Vesper, K.H. (1994), "Experiments in entrepreneurship education:successes and failures", Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 9 No.2, pp.179-87.
McMullan, W.E., Gillin, L.M. (2001), "Entrepreneurship education in the nineties,
revisited", in Brockhaus, R.H., Hills, G.E., Klandt, H., Welch, H.P.
(Eds),Entrepreneurship Education: A Global View, Ashgate Publishing, Aldershot,
pp.57-77.
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Selected References 2
Neck Heidi and Greene Patricia (2011), Entrepreneurship Education: Known
Worlds and New Frontiers, Journal of Small Business Management, Vol. 49, Issue1, pp. 55-70
Plaschka, G.R. & Welsch, H.P. (1990) Emerging Structures in Entrepreneurship
Education: Curricula Designs and Strategies. Entrepreneurship Theory and
Practice, 14(3): 55-71.
Robinson, P. & Hayes, M. (1991) Entrepreneurship Education in Americas MajorUniversities. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 15(3): 41-52.
Ronstadt, R. (1987) The Educated Entrepreneurs: A New Era of Entrepreneurial
Education is Beginning. American Journal of Small Business, 11(4): 37-53.
Sexton, D.L. & Upton, N.E. (1984) Entrepreneurship Education: Suggestions for
Increasing Effectiveness. Journal of Small Business Management, 22(4): 18-25.
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Selected References 3
Sexton, D.L. & Upton, N.E. (1987) Evaluation of an Innovative Approach to
Teaching Entrepreneurship. Journal of Small Business Management, 25(1): 35-43. Solomon, G.T., Fernald, L.W. (1991), "Trends in small business management and
entrepreneurship education in the United States", Entrepreneurship Theory and
Practice, Vol. 15 No.1, pp.25-39.
Solomon, G.T., Weaver, K.M, & Fernald, L.W., Jr. (1994) Pedagogical Methods of
Teaching Entrepreneurship: An Historical Perspective. Gaming and Simulation,25(3): 338-253
Vesper, K.H. & Gartner, W.B. (1997) Measuring Progress in Entrepreneurship
Education. Journal of Business Venturing May: 403-421
Vesper, K.H. (1986) New Developments in Entrepreneurship Education. In D.L.
Sexton & R.W. Smilor (Eds.), The Art and Science of Entrepreneurship, pp. 379-387. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
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Questions and Deliberations?
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Thank you