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Electrical Engineering and Electrical Engineering and Electrical EquipmentElectrical Equipment

DiodeDiode

Kinds of Kinds of diodesdiodes::

point diodepoint diode impulse diodeimpulse diode flattish diodeflattish diode cener diodecener diode tunnel diodetunnel diode parametrical parametrical

diodediode light diodelight diode

PhotodiodePhotodiode

This is a diode with This is a diode with such concentration, such concentration, that its transition can that its transition can be illuminatedbe illuminated

It is made of It is made of germanium and germanium and sicilliumsicillium

When it is in a When it is in a function mode it function mode it needs an appropriate needs an appropriate supply and it is supply and it is always engaged in always engaged in reverse directionreverse direction

АА – – anodeanode

A

TransistorTransistor A Transistor is a semi-conductor device, which amplifies the A Transistor is a semi-conductor device, which amplifies the power of the electric signalspower of the electric signals Transistors are separated on two Transistors are separated on two major groups: Bipolar major groups: Bipolar ((BJTBJT) ) and Field and Field (FET).(FET). Each transistor Each transistor consists of a semi-conductor crystal, within which three areas consists of a semi-conductor crystal, within which three areas

with alternative conductance are formed.with alternative conductance are formed.

ErRr

Varistor VDR - resistorVaristor VDR - resistor

This is a non-linear semi-conductor resistance with This is a non-linear semi-conductor resistance with symmetrical current voltage characteristicsymmetrical current voltage characteristic

Its basic function is that, when voltage rises over Its basic function is that, when voltage rises over certain limits, its resistance decreases sharplycertain limits, its resistance decreases sharply

A varistor is used as a voltage stop in stabilizing A varistor is used as a voltage stop in stabilizing circuits and etc.circuits and etc.

U

PhototransistorPhototransistor PNP PNPThis is a bipolar transistor, which collector This is a bipolar transistor, which collector transition can be illuminated, but it has not a transition can be illuminated, but it has not a

base terminalbase terminal It is made of It is made of

germanium and germanium and sicillium and it can be sicillium and it can be from from PNPPNP or or NPNNPN typetype

When it is in a When it is in a function mode it needs function mode it needs an appropriate supply, an appropriate supply, and an emitter and an emitter transition is engaged transition is engaged in a forward, but a in a forward, but a collector in a reverse collector in a reverse directiondirection

The reverse collector The reverse collector current is that, that current is that, that grew when it is grew when it is illuminated.illuminated.

PNP

NPN

Photo resistorPhoto resistor

This is a semi-conductor device, This is a semi-conductor device, which resistance decreases when it which resistance decreases when it is illuminated. is illuminated.

It is used in automation.It is used in automation.

DinistorDinistor

A dinistor is used in a number of engaging schemes.A dinistor is used in a number of engaging schemes. Its structure resembles the structure of a thyristor, but Its structure resembles the structure of a thyristor, but

it has not a controlling electrode.it has not a controlling electrode.

ThermistorThermistor This is a resistor with a high temperature coefficient of resistanceThis is a resistor with a high temperature coefficient of resistance Its basic characteristic is that when heated up, its resistance decreases Its basic characteristic is that when heated up, its resistance decreases

sharplysharply The own concentration of the current carrier is highly increased The own concentration of the current carrier is highly increased

when the temperature rises, and the resistance of the thermistor when the temperature rises, and the resistance of the thermistor decreases.decreases.

It is used for stabilization of the temperature of electric circuits, It is used for stabilization of the temperature of electric circuits,

as temperature thermometers and etc.as temperature thermometers and etc.

to

NTC

ThyristorThyristor A thyristor is a controlling semi-conductor diodeA thyristor is a controlling semi-conductor diode It is used as an electronic switch which can switch over electric circuitIt is used as an electronic switch which can switch over electric circuit It is used as a part in devices as current regulator, rectifier and starter.It is used as a part in devices as current regulator, rectifier and starter. structure of an ordinary thyristor consists of four layers with alternative structure of an ordinary thyristor consists of four layers with alternative

conductivity and of three PN passages. The end passages Y1 and Y3 are conductivity and of three PN passages. The end passages Y1 and Y3 are called emitters, and J2 is called collector.called emitters, and J2 is called collector.

The thyristor that controls the circuit is situated among the controlled The thyristor that controls the circuit is situated among the controlled electrode and cathode, and the controlled circuit is among the anode and electrode and cathode, and the controlled circuit is among the anode and cathode.cathode.

YE

P1

N1P2N2

P1

YE

Y1

Y2Y3

Triaca (semistorTriaca (semistor))

This is a symmetrical This is a symmetrical thyristor with two thyristor with two anodes and a anodes and a controlling electrodecontrolling electrode

It consists of six semi-It consists of six semi-conductor areas, in conductor areas, in which PN transitions which PN transitions are formedare formed

A triaca is used in a A triaca is used in a number of engaging number of engaging schemes and in schemes and in automation.automation.

Types of circuit schemesTypes of circuit schemes

A circuit scheme

signals processed technology of production

degree of integration frequency

According to the signals According to the signals processedprocessed

signals processed

analogy (linear) digital (logical and impulse)

According to the technology of According to the technology of productionproduction

technology of production

semi-conductor layers hybrids

According to the degree of According to the degree of integration integration

((the number of elements in the the number of elements in the crystal)crystal)

degree of integration

small degree of integration

middle degree of integration

extreme degree of integration

According to the frequency According to the frequency

frequency

low-frequency

middle-frequency

high-frequency

extreme-frequency

Solar Collector

1. Solar Collector 2. Boiler 3. Circulation pump 4. Closed extended vessel 5. Safety valve 6. Spherical crane 7. Return valve with a flap 8. Differential thermo

regulator 9. Automatic vacuum pump

with a flap 10.Crane for filling and

running off 11. Spherical crane with

hollander 12. Safety valve 13. Spherical crane 14. Return valve with a flap 15. Water filter

Solar Collector 1. Sollar Collector 2. Multipurpose

Solar Boiler 3. Circulation

pump 4. Closed

extended vessel 5. Safety valve 6. Stopping valve 7. Return valve 8. Differential

thermo regulator 9. Vacuum

process 10. Draining 11. Caldron hydro

heating 12. Recirculation

pump

Solar collector elements

Solar collector elements

Solar collector photo

Caldron Solid Fuel 1. Caldron – 7, 8 sections 2.Warmer up for water 3. Extending vessel 4. Pump 5. Return valve 6. Return valve 7. Automat for supplement 8. Crane for filling and running off 9. Spherical crane 10. Spherical crane 11. Water filter 12. Safety valve 13. Thermostat contact 14. Automatic vacuum pump with a flap 15. Safety valve 16. Spherical crane with hollander

Electro Caldron with accumulating vessels 1. Electro caldron 2. Automatic vacuum pump

with a valve 3. Spherical crane 4. Closed extending vessel 5. Water filter 6. Safety valve 7. Indoor thermostat 8. Three – way valve 9. Thermal motor 10. Accumulating feed tank 11. Pump 12. Spherical crane 13. Automat for supplement 14. Crane for filling and

draining

Local storey heating

1. Electro caldron 2. Automatic vacuum pump

with a valve 3. Spherical crane with

hollander 4. Closed extended vessel 5. Water filter 6. Safety valve 7. Indoor thermostat 8. Spherical crane 9. Automat for supplement 10. Crane for draining

Electricity generator

Electricity generator

Motor / Generator

Electricity generator

Electricity generator

Satellite

Satellite