ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT OPERATION & MAINTENANCE

GROUP 1

FRANCO, Bryan C.GARCIA, Michael Vincent B.GUZMAN, Michael Angelo V.HONOFRE, Orven Laurence D.

Submitted to

Engr. Romeo G. Fernandez

July 12, 2013

WHAT are ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENTS?

Electrical Equipments includes any machine powered by electricity. They usually consist of an enclosure, a variety of electrical components, and often a power switch. Examples of this include:

Electrical Distribution and Protection Equipment- Fuses- Fuse Holders- Circuit Breakers- Intrinsic Safety Barriers- Transfer Switches- Terminal Blocks

Switches- Switches- Emergency Stop Switches- Keylock Switches- Pushbutton Switches- Thermostats and Thermal Switches- DIP Switches

Relays- Solid State Relays- Electromechanical Relays

Wire and Cable Accessories- Wire and Cable- Cable Assemblies- Cable Clamps- Cable Glands- Cable Trays- Heat Shrink Tubing- Magnetic Shielding

Power Supplies and Conditioners- AC Power Sources- Electrical Power Generators- Power Conditioners- Power Supplies- UPS - Single Phase- UPS - Three Phase

Transformers - Power Transformers - Current Transformers - Voltage Transformers

Proximity Sensors - Proximity Sensors Overview - Capacitive Proximity Sensors - Inductive Proximity Sensors - Magnetic Proximity Sensors

Meters and Indicators - Analog Panel Meters - Digital Panel Meters - Flat Panel Displays - Touch Screen Displays

Recorders and Loggers - Chart Recorders / Strip Charts - Data Aquisition - Data Loggers and Data Recorders

Industrial Computer Equipment - Industrial Computers - Industrial Printers and Plotters - Industrial Keyboards - KVM Switches - Network Cables - Computer Mouse and other Pointing Devices - Network Switches

Pneumatic Equipment - Air Compressors - Air Pressure Regulators - Electro-Pneumatic Transducers - Filter, Regulator, Lubrication FRL Assemblies

Generator

Importance and Application of Electrical Equipment

Electrical equipment is essential to the continued success of industry. The processes of refining, construction and manufacturing depend on specialized electrical devices to ensure their smooth operation and competitive output. These electrical devices usually perform tasks that would be too difficult, monotonous, dangerous or overly costly for a human worker to carry out.

Electrical Distribution and Protection Equipment

FUSESIt protects electrical devices and components from overcurrents and short circuits that occur in improperly operating circuits. When fault current reaches a predetermined magnitude for a fixed period of time, current flow is interrupted through the melting of an internal element.

FUSE HOLDERAre devices for containing, protecting and mounting fuses. Fuse holders come in two basic types, open or fully enclosed. Open fuse holder types are fuse clips, fuse blocks, socket and plug-on cap varieties. The fully enclosed variety may use a fuse carrier that is inserted into a holder or have other means to fully enclose the fuse.TRANSFER SWITCHTransfer electrical power back and forth between two power systems or buses such as a utility power line and a back-up motor-generator power supply.TERMINAL BLOCK- Modular, insulated blocks that secure two or more wires together.- consist of an insulating body and a clamping device.

CIRCUIT BREAKERSSwitching devices that are capable of making, carrying and breaking currents under normal circuit conditions and making, carrying for a specified time, and breaking current under specified abnormal conditions such as a short circuit. Low voltage circuit breakers have voltage ratings from 250 to 600 V AC and 250 to 700 V DC.

SWITCHESSWITCHESAre devices used to allow electric current to flow when closed, and when opened, they prevent current flow.EMERGENCY STOP SWITCHESAre devices that users manipulate to initiate the complete shutdown of a machine, system, or process.PUSHBUTTON SWITCHESMechanical switches defined by the method used to activate the switch. The activation method is typically in the form of a plunger that is pushed down to open or close the switch.THERMOSTATS AND THERMAL SWITCHESAn electro-mechanical on/off switch that is activated by temperature changes.DIP SWITCHESDual in-line package (DIP) switches are electronic packages that consist of a series of tiny switches. DIP switches are used to configure computers and peripherals such as circuit boards and modems.

RELAYS

SOLID STATE RELAYSSolid state relays or semiconductor relays (also called SSRs) are semiconductor devices that can be used in place of mechanical relays to switch electricity to a load in many applications. They are purely electronic devices, normally composed of a low current control side and a high current load side (switching side). Many solid state relays feature electrical isolation in the thousands of volts between the control side and the load side. This is usually achieved through optical isolation using an optoelectronic device (a photocoupler).ELECTROMECHANICAL RELAYS-Are devices that complete or interrupt a circuit by physically moving electrical contacts into contact with each other.- A relay involves two circuits: the energizing circuit and the contact circuit. -The coil is on the energizing side and the relay contacts are on the contact side. When a relay coil is energized, current flow through the coil creates a magnetic field.WIRES AND CABLE ACCESSORIESWIRES AND CABLESUse to bundle, clip, clamp, label, guide, and protect. The accessories include tubing, heat shrinkable tubing, festoons, wraps clips, clamps, markers, ties, strain reliefs, and others.CABLE TRAYSa unit or assembly of units or sections and associated fittings forming a rigid structural system used to securely fasten or support cables and raceways.

- Cable trays support cable the way that roadway bridges support traffic. - A bridge is a structure that provides safe passage for traffic across open spans. - Cable tray is the bridge that allows for safe transport of wires across open spans

POWER SUPPLIESAC POWER SOURCESProvide output often with adjustable ranges of current, voltage and frequency. They are used in testing motors and many other kinds of electrical equipment for which input values may vary.POWER CONDITIONERSRegulate, filter, and suppress noise in AC power for sensitive computer and other solid state equipment. Power conditioners typically consist of voltage regulators in combination with output isolation transformers and transient voltage suppression circuitry. They provide electrical isolation and noise and spike attenuation to ensure the quality and consistency of power to sensitive medical, laboratory, computer, and other high technology equipment.ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATORSElectrical devices that convert mechanical, chemical, or other forms of energy into electrical energy.UPS SINGLE PHASESingle phase uninterruptible power supplies (UPS) sit between an AC outlet (i.e., a wall outlet or power strip) and an electronic device (such as a computer, server, or phone equipment) to provide power conditioning, back-up protection and distribution for electronic equipment loads and to prevent power disturbances (outages, sags, surges, spikes, noise, etc.) from affecting the performance and life of the electronic device and vital data.UPS THREE-PHASEThree phase uninterruptible power supplies (UPS) are devices that operate in conjunction with existing electrical system to provide power conditioning, back-up protection and distribution for electronic equipment loads and to prevent power disturbances (outages, sags, surges, spikes, noise, etc.) from affecting the performance and life of the electronic device and vital data.

TRANSFORMERS

POWER TRANSFORMERSConvert power-level voltages from one level or phase configuration to another. They can include features for electrical isolation, power distribution, and control and instrumentation applications. Transformers typically rely on the principle of magnetic induction between coils to convert voltage and/or current levels.VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERSAre devices used to measure voltage in electric circuits. Their main role is to condition (step down) the voltage to be measured to levels suitable to the measuring instrument.

CURRENT TRANSFORMERSMeasure power flow and provide electrical inputs to power transformers and instruments. Current transformers produce either an alternating current or alternating voltage that is proportional to the measured current. There are two basic types of current transformers: wound and toroidal. -Wound current transformers consist of an integral primary winding that is inserted in series with the conductor that carries the measured current.-Toroidal or donut-shaped current transformers do not contain a primary winding. Instead, the wire that carries the current is threaded through a window in the toroidal transformer.

PROXIMITY SENSORSPROXIMITY SENSORSCan be classified in two: contact or non-contact type. Contact proximity sensors are the least expensive. Proximity sensors can have one of many technology types. These include capacitive, eddy current, inductive, photoelectric, ultrasonic, and Hall Effect.CAPACITIVE PROXIMITY SENSORSUses the face or surface of the sensor as one plate of a capacitor, and the surface of a conductive or dielectric target object as the other. The capacitance varies inversely with the distance between capacitor plates in this arrangement, and a certain value can be set to trigger target detection.INDUCTIVE PROXIMITY SENSORSAre noncontact proximity devices that set up a radio frequency field with an oscillator and a coil. The presence of an object alters this field and the sensor is able to detect this alteration. An inductive proximity sensor comprises an LC oscillating circuit, a signal evaluator, and a switching amplifier.MAGNETIC PROXIMITY SENSORSAre noncontact proximity devices utilize inductance, Hall effect principles, variable reluctance or magneto resistive technology. Magnetic proximity sensors are characterized by the possibility of large switching distances, available from sensors with small dimensions. They detect magnetic objects (usually permanent magnets), which are used to trigger the switching process. As the magnetic fields are able to pass through many non-magnetic materials, the switching process can also be triggered without the need for direct exposure to the target object. By using magnetic conductors (e.g., iron), the magnetic field can be transmitted over greater distances so that, for example, the signal can be carried away from high temperature areas.METERS AND INDICATORSANALOG PANEL METERSAre instruments that measure variables such as pressure, flow, temperature, speed, current, and voltage. They display values on a dial, usually with a moving pointer or needle.DIGITAL PANEL METERSMeasure and display all types of processes and electrical variables, such as pressure, flow, temperature, speed, current and voltage in an alphanumeric or numeric format, often as a bar graph. Many of these displays have totalizing, recording, conditioning, and other functionalities.TOUCH SCREEN DISPLAYSAre the most user-friendly PC interface. They are input devices, a way to communicate with the PC. The user touches the screen to select options presented on the screen. Associated hardware and software are used to determine the location of the press.

RECORDERS AND LOGGERS

DATA LOGGERS AND DATA RECORDERSAcquires digital data from sensors and other signals. They are primarily used to store data for subsequent downloads to a host PC, but may also include real-time features such as monitors and alarms.

INDUSTRIAL COMPUTER EQUIPMENTINDUSTRIAL COMPUTERSProgrammable electronic devices that accept data, execute prerecorded instructions, perform mathematical and logical operations, and output results. Software provides information to a central processing unit (CPU) that executes instructions and controls the operation of other hardware components. Memory allows computers to store data and programs temporarily. Mass storage devices such as tape and disk drives provide long-term storage for large amounts of data. Input devices such as a keyboard and mouse allow users to enter information that can be output on a display screen, printer, self-serve kiosk, or personal digital assistant (PDA).

INDUSTRIAL PLOTTERS AND PRINTERSPortable or stationary pieces of equipment used to output industrial data in printed form. General printer specifications, performance specifications, physical specifications, and features are important to consider when searching for industrial printers and plotters, computer.

EHTERNET NETWORK SWITCHESRoute packets between ports at the OSI layer 2, which means that (in Ethernet) the network switches decide where incoming packets are transferred to, based on the NIC's 48-bit address. Upon receipt of a packet, the switch forwards the packet to its destination port. Form factor, protocol, performance, port, and features are all important to consider when selecting network switches.

PNEUMATIC EQUIPMENTAIR COMPRESSORProvide air at pressures higher than atmospheric via many pump drive types such as DC, AC, and gas or diesel engines. Pump technologies include positive displacement (piston, diaphragm, rotary vane and screw styles) and nonpositive displacement (centrifugal, axial and regenerative blowers). Compressors may have integral tanks for compressed air storage or discharge directly to the output valve.AIR PRESSURE REGULATORControls the pressure in air lines used by pneumatic tools and machines. To provide consistent pressures, they remove fluctuations in the air supply and are adjustable. Some air pressure regulators attach to devices such as gauges, filters, lubricators, and displays.ELECTRO-MECHANIC TRANSDUCERS Converts current or voltage input signals to proportional output pressures. They are used as process control elements in valves, pneumatic relays, and flow regulators for applications such as spray and damper control. There are three basic types of electro-pneumatic transducers: voltage-to-pressure (E/P), current-to-pressure (I/P), and digital-to-pressure (D/P). Voltage-to-pressure devices offer finite control ranges such as 0 5 V or 0 10 V. Current-to-pressure devices provide current loop control and signal ranges such as 4 20 mA or 0 20 mA. Digital-to-pressure devices use either serial or parallel controls.