Supervised by:Dr. Md. Khalilur Rahman

Group Members:

M. A. Razzaq Halim- 12321026 (leader)

Rumana Rafique- 12121022

Moontasir Hassan- 12121033

Afra Anjum- 12321075

A satellite based navigation system that can be used to locate positions anywhere on earth.

Designed and operated by U.S. Department of Defense.

GPS consists of:• Satellites• Control and monitor stations• receivers

GPS is used on such incidents: determine the position locations

navigate from one place to another

create digitized maps

determine distance between two points

GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)

It is a service within the GSM network, used for transmitting data in the GSM network in form of packet.

Originally standardized by European Telecommunications Standards Institute.

Three basic operation modes:

Initialization /idle- mobile registers with network

Standby- periodically updates mobile base position as required

Ready- network knows where to route the packets when they are sent and received

GPRS services offered: supports both phone calls

Internet data transmission (on Internet access)

SMS messaging and broadcasting

multimedia messaging service

GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) It is a standard that describes protocols or set of rules for

2G digital cellular networks used by mobile phones.

Developed by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute.

Originally, a network optimized for voice communication

Included data communications (packet data transport) via GPRS over time

Uses a SIM card for storage and network service

GSM services offered: Voice calls (the most basic- telephony)

SMS (send and receive text messages)

Emergency service (911 service)

Supplementary services-

call hold

call waiting

call barring

CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)

It a wireless network technology and one of the major radio systems used in cell phones.

Uses Internal memory for storage

Network service is dictated by user’s device

International roaming- difficult to access

CDMA- “good” features Enables many more people to share the airwaves simultaneously during

conversations

Voice clarity is good

Better coverage compared to other mobile wireless technologies

3G (Third Generation)Based on a set of standards used for mobile devices and

mobile telecommunications use services

Provides an information transfer rate of at least 200kbits/s

Bandwidth and location information available to 3G devices gives rise to applications not previously available

to mobile phone users.

Applications of 3G

GPS

location-based services

mobile internet access

fixed wireless internet access

mobile TV

video conferencing

5G (Fifth Generation)Next major phase of mobile telecommunications,

hopefully to be rolled out by 2020

Advanced standards, beyond the current 4G standard

Data rates of several tens of Mb/s should be supported for tens of thousands of users.

5G- The next generation Will meet business and consumer demands

Will provide much faster speeds than the existing generations

Availability of broadcast-like services and lifeline communications in times of natural disaster

Wi-FiA local area wireless technology that allows an electronic

device to participate in computer networking

Provides local network access with speeds of up to 54 Mbps

Typical access of around a few hundred feet of range

Wi-Fi uses Use Wi-Fi to access internet on phone, tablet or laptop

rather than mobile connection

At home or work-place, use Wi-Fi on wireless router

You can connect to Wi-Fi ‘hotspots’ around the country

WiMAX(Worldwide interoperability for Microwave Access)

A wireless communications standard designed to provide 30 to 40 Mbps data rates (speed)

With a current update providing 1 Gbit/s for fixed stations

WiMAX antenna is expected to have a range of up to 40 miles.

WiMAX uses broadband wireless access

WiMAX can provide at-home or mobile internet access across whole cities or countries.

economically viable, providing internet access in remote locations

BluetoothWireless technology standard for exchanging data over

short distances

Data exchange using short-wavelength (radio waves)

Data transmission among fixed devices such as computers and mobile phones, digital assistants, and

building personal area networks (PANs)

Bluetooth- types

NFC (Near Field Communication)A set of ideas and technology to enable smart phones

and other devices to establish radio communication with each other

This is done by touching the devices together or bringing them into proximity of 10cm or less.

NFC devices in use in contactless payment systems, similar to those used in

credit cards and electronic ticket smartcards.

act as electronic identity documents and keycards and access tokens

IR (Infrared)Invisible radiant energy

Electromagnetic radiation with longer wavelengths than those of visible light

Most of the thermal radiation emitted by objects near room temperature is infrared.

Infrared sensors can detect heat from the body.

Infrared uses Radiation used in cooking and heating

Communication signals, e.g. TV remote controls and optical fibre communication

Used in security lights and burglar alarms since we cannot see infrared radiation

RF (Radio frequency)A rate of oscillation which corresponds to the frequency

of radio waves

Also a term for radio, wireless communication to receive radio signals using an antenna

Uses of RF Used in medical treatments for therapeutic purpose in

medicine and surgical procedures

Can be used for wireless communications

Socket Programming The endpoint in an inter-process communication is network socket.

Computer communication based on internet protocols is called internet socket.

Data transmission by means of communication protocols happens between two sockets.

Essentially network programming (application programs write to and read from sockets)

RJ-45Registered Jack (RJ) is a standardized telecommunication

network interface.

Connects voice and data equipment to a service provided by a carrier

Used in telecommunications as a modular connector

Used in computers for Ethernet computer network cables

LAN (Local Area Network)Computer network that interconnects computers within

limited area such as one site or building

LAN includes small geographic area and non-inclusion of leased telecommunication lines.

Home, school, computer laboratory and office building use LAN

LAN

WAN (Wide Area Network)Computer network that covers a broad area

Telecommunications network that links across metropolitan, regional, national or international boundaries using leased telecommunication lines

Business and government entities use WANs to relay data

WAN

Solar Power Transformation of sunlight into electricity using photovoltaic or

concentrated solar power.

In 1980s concentrated solar power plant was first developed.

Photovoltaic are used in small and medium sized application.

For example: calculator.

Initially the cost of solar power was very high but now the use of solar electricity has increased.

Solar Power

The use of solar electricity in houses.

Wind Power Extracted from air flow using wind turbines or sails to produce

mechanical or electrical power.

Gansu Wind Farm is the largest wind farm in the world.

Wind energy is renewable, plentiful and alternative to fossil fuels.

Wind Power

The way of generating electrical power from wind turbine.

Geothermal Energy Thermal energy produced and stored in the earth.

Clean and sustainable

Resources are range from the shallow to hot water and hot rock found few miles beneath the surface.

Geothermal Energy

The process of generating geothermal energy

Dry Cell

One kind of chemical cell used in the form of batteries.

Developed in 1887 by German scientist Karl Gassner.

To flow current a past electrolyte is used and no free liquid.

Zinc-Carbon battery is a common dry cell with a nominal voltage of 1.5 volts.

Lithium Polymer Battery (Lipo) Rechargeable battery.

Lighter in weight but lack rigidity.

LEAD-ACID Battery Invented by French Physicist Gaston Plante.

Oldest rechargeable battery.

Supply high surge current (relatively a large power to weight ratio)

Application: automobile starter motors, backup power supplies in cell phone towers, stand-alone power system.

DC Power One directional flow of electric charge.

Produced by batteries, thermocouples, solar cells, commutator-type electric machines of the dynamic type.

Used to charge batteries.

AC power The portion of power that averaged over a complete cycle of the AC

waveform, results in net transfer of energy in one direction is known as active power.

Nuclear Power Electric or motive power generated by a nuclear reactor.

It is energy contained in atoms and the energy can be released as heat from a chain reaction in a radioactive element such as Uranium.

Nuclear power stations use the heat to produce steam which drives turbines to generate electricity.

Fossil Fuel Power Fossil fuels like coal, natural gas, or petroleum has been burnt to

produce electricity.

Power stations have machinery to convert heat energy of combustion into mechanical energy, which then operates an electrical generator.

Hydro Power Produced from the energy of falling water and running water.

Used in irrigation and various operation of mechanical devices.

Power of water is manifested in hydrology.

Used to generate electricity.