EmotionOctober 19th, 2004

• Brain Damage and Emotion– Kluver-Bucy Syndrome– Phineas Gage– The case of SM

• Theories of Emotion– Darwin– James - Lang– Cannon - Bard

• Fear– Measuring Fear

•Facial expressions•Fear in non-human animals

– Neural Circuits of Fear

Munch, 1893

EmotionKluver-Bucy Syndrome

Damage to the Medial Temporal Lobe produces:

• Emotional Blunting: a flat affect and may not respond appropriately to stimuli. • Hyperphagia: extreme weight gain without a strictly monitored diet. There is a

strong tendency for those with Kluver-Bucy to compulsively place inedible objects in their mouths.

• Inappropriate Sexual Behavior: atypical sex behaviors, mounting inanimate objects.

• Visual Agnosia: "psychic blindness," i. e. an inability to visually recognize objects.

EmotionPhineas Gage

Phineas Gage:

From responsible, religious respectable and socially well-adapted man to an irreverent, profane and impulsive itinerant.

EmotionSM

SM:

A life-long pattern of social and emotional inadequacy.

Urbach-Wiethe Disease

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

HappyAngry

AfraidSurprised

Disgusted

Mean C

orr

ela

tion w

ith N

orm

als

SM

Control

Theories of EmotionDarwin:

Observed…..• Innateness of emotional expression:• Expressions appear similarly in many

lower animals • Expressions appear in very young children • Expressions appear identical in those born

blind

Concluded…..• Expression of emotion evolve from

behaviors that indicate what an animal might do next.

• If the signals provided by the behaviors enhance the animal’s ability to survive, they will be retained.

• Opposite messages are revealed through opposite behaviors

Theories of Emotion

James-Lange:

Emotional stimuli activate physiological reactions that are then interpreted as emotional experiences.

Cannon-Bard:

Emotional stimuli simultaneously activate physiological reactions emotional feelings.

Data……

•Injections of epinephrine do not produce emotional feelings…….

•Individuals with no peripheral sensation experience emotion.

EmotionFacial Expressions

Neutral Anger Disgust Fear

Happy Sad Surprise Neutral

EmotionFacial Expressions

AngerHappy

EmotionFacial Expressions

FearHappy

Whalen, P. J., Rauch, S. L., Etcoff, N. L., McInerney, S. C., Lee, M. B., & Jenike, M. A. (1998). Masked presentations of emotional facial expressions modulate amygdala activity without explicit knowledge. The Journal of Neuroscience, 18(1), 411-418.

EmotionA theory of Amygdala Involvement in Fear

EmotionFacial Expressions

Neutral Anger Disgust Fear

Happy Sad Surprise Neutral

EmotionFacial Expressions

Neutral Anger Disgust Fear

Happy Sad Surprise Neutral

EmotionFear

heart rate

Decreased appetite

Increased startle

Defecation

Decreased pain reactivity

motor activity

Rodent

Increase heart rate

Decreased appetite

Increased startle

Increased motility

Decreased pain reactivity

Decrease motor activity

Central State of

Fear

Human

Laboratory Procedures for Measuring Fear and Anxiety in Rodents

Pavlovian Fear Conditioning

Shock

heart ratedecreased salivationincreased startledefecationhypoalgesiaActivity

Central State of

Fear

Auditory Stimulus

&

Auditory Stimulus

EmotionLaboratory Procedures for Measuring

Fear

Pavlovian Fear Conditioning

heart ratedecreased salivationincreased startledefecationhypoalgesiaActivity

Central State of

Fear

EmotionDamage to the Amygdala Interferes

with Fear

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0

2

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9Five Trial Blocks

Mea

n %

Cha

nge

Fro

m P

re C

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asel

ine

ShamAmygdala LesionUntrained

Kapp, B. S., Frysinger, R. C., Gallagher, M., & Haselton, J. R. (1979). Amygdala central nucleus lesions: effect on heart rate conditioning in the rabbit. Physiology & Behavior, 23, 1109-1117.

EmotionAmygdala Damage Interferes with Conditioned

FearMeasure of Fear Species Lesion Reference

heart rate rabbit electrolytic ACE Kapp et al (1979)rat electrolytic ACE Sananes et al (1989)rabbit electrolytic ACE /BLA Powell et al (1997)rat electrolytic ACE Young & Leaton (1996)

Increased blood pressure rat excitotoxic ACE Iwata et al (1986)

Decreased pain reactivity rat electrolytic ACE/BLA Helmsteter (1992)rat electrolytic ACE/BLA Watkins et al (1993)

Increased startle rat electrolytic ACE Hitchcock & Davis (1987)rat excitotoxic BLA Sananes & Davis (1992) rat reversible ACE/BLA Kim et al (1993)rat excitotoxic ACE/BLA Campeau & Davis (1995)rat electrolytic ACE Falls & Davis (1995)mouse electrolytic BLA Heldt et al (2000)

Freezing rat electrolytic ACE Blanchard & Blanchard (1972)

rat electrolytic ACE LeDoux et al (1988)rat reversible Helmsteter (1992) rat electrolytic ACE Kim et al (1993)rat excitotoxic BLA Cousins & Otto (1998)rat excitotoxic BLA Maren (1998)mouse electrolytic BLA Desmendt et al (1998)

A. B.

EmotionAmygdala Damage in Humans is Associated with

Deficits in Conditioned Fear

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0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

Habit. Cond. Test 1 Test 2

SCR

Mag

nitu

de

SM

Normal

Urbach-Wiethe Disease

Bechara, A., Tranle, D., Damasio, H., Adolphs, R., Rocklan, C., & Damasio, A. R. (1995). Double dissociation of conditioning and declarative knowledge relative to the amygdala and hippocmapus in humans. Science, 269, 1115-1118.

EmotionHuman Amygdala Activation in Fear Conditioning

LaBar, K. S., Gatenby, J. C., Gore, J. C., LeDoux, J. E., & Phelps, E. A. (1998). Human amygdala activation during conditioned fear-acquisition and extinction: a mixed-trial fMRI study. Neuron, 20, 937-945.Bar, et al (1998). Neuron, 20, 937-945.

EmotionPathways Mediating Conditioned Fear

ThalamusEar Tectum Cortex

CE

ThalamusShock US

LA BLA

Amygdala

Auditory Stimulus

dMNV

PAG

PnCCortex

EmotionPathways Mediating Conditioned Fear

The Amygdala, Facial Expression, & Racial Bias

The Amygdala, Facial Expression, & Racial Bias