DauHoang KTMT Chuong 2 CPU
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HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG
BI GING MN
KIN TRC MY TNH
Ging vin: TS. Hong Xun Du
in thoi/E-mail: [email protected]
B mn: Khoa hc my tnh - Khoa CNTT1
CHNG 2 KHI X L TRUNG TM
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CHNG 2 KHI X L TRUNG TM
NI DUNG
1. S khi tng qut ca CPU
2. Chu trnh x l lnh ca CPU
3. Cc thanh ghi ca CPU
4. B iu khin CU5. B tnh ton s hc & logic ALU
6. Bus trong CPU
7. S khi mt s CPU
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CHNG 2 KHI X L TRUNG TM
2.1 S khi tng qut ca CPU
CU: Control Unit
IR: Instruction Register
PC: Program Counter
MAR: Memory Address Register
MBR: Memory Buffer RegisterA: Accumulator Register
Y, Z: Temporary Register
FR: Flag Register
ALU: Arithmetic and
Logic Unit
CU
IR
PC
MAR
MBR
I
nternalBus
A
Y
ALU
Z
FR
ABus
DBus
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CHNG 2 KHI X L TRUNG TM
2.2 Chu trnh x l lnh ca CPU
1. Khi mt chng trnh c thc hin, h iu hnh (OS -Operating System) np m chng trnh vo b nh trong;
2. a ch ca nh cha lnh u tin ca chng trnhc np vo b m chng trnh PC;
3. a ch nh cha lnh t PC c chuyn n bus Athng qua thanh ghi MAR;
4. Bus A chuyn a ch nh n n v qun l b nh(MMU - Memory Management Unit);
5. MMU chn ra nh v thc hin lnh c ni dung nh;6. Lnh (cha trong nh) c chuyn ra bus D v tip theo
c chuyn tip n thanh ghi MBR;
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CHNG 2 KHI X L TRUNG TM
2.2 Chu trnh x l lnh ca CPU
7. MBR chuyn lnh n thanh ghi lnh IR; IR chuyn lnhvo b iu khin CU;
8. CU gii m lnh v sinh cc tn hiu iu khin cn thit,yu cu cc b phn chc nng nh ALU thc hin lnh;
9. Gi tr a ch trong b m PC c tng ln 1 n v vn tr n a ch ca nh cha lnh tip theo;
10.Cc bc t 3-9 c lp li vi tt c cc lnh cachng trnh.
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CHNG 2 KHI X L TRUNG TM
2.3 Cc thanh ghi ca CPU
Thanh ghi (registers) l cc nh bn trong CPU: Lu tr tm thi lnh v d liu cho CPU x l; Kch thc nh; Tc rt cao (bng tc CPU)
Cc CPU c (80x86) c 16-32 thanh ghi; cc CPU hin i(Pentium 4 v Core Duo) c hng trm thanh ghi; Kch thc thanh ghi ph thuc vo thit k CPU. Cc kch
thc thng dng ca thanh ghi l 8, 16, 32, 64, 128 v 256bit:
8086-80286: 8 v 16 bit
80386-Pentium II: 16-32 bit
Pentium 4, Core Duo: 32, 64 v 128 bit.
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2.3.1 Thanh tch lu A (Accumulator)
Thanh tch lu A l mt trong cc thanh ghi quan trng nhtca hu ht cc CPU: A c dng cha ton hng u vo
A c dng cha kt qu u ra
Kch thc ca A bng kch thc t x l ca CPU: 8, 16,32 v 64 bit.
A cng c s dng trao i d liu vi cc thit b vora.
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CHNG 2 KHI X L TRUNG TM
2.3.1 Thanh tch lu A (Accumulator)
V d: tnh x + ys Np ton hng x vo thanh ghi A
Np ton hng y vo thanh ghi Y
ALU thc hin php cng A + Y v lu kt qu vo thanh ghi Z
Kt qu php tnh t Z c chuyn v thanh ghi A.
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2.3.2 B m chng trnh PC
B m chng trnh PC (Program Counter) hoc con trlnh (IP Instruction Pointer) lun cha a ch ca nhcha lnh c thc hin tip theo;
PC cha a ch ca nh cha lnh u tin ca chng
trnh khi n c kch hot v c np vo b nh; Khi CPU thc hin xong lnh, a ch ca nh cha lnh
tip theo c np vo PC;
Kch thc PC ph thuc vo thit k CPU. Cc kch thc
thng dng l 8, 16, 32 v 64 bit.
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2.3.3 Thanh ghi trng thi FR
Thanh ghi trng thi (SR - Status Register) hoc thanh ghic (FR Flag Register): mi bt ca FR lu trng thi cakt qu ca php tnh ALU thc hin;
Hai loi bt c:
C trng thi: CF, OF, AF, ZF, PF, SF C iu khin: IF, TF, DF
Cc bt c thng c s dng nh l cc iu kin trongcc lnh r nhnh to logic chng trnh;
Kch thc ca thanh ghi FR ph thuc thit k CPU.
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2.3.3 Thanh ghi trng thi FR
ZF: C Zero, ZF=1 nu kt qu=0 v ZF=0 nu kt qu0.
SF: C du, SF=1 nu kt qu m v SF=0 nu kt qu dng.
CF: C nh, CF=1 nu c nh/mn, CF=0 trong trng hp khc.
AF: C nh ph, AF=1 nu c nh/mn na thp ca ton hng.
OF: C trn, OF=1 nu xy ra trn, OF=0 trong trng hp khc.
PF: C chn l, PF=1 nu tng s bit 1 trong kt qu l l v PF=0 nutng s bit 1 trong kt qu l chn.
IF: C ngt, IF=1: cho php ngt, IF=0: cm ngt.
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2.3.3 Thanh ghi trng thi FR ca 8086
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CHNG 2 KHI X L TRUNG TM
2.3.4 Con tr ngn xp SP
Ngn xp l b nh c bit hot ng theonguyn l vo sau ra trc (LIFO);
Con tr ngn xp SP (Stack Pointer) l mtthanh ghi lun cha a ch nh ngn xp;
Hai thao tc chnh vi ngn xp: Push: y d liu vo ngn xp
SPSP + 1
{SP} Data
Pop: ly d liu ra khi ngn xpRegister{SP}
SPSP - 1
SP
Stack
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CHNG 2 KHI X L TRUNG TM
2.3.5 Cc thanh ghi tng qut
Cc thanh ghi tng qut (General Purpose Registers) l ccthanh ghi a nng, c th c s dng cho nhiu mcch: c dng cha ton hng u vo
c dng cha kt qu u ra V d: CPU Intel 8086 c 4 thanh ghi tng qut: AX: Thanh tch lu
BX: Thanh ghi c s
CX: Thanh m DX: Thanh ghi d liu
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CHNG 2 KHI X L TRUNG TM
2.3.5 Thanh ghi lnh IR
Thanh ghi lnh IR (Instruction register) lu lnh ang thchin;
IR nhn lnh t MBR v chuyn n CU gii m v thc
hin.
MBR IR CU
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CHNG 2 KHI X L TRUNG TM
2.3.6 Cc thanh ghi MAR v MBR
MARThanh ghi a ch b nh (Memory address register): L giao din gia CPU v bus A
Nhn a ch nh cha lnh tip theo t PC v chuyn tipra bus A.
MBRThanh ghi m d liu (Memory buffer register): L giao din gia CPU v bus D
Nhn lnh t bus D v chuyn tip n IR thng qua bus trongCPU.
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CHNG 2 KHI X L TRUNG TM
2.3.7 Cc thanh ghi tm thi
CPU thng s dng mt s thanh ghi tm thi : cha ton hng u vo
cha kt qu u ra
H tr x l song song (thc hin nhiu lnh cng mt thi
im) H tr thc hin lnh trong c ch thc hin lnh tin tin kiu
khng theo trt t (OOOOut Of Order execution).
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CHNG 2 KHI X L TRUNG TM
2.4 n v iu khin CU
Control UnitCU
IR
CLKALUFlags
Internalcontrolsignal
Externalcontrolsignal
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CHNG 2 KHI X L TRUNG TM
2.4 n v iu khin CU
n v iu khin CU (Control Unit) iu khin ton b cchot ng ca CPU theo xung nhp ng h;
CU nhn 3 tn hiu u vo: Lnh t IR
Gi tr cc c trng thi Xung ng h
CU sinh 2 nhm tn hiu u ra: Nhm tn hiu iu khin cc b phn bn trong CPU;
Nhm tn hiu iu khin cc b phn bn ngoi CPU
CU s dng nhp ng h ng b cc n v chc nngtrong CPU v gia CPU vi cc b phn bn ngoi.
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CHNG 2 KHI X L TRUNG TM
2.5 n v s hc & logic ALU
ADD SUB
MUL DIV SHR ROL
ORNOT
AND XOR
SHLNEG
ROR
IN IN
OUT
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CHNG 2 KHI X L TRUNG TM
2.5 n v s hc & logic ALU
ALU (Arithmetic and Logic Unit) bao gm mt lot cc n vchc nng con thc hin cc php ton s hc v logic: B cng (ADD), b tr (SUB), b nhn (MUL), b chia (DIV),
....
Cc b dch (SHIFT) v quay (ROTATE) B ph nh (NOT), b v (AND), b hoc (OR) v b hoc
loi tr (XOR)
ALU c:
2 cng vo IN: nhn ton hng t cc thanh ghi; v 1 cng ra OUT: kt ni vi bus trong chuyn kt qu n
thanh ghi.
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2.6 Bus trong CPU
Bus trong CPU (Internal bus) l knh giao tip gia cc bphn bn trong CPU (CU RegisterALU);
Bus trong h tr knh giao tip song cng (full duplex)
Bus trong c giao din kt ni vi bus ngoi (bus h
thng); Bus trong thng c bng thng ln hn v c tc nhanh
hn so vi bus ngoi (bus h thng).
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2.7 S khi mt s CPU AMD K62
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CHNG 2 KHI X L TRUNG TM
2.7 S khi mt s CPU AMD K62
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CHNG 2 KHI X L TRUNG TM
2.7 S khi mt s CPU Intel Pen III
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CHNG 2 KHI X L TRUNG TM
2.7 S khi mt s CPU Intel Pen IV
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CHNG 2 KHI X L TRUNG TM
2.7 S khi mt s CPU AMD Athlon XP
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CHNG 2 KHI X L TRUNG TM
2.7 S khi mt s CPU Intel Core 2 Duo
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2.7 Cc khi ca vi kin trc Nehalem dng trongIntel Core i5/i7 (2008)
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CHNG 2 KHI X L TRUNG TM
2.7 Cc khi ca vi kin trc Sandy Bridge dngtrong Intel Core i5/i7 (2010)
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