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TABLE OF CONTENT

Project Management

Project on Eiffel Tower

Department of Management sciences

Lahore college for Women University

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Contents Page #

1 HISTORY OF EIFFEL TOWER 31.1 Introduction 41.2 Description Of The Eiffel Tower 41.4 The Tallest 4

2 WHY WE SELECT THIS PROJECT 43 PLAN OF REPORT 44 PROJECT INITIATION 6

4.1 Planning 64.2 design contest 64.3 project manager 64.4 engineering firm 74.5 Designing 7

4.5.1 Material 74.5.2 Wind considerations 74.5.3 Accommodation 84.5.4 Engraved names 84.5.5 Maintenance 84.5.6 Aesthetic considerations 8

5 PROJECT PLANNING 85.1 project cost 85.2 project schedule 95.3 performance 9

5.3.1 Money Machine 95.3.2 Groundbreaking 9

6 PROJECT EXECUTION 106.1 Joint Venture 106.2 Construction 10

7 PROJECT TERMINATION 117.1 Inauguration And The 1889 Exposition 11

8 CONCLUSION 138.1 Current Status 138.2 Future Directions 138.3 Findings 13

9 REFERENCES 15

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1) HISTORY OF EIFFEL TOWER

As the French government was planning the Centennial Expositon of 1889, a fair to celebrate the French Revolution, a known bridge engineer, Alexandre Gustave Eiffel, was asked to design and build a structure that would suit the occasion. His finished tower got both praise and criticism and a lot of amazement. After the Centennial Exposition, of 1889 ended, Eiffel knew that he had to find new profitable ways to save his tower. He directed changes to prepare for a meteorological station in 1890, a military telegraph station in 1903, and a laboratory for studying aerodynamics in 1909. Even further changes were made for the expostitions of 1900, 1925, and 1937. An extra height of 66 feet (20 meters) was add on to the tower of television transmissions. The public firm had managed the Eiffel Tower for many years, until 1981 when the government of the city of Paris took over its management. The tower went through a reconstruction and renovation in 1981 to 1983 in preparation of its 100th anniversary in 1989. The renovation cost around 40 milliion dollars. The paint was stripped off down to the girders, removed the extra unnecessary weight of structures on the upper levels, and built new and lighter in weight facilities for visitors.

1.1) Introduction

Vital Statistics:Location: Paris, FranceCompletion Date: 1889Cost: $1.5 millionHeight: 986 feetMaterials: Wrought ironEngineer(s): Gustave Eiffel

The most famous landmark in the world is the Eiffel Tower. It dominates the skyline of Paris and is a very important landmark of building construction history. The Eiffel Tower was built for the World Exhibition in 1889, held in celebration of the French Revolution in 1789.Today, there is no such aversion anymore among the Parisians, and one could not imagine Paris without the Eiffel Tower, in fact it has become the symbol of the City of Light.

1.2) Description Of The Eiffel Tower

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Nothing like it had ever been built like the Eiffel Tower. It is a 984-foot (300-meter) tower of wrought iron and open-lattice. The Eiffel Tower was the tallest structure in the world until the Chrusler Building was finished in New York City in 1930. Otis Elevator Company had designed glass-walled elevators, which climbed the legs of the tower to get to the first and second platforms. From the second floor to the third platform, which is near the top, four balanced elevators go up and down in the area. If you looked on a clear day, from the top platform, the view stretches for 50 miles (80 kilometers). On the first level are three-glass-confined structures, there are two level. Tey both contain one restaurant: Le Parisien on the lower level and La Belle France on the upper level. The thrd part is teh Salle (hall) Gustave Eiffel, where there is space for

business, conferences, expositions, cultural events, and social meetings. There is a a souvenir shop and a snack bar located on the smaller second floor. Even from this level, it is very possible that an excellent view of Paris can be seen without having to go to the top.

1.3) The Tallest

Inaugurated March 31, 1889, the Eiffel Tower would be the tallest structure in the world until the completion of the Chrysler Building in 1930.

2) WHY WE SELECT THIS PROJECT

There are definitely other monuments in world that deserved just as much attention as the Eiffel Tower, or probably even more. However, we choose the Eiffel Tower because its appearance contrasts and its construction involve somehow more recent knowledge (better understood) than the construction of some other monuments, such as cathedrals. Actually, up to this day, the architecture of cathedrals is still not perfectly understood but its architecture is easily and perfectly understood.

Also, We have chosen Eiffel Tower because it is the highest building of Paris (325 m) and material about the project easily available and we are impressed by the quality of data which is available from websites.

3) PLAN OF REPORT

The design of the Eiffel Tower was made Gustave Eiffel therefore the name of Eiffel tower

named after the engineer Gustave Eiffel, whose company designed and built the tower. The

construction was only meant to last for the duration of the Exposition, but it still stands today,

despite all protests from contemporary artists who feared the construction would be the advent of

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structures without 'individuality' and despite the many people who feared that this huge 'object'

would not fit into the architecture of Paris.

 Eiffel founded and developed a company specializing in metal structural work.  tower is

composed of puddling iron, not steel as many of today's buildings. Total 7,300 metric tons of

puddling iron, which were the precursor to construction steel, was used. Like most materials, the

tower undergoes thermal expansion. 

Researchers have found that Eiffel used empirical and graphical methods accounting for the

effects of wind rather than a specific mathematical formula. Careful examination of the tower

shows a basically exponential shape; actually two different exponentials, the lower section

overdesigned to ensure resistance to wind forces. It cost eight million francs (US$1.5 Million

1890 dollars, US$58 Million 2011 dollars). Using the price of gold as a metric, a sum partially

funded by the French government.

In January 1887, Eiffel signed a contract with the French government and the City of Paris.

Eiffel & Company, his engineering firm, agreed to contribute 1.3 million of the tower’s

estimated $1.6 million construction cost.

All the elements were prepared in Eiffel’s factory located at Levallois-Perret on the outskirts of

Paris. Each of the 18,000 pieces used to construct the Tower were specifically designed and

calculated, traced out to an accuracy of a tenth of a millimeter and then put together forming new

pieces around five meters each. A team of constructors, who had worked on the great metal

viaduct projects, were responsible for the 150 to 300 workers on site assembling this gigantic

erector set.

This project to build a national monument was terminated successfully through extinction. The

main structural work was completed at the end of March 1889. Sunday March 31st 1889 at 1:30

p.m., Gustave Eiffel showed some of the famous personalities of the day around what was then

the tallest tower in the world. Eiffel had a permit for the tower to stand for 20 years; it was to be

dismantled in 1909, when its ownership would revert to the City of Paris. The City had planned

to tear it down (part of the original contest rules for designing a tower was that it could be easily

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demolished) but as the tower proved valuable for communication purposes, it was allowed to

remain after the expiry of the permit.

4) PROJECT INITIATION

4.1) PLANNING

In 1885, French officials began planning the Great Exposition of 1889, a celebration of the 100th anniversary of the French Revolution. They wanted to build some kind of monument that would be as glorious as France itself.

The French decided to top it by constructing a 1,000-foot-tall tower right in the heart of Paris. Now all they had to do was find somebody who could design and build it.

4.2) DESIGN CONTEST

On May 2, 1886, the French government announced a design contest: French engineers and architects were invited to “study the possibility of erecting on the Champ de Mars an iron tower with a base of 125 meters square and 300 meters high.”

Whatever the contestants decided to propose, their designs had to meet two other criteria:

1) The structure had to be self-financing- it had to attract enough ticket-buying visitors to the exposition to pay for its own construction; and

2) It had to be a temporary structure that could be torn down easily at the end of the Exposition.

By the time the contest was announced, Alexandre-Gustave Eiffel [wiki] – a 53-year-old structural engineer already considered France’s “master builder in metal” had the job sewn up. Weeks earlier, he had met with French minister Edouard Lockroy and presented plans for a wrought iron tower he was ready to build. Eiffel had already commissioned 5,329 mechanical drawings representing the 18,038 different components that would be used. Lockroy was so impressed that he rigged the contest so only Eiffel’s design would win.

Eiffel tower consists of three levels and Gustave Eiffel engraved on the tower seventy-two names of French scientists, engineers and other notable people.

4.3) PROJECT MANAGER

The name of the project manager of the single most visited paid monument in the world known as Eiffel Tower is 'Gustave Eiffel'.

4.4) ENGINEERING FIRM

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The tower was built by the engineering firm of Gustave Eiffel, Eiffel et Cie, a company well established in metallic construction projects. This firm underwent many transformations in the following years, but it still survives today, still under the name Eiffel, and it still specializes in complex steel construction work and engineering.

Eiffel didn't design the tower all by himself, however. Other people in his firm who worked extensively on the tower included engineers Émile Nouguier and Maurice Koechlin; Tower architect Stephen Sauvestre; Jean Compagnon, who handled construction of the superstructure; and Adolphe Salles, who worked on the physical plant of the tower. The patents covering the tower were filed jointly by Eiffel, Nouguier, and Koechlin (the latter two eventually sold their rights to Eiffel in exchange for a percentage of the revenue generated by the tower).

4.5) DESIGNING

4.5.1) Material

The puddle iron structure of the Eiffel Tower weighs 7,300 tonnes, while the entire structure, including non-metal components, is approximately 10,000 tonnes. As a demonstration of the economy of design, if the 7,300 tonnes of the metal structure were melted down it would fill the 125-metre-square base to a depth of only 6 cm (2.36 in), assuming the density of the metal to be 7.8 tonnes per cubic metre. Depending on the ambient temperature, the top of the tower may shift away from the sun by up to 18 cm (7.1 in) because of thermal expansion of the metal on the side facing the sun.

4.5.2) Wind considerations

At the time the tower was built many people were shocked by its daring shape. Eiffel was criticized for the design and accused of trying to create something artistic, or inartistic according to the viewer, without regard to engineering. Eiffel and his engineers, however, as experienced bridge builders, understood the importance of wind forces and knew that if they were going to build the tallest structure in the world they had to be certain it would withstand the wind. In an interview reported in the newspaper Le Temps, Eiffel said:

Now to what phenomenon did I give primary concern in designing the Tower? It was wind resistance.

Researchers have found that Eiffel used empirical and graphical methods accounting for the effects of wind rather than a specific mathematical formula. Careful examination of the tower shows a basically exponential shape; actually two different exponentials, the lower section overdesigned to ensure resistance to wind forces. Several mathematical explanations have been proposed over the years for the success of the design; the most recent is described as a nonlinear integral equation based on counterbalancing the wind pressure on any point on the tower with the tension between the construction elements at that point.

4.5.3) Accommodation

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When built, the first level contained two restaurants: an "Anglo-American Bar", and a 250 seat theatre. A 2.6 m (8 ft 6 in) promenade ran around the outside.

On the second level, the French newspaper Le Figaro had an office and a printing press, where a special souvenir edition, Le Figaro de la Tour, was produced. There was also a pâtisserie.

On the third level were laboratories for various experiments and a small apartment reserved for Gustave Eiffel to entertain guests. This is now open to the public, complete with period decorations and lifelike models of Gustave and some guests.

4.5.4) Engraved names

Gustave Eiffel engraved on the tower seventy-two names of French scientists, engineers and other notable people. This engraving was painted over at the beginning of the twentieth century but restored in 1986–1987

4.5.5) Maintenance

Maintenance of the tower includes applying 50 to 60 tonnes of paint every seven years to protect it from rust. The height of the Eiffel Tower varies by 15 cm due to temperature.

4.5.6) Aesthetic considerations

In order to enhance the impression of height, three separate colours of paint are used on the tower, with the darkest on the bottom and the lightest at the top. On occasion the colour of the paint is changed; the tower is currently painted a shade of bronze. On the first floor there are interactive consoles hosting a poll for the colour to use for a future session of painting.

The only non-structural elements are the four decorative grillwork arches, which served to reassure visitors that the structure was safe, and to frame views of other nearby architecture.

5) PROJECT PLANNING

5.1) PROJECT COST

It cost eight million francs (US$1.5 Million 1890 dollars, US$58 Million 2011 dollars). Using the price of gold as a metric, a sum partially funded by the French government. The balance of the cost was paid with the admission proceeds going to Eiffel’s construction company.

5.2) PROJECT SCHEDULE

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The construction work took 2 years, 2 months and 5 days.

January 28, 1887 The first digging work started

July 1, 1887 The assembly of the supports began

December 7, 1887 The joining of the major girders up to the first level was completed.

March 15, 1888 Foundations were completed

April 1, 1888 The first floor was finished 1st April 1888.

August 14, 1888 The second floor was finished

March 31, 1889 The assembly was completed once and for all, with the top

March 31, 1889 Inauguration and the Exposition

5.3) PERFORMANCE

5.3.1) Money Machine

Unlike other public monuments, the Eiffel Tower was designed to make money from the very beginning. If you wanted to take the elevator or the stairs to the first story, you had to pay 2 francs; going all the way to the top cost 5 francs (Sundays were cheaper). That was just the beginning; restaurants, cafes, and shops were planned for the first story; a post office, telegraph office, bakery, and printing press were planned for the second story. In all, the tower was designed to accommodate up to 10,416 paying customers at a time.

5.3.2)Groundbreaking

Construction began on January 26, with not a moment to spare. With barely two years left to build the tower in time for opening of the Exposition, Eiffel would have to build the tower more quickly than any similar structure had been built before. The Washington Monument, just over half the Eiffel Tower’s size, had taken 36 years to complete.

To accomplish his task, Eiffel devised some incredibly ingenious techniques:

Unlike other massive engineering projects of the day, he had nearly all of the parts used in the tower prefabricated off-site in his workshops. This meant that when they arrived at the tower, the parts could quickly be riveted into place with a minimum of fuss.

The rivet holes themselves were predrilled to a tolerance of one-tenth of one millimeter, making it possible for the twenty riveting teams to drive an average of 1,650 rivets a day.

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None of the girders used in the tower was permitted to weigh more than three tons. This made it possible to use smaller cranes to lift everything into place.

As Joseph Harris writes in The Tallest Tower:

Eiffel had learned that using small components was faster and safer, even if his method did require more riveting, for cranes could be smaller and more mobile. The chances of accidents were reduced, and if one did occur the consequences were less serious. Use of bigger girders would have slowed the entire operation and required more expensive and complicated construction methods.

Thanks to these and other safety measures, the Eiffel Tower – the world’s tallest construction site – was also one of the safest. Of the hundreds of people who worked on the tower, only one, a riveter’s assistant named Dussardin, fell to his death

On completion, the tower was 300 meters high. During the 20th century, successive sets of antennae were added to the top of the structure for radio and TV transmission purposes. By 1994, the tower had reached 317 meters, then in 2008 a new set of antenna increased it to 325 metres. The Eiffel Tower is now 6 metres higher than its former ‘rival’, the Chrysler Building, due to its new antennae.

6) PROJECT EXECUTION

6.1) JOINT VENTURE

In January 1887, Eiffel signed a contract with the French government and the City of Paris. Eiffel & Company, his engineering firm, agreed to contribute 1.3 million of the tower’s estimated $1.6 million construction cost. In exchange, Eiffel would receive all revenues generated by the tower during the exposition…and for 20 years afterward. (The government agreed to leave the tower up after the Exposition.) Afterward, full ownership reverted to the City of Paris. They could tear it down if they wanted.

6.2) CONSTRUCTION

All the elements were prepared in Eiffel’s factory located at Levallois-Perret on the outskirts of Paris. Each of the 18,000 pieces used to construct the Tower were specifically designed and calculated, traced out to an accuracy of a tenth of a millimeter and then put together forming new pieces around five meters each. A team of constructors, who had worked on the great metal viaduct projects, were responsible for the 150 to 300 workers on site assembling this gigantic erector set.

First the pieces were assembled in the factory using bolts, later to be replaced one by one with thermally assembled rivets, which contracted during cooling thus ensuring a very tight fit. A

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team of four men was needed for each rivet assembled: one to heat it up, another to hold it in place, a third to shape the head and a fourth to beat it with a sledgehammer. Only a third of the 2,500,000 rivets used in the construction of the Tower were inserted directly on site.

Each corner edge rests on its own supporting block; applying to it a pressure of 3 to 4 kilograms per square centimeter, and each block is joined to the others by walls. On the Seine side of the construction, the builders used watertight metal caissons and injected compressed air, so that they were able to work below the level of the water.

The assembly of the first level was achieved by the use of twelve temporary wooden scaffolds, 30 metres high, and four larger scaffolds of 40 meters each.

"Sand boxes" and hydraulic jacks - replaced after use by permanent wedges - allowed the metal girders to be positioned to an accuracy of one millimeter.

On December 7, 1887, the joining of the major girders up to the first level was completed. The pieces were hauled up by steam cranes, which themselves climbed up the Tower as they went along using the runners to be used for the Tower's lifts.

Considering the rudimentary means available at that period, this could be considered record speed. The assembly of the Tower was a marvel of precision, as all chroniclers of the period agree. The construction work began in January 1887 and was finished on March 31, 1889. On the narrow platform at the top, Eiffel received his decoration from the Legion of Honor.

7) PROJECT TERMINATION

7.1) INAUGURATION AND THE 1889 EXPOSITION

This project to build a national monument was terminated successfully through extinction. The main structural work was completed at the end of March 1889. Sunday March 31st 1889 at 1:30

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p.m., Gustave Eiffel showed some of the famous personalities of the day around what was then the tallest tower in the world.

Since the lifts were not yet in operation, the ascent was made by foot, and took over an hour, Eiffel frequently stopping to make explanations of various features. Most of the party chose to stop at the lower levels, but a few, completed the climb. At 2:35 Eiffel hoisted a large tricolor, to the accompaniment of a 25-gun salute fired from the lower level. There was still work to be done, particularly on the lifts and the fitting out of the facilities for visitors, and the tower was not opened to the public until nine days after the opening of the Exposition on 6 May, and even then the lifts had not been completed.

The tower was an immediate success with the public, and lengthy queues formed to make the ascent. Tickets cost 2 francs for the first level, 3 for the second and 5 for the top, with half-price admission on Sundays, and by the end of the exhibition there had been nearly two million visitors.

Eiffel had a permit for the tower to stand for 20 years; it was to be dismantled in 1909, when its ownership would revert to the City of Paris. The City

had planned to tear it down (part of the original contest rules for designing a tower was that it could be easily demolished) but as the tower proved valuable for communication purposes, it was allowed to remain after the expiry of the permit.

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8) CONCLUSION

8.1) Current Status

Over 200 million people have visited the Eiffel Tower since its inception, with the 200,000,000th visitor visiting this monument on November 28, 2010.

Eiffel Tower has also attracted reckless persons who enjoy doing dangerous things from across the globe. It has been scaled by mountaineers, used as a platform for bungee jumping and parachuting and some have even gone to the extent of using it as a platform for cycling and rollerblading stunts.

The tower's romantic appeal seems to attract depressed and suicidal individuals almost as well as it attracts tourists and young lovers. Nearly four hundred people have jumped from the tower, or fallen (sometimes it's hard to tell the difference). Current safety equipment in place makes it impossible to accidentally fall from the tower, so only deliberate and very determined suicides still manage to kill themselves with a fall from the Eiffel Tower.

8.2) Future Directions

Eiffel Tower will last for at least two or three hundred more years. Simulated precipitation, temperature, and extreme wind conditions are projected to have little effect, and even doubling the weight of the tower, though causing it to “move,” will still leave it safely standing. The rising temperatures caused by global warming may pose problems for the structural integrity of the tower in the future due to the expansion of iron upon heating, but for now, experts conclude that the Eiffel Tower is here to stay.

8.3) Findings

With 5300 blueprints and his detailed note, Eiffel's planning laid a base for the project

Managing stakeholders – Published response to the community of artists and architects

Team work – Bringing along the designers, engineers and workers to get the work done

Eiffel Tower Today – Completion of the project within the determined budget

Time management – Completion of the project within the given tight schedule by

dividing it into the phases

The Eiffel Tower is repainted every seven years -- with 50 tons of dark brown paint. Since it was unveiled at the Paris World's Fair in 1889, more than 167 million people have visited the Eiffel Tower. The names of 72 French scientists and other famous individuals are permanently affixed to the sides of the tower in 60-centimeter letters just beneath the first platform, with 18 names per side.

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Counting from the ground, there are 347 steps to the first level, 674 steps to the second level, and 1,710 steps to the small platform on the top of the tower. On a clear day, it is possible to see 42 miles in every direction from the top of the Eiffel

Tower.

The Eiffel Tower is twice as tall as the Washington Monument and weighs 70,000 tons

less!

9) REFERENCES:

http://www.eiffel-tower.com/

http://www.eiffel-tower.com/everything-about-the-tower/themed-files/69

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiffel_Tower#Design_of_the_towerhttp://www.yalescientific.org/2011/05/secrets-of-the-eiffel-tower/http://www.atkielski.com/main/EiffelTowerFAQ.htmlhttp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/buildingbig/wonder/structure/eiffel_tower.htmlhttp://www.managementcanvas.iimindore.in/icanvas/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=120:management-lessons-from-gustave-eiffel&catid=44:other-areas&Itemid=61http://www.school-trip.com/france/eiffel/eiffel.html

http://www.frenchmoments.com/Eiffel_Tower.html

http://www.buzzle.com/articles/facts-about-the-eiffel-tower-paris.htmlhttp://www.wikihow.com/Draw-the-Eiffel-Tower

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