Chuong 3_1

HIN TRNG MI TRNG NNG THN

CHNG III

55

Chng 3 Hien trang moi trng nong thon

CHNG 3

HIN TRNG MI TRNG NNG THN

Do h thng quan trc quc gia ti cc vng nng thn cn hn ch v s lng im cng nh tn sut quan trc nn cc s liu minh ha s dng trong Chng 3 ca Bo co ch yu c tng hp t s liu quan trc mi trng ca cc tnh thnh trn c nc, mt s chng trnh quan trc ca Trung tm Quan trc mi trng - Tng cc Mi trng v mt s ngun ng tin cy khc. Cc s liu ch mang tnh i din cho a phng hoc khu vc nht nh.

3.1. MI TRNG KHNG KH

3.1.1. Tnh hnh chung cht lng mi trng khng kh khu vc nng thn

Cht lng mi trng khng kh vng nng thn cn kh tt, rt nhiu vng cha c du hiu nhim. Tuy nhin, theo mc pht trin KT-XH, c s khc bit v nng cc cht trong khng kh cc vng nng thn ty theo khu vc v hot ng gy nhim.

Mi trng khng kh khu vc nng thn hin nay ch yu b nh hng bi mt s hot ng lng ngh, im cng nghip xen k trong khu dn c, cc c s sn xut, cc trang tri chn nui tp trung, hot ng trng trt, khai thc khong sn

cc vng ln cn, chn lp v t cht thi sinh hot cng nh pht trin c s h tng... Do , mt vi khu vc ti vng nng thn c du hiu nhim mi trng khng kh cc b.

Khu vc c cht lng khng kh tt vi nng cc cht gy nhim thp l khu vc min ni pha Bc, cc khu vc thun nng, ni hu nh cha chu tc ng ca cc hot ng sn xut tiu th cng nghip, lng ngh, chn nui tp trung. Mt s ni khc nh khu vc ven , cc khu vc dn c ng c... c nng cc cht trong khng kh cao hn song hu ht cc vng cha ghi nhn hin tng nhim.

BO CO MI TRNG QUC GIA 2014MI TRNG NNG THN

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Biu 3.1. Nng TSP trong khng kh xung quanh ti mt s a phng khu vc nng thn

Ngun: S TN&MT cc tnh Sn La, Vnh Phc, Ngh An, Qung Ngi, Kon Tum, Bnh Phc, ng Nai, ng Thp v Tr Vinh, 2014

cc khu vc thun nng, cht lng khng kh b nh hng do hot ng canh tc thm canh cng vi vic s dng cc loi phn bn ha hc, thuc tr su v hot ng chn nui tp trung lm pht sinh v gia tng cc kh CH4, H2S, NH3 (Biu 3.2). Mt s vng xut hin nhim khng kh cc b do tc ng ca

cc hot ng sn xut (mc 3.1.2). Mc d vy, do mi trng khng kh nn ti hu ht vng nng thn c kh nng chu ti cn cao nn nng cc cht gy nhim vn nm trong ngng QCVN.

Biu 3.2. Nng kh NH3 gn khu vc chn nui x Sng Ly, huyn Bc Bnh,

tnh Bnh Thun

Ngun: S TN&MT tnh Bnh Thun, 2014

0

100

200

300

400H

. Mai

S

n

H. M

c C

hu

X

Yn

Th

ch

X

Tru

ng M

X

Di

n H

ng

X

Nam

Cm

X

Hn

h T

rung

X

Ngh

a D

ng

TT

Sa

Th

y

X

Tn

L

i

x M

inh

Lp

x L

ong

H

ng

X

i

Ph

c

X

Bn

h S

n

x N

h M

TT

Tr

m C

him

H. T

r C

H. D

uyn

Hi

Sn La Vnh Phc Ngh An Qung Ngi

KonTum

Bnh Phc ng Nai ng Thp Tr Vinh

g/m3 QCVN 05:2013 TB 1h

0

50

100

150

200

250

Thng 5 Thng 6 Thng 7 Thng 9 Thng10

Thng12

Thng 3 Thng 4 Thng 6

Nm 2013 Nm 2014

g/m3 QCVN 06:2009 TB1h

57


3.1.2. Mt s vn nhim cc b mi trng khng kh khu vc nng thn

Hin tng nhim cc b c ghi nhn ti mt s lng ngh; khu vc cm im cng nghip nm xen k trong khu dn c; xung quanh im khai thc v sn xut vt liu xy dng, cng nh mt s im ang din ra hot ng nng cp c s h tng nng thn. Cc thng s ng ch l bi, NH3, H2S, SO2, NO2...

Theo s liu thng k ca Hip hi lng ngh Vit Nam, lng ngh tp trung ch yu min Bc, trong tp trung nhiu nht BSH (Bc Ninh, Ninh Bnh, Nam nh, H Ni, Hng Yn...), tip n l khu vc Nam B v Trung B. Vn nhim mi trng khng kh xung quanh lng ngh cng l vn ng lu tm ti cc khu vc ny (Biu 3.3).

c th cc lng ngh nc ta ch yu quy m h gia nh, nm xen k trong khu dn c. Do , nhim mi trng khu vc lng ngh mang tnh cc b v gy nh hng trc tip n cc h

sn xut cng nh cc h dn xung quanh. Thnh phn v nng cc cht nhim khng kh xung quanh cc lng ngh v cc c s sn xut nng thn ph thuc nhiu vo loi hnh sn xut. nhim mi c trng ti cc lng ngh ch bin lng thc, thc phm v git m. Ti cc lng ngh my tre an, nhim kh SO2 l vn ng quan tm. nhim bi l vn ph bin ti cc lng ngh gm s, ch tc , g m ngh. Nng SO2, NO2 ti cc lng ngh ti ch nha kh cao, vt nhiu ln gii hn cho php. Ngnh ti ch lm pht sinh bi v cc kh thi nh SO2, NO2, hi axit v kim sn sinh t cc qu trnh nh x l b mt, phun sn, nh bng b mt sn phm, nung, sy, ty trng, kh thi l rn Mt s lng ngh in hnh nh lng ngh ti ch nha Trung Vn (H Ni), lng ngh c ng i Bi (Bc Ninh), lng ti ch nha V Hon (Nam nh), lng ngh ti ch nhm Yn Bnh (Nam nh)... (Biu 3.4 v Biu 3.5).

0

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400

600

800

1000

m ngh x Ninh Vn

c ng i Bi

c nhmVn Mn

G ng K Ti ch nha Minh Khai

Chm khc g La Xuyn

C kh Phng X, Thch Tht

Ninh Bnh Bc Ninh Hng Yn Nam nh H Ni

g/m3 QCVN 05:2013 (TB 1h)

Biu 3.3. Nng TSP trong khng kh xung quanh mt s lng nghkhu vc pha Bc

Ngun: S TN&MT cc tnh Ninh Bnh, Bc Ninh, Hng Yn, Nam nh v Tp. H Ni, 2014


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Biu 3.4. Nng SO2 trung bnh nm ti mt s lng ngh nm 2010

Biu 3.5. Nng NO2 trung bnh nm ti mt s lng ngh nm 2010

Ngun: Cc KSON, TCMT, 2012

Bn cnh vn nhim bi v kh thi ti cc lng ngh, vn nhim bi do khai thc khong sn cng ang xy ra cc b ti mt s im, tp trung ch yu ti vng TDMNPB vi nhiu loi khong sn khc nhau nh than, st, ng, apatit... Do cng ngh cn lc hu, cc bin php gim thiu tc ng mi trng cn hn ch nn bi pht sinh ti hu ht cc cng on sn xut v c s nh hng ln n mi trng khng kh cc khu vc dn c nng thn xung quanh.

Ti mt s khu vc khai thc vt liu xy dng nh , st... nng TSP ln hn so vi ngng QCVN t 8 n 12 ln. Tuy lng bi ny ch gy nhim xung quanh khu vc khai thc bn knh 300-500m nhng nhng a im khai thc ny li thng nm trong hoc gn cc vng dn c sinh sng hoc vng canh tc. nhim SO2 v bi l vn ph bin xung quanh cc khu vc sn xut vt liu xy dng, gch, gm vng trung du pha Bc v vng Ty Nam B (Biu 3.6 v Biu 3.7).

0

200

400

600

800

1000

Ti ch nha Trung Vn, T Lim, H Ni

c ng i Bi,

Bc Ninh

Ti ch nha V Hon, Nam nh

g/m3QCVN 05:2013 TB nm

0

200

400

600

800

1000

Ti ch nha Trung Vn, T Lim, H Ni

c ng i Bi,

Bc Ninh

Ti ch nha V Hon, Nam

nh

g/m3 QCVN 05:2013 TB nm

0

200

400

600

800

X Yn Ni X Trung Sn,

Lng Sn

X Gia Thanh, Gia

Vin

X Lng Phi, Tri Tn

X C T,Tri Tn

X Thch Sn, Lm

Thao

x Bnh M, Chu Ph

Nhn M, Ch Mi

X TnBnh, Chu

Thnh

Ph Th Ha Bnh Ninh Bnh An Giang An Giang ng Thp

Sn xut vt liu xy dng L gch

g/m3

QCVN 05:2013 TB 1h

Biu 3.6. Nng TSP xung quanh mt s im khai thc, ch bin khong sn, vt liu xy dng v l gch

Ngun: S TN&MT cc tnh Ph Th, Ha Bnh, Ninh Bnh, An Giang, ng Thp, 2014

59


Trong nhng nm gn y, cc cm cng nghip c xu hng chuyn dn v khu vc nng thn, ni c mi trng nn cn kh tt. Thc cht, y ch l xu hng dch chuyn nhim t vng ny sang vng khc, v ang nh hng khng nh n mi trng khng kh xung quanh.

Mt vi im c du hiu nhim cc b vi nng mt s cht nhim mc cao, mt s ni vt gii hn cho php ca QCVN.

Ti mt s khu vc nng thn xung quanh cc nh my nhit in, sn xut thp, xi mng (Hi Dng, Hi Phng,

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30

60

90

120

150

180

Nm 2013 Nm 2014 Nm 2013 Nm 2014 Nm 2013 Nm 2014 Nm 2013 Nm 2014

Khai thc st gch ngi c Linh

Khai thc st Tnh Linh Sn xut gch ngi Gia An Sn xut st gch ngi Hm Thun Nam

g/m3 QCVN 05:2013 TB nm

Biu 3.7. Nng kh SO2 mt s c s khai thc t st v sn xut gch ngi tnh Bnh Thun

Ngun: S TN&MT tnh Bnh Thun, 2014


60

Thi Nguyn), mi trng khng kh b nhim bi, SO2, CO

Khi lng bi pht sinh t cc hot ng sn xut xi mng cng ngh l ng v sn xut vt liu xy dng ln hn hn cc ngnh khc. Nhiu nghin cu cho

thy hm lng bi cao nht o c thng cch cc nh my ny khong 1,5-3 km vi hm lng TSP vt nhiu so vi QCVN (Biu 3.9).

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

TT Cha Hang, huyn ng H (Xi

mng Ni Voi)

X La Hin, huyn V Nhai (Xi mng La

Hin)

TT Kin Kh, huyn Thanh

Lim (Xi mng La Mt)

X Thanh Sn, huyn

Kim Bng (Xi mng Bt

Sn)

X Lin Sn, huyn Kim Bng (Xi mng i Hoa Sen)

X Yn Ni, huyn Thanh Ba (Xi mng

Yn Ni)

Thi Nguyn H Nam Ph Th

g/m3 2010 2011 2012 QCVN 05:2013 TB 1h

Biu 3.9. Nng TSP trong khng kh xung quanh vng nng thn chu nh hng t nh my xi mng khu vc pha Bc

Ngun: S TN&MT cc tnh Thi Nguyn, H Nam v Ph Th, 2014

0

100

200

300

400

X Tn Lin, huyn Vnh Bo (KCN Tn Lin)

X L Li, huyn An

Dng (KCN Trng Du)

X k Ha, huyn k

Glong (KCN k Ha)

X Hn Kim, huyn Hm Thun Nam (KCN Hn

Kim 1)

TT Cu Quan, huyn Tiu Cn (KCN Cu Quan)

X Khnh Hi, huyn Trn Vn

Thi (KCN Sng c)

X Khnh An, huyn U Minh (KCN Khnh

An)

X Lng Th Trn, huyn Ci

Nc (KCN Ha Trung)

Hi Phng k Nng Bnh Thun Tr Vinh C Mau

g/m3 QCVN 05:2013 TB 1h

Biu 3.8. Nng TSP trong khng kh xung quanh ti mt s vng nng thn chu tc ng ca KCN

Ngun: S TN&MT cc tnh/thnh ph Hi Phng, k Nng, Bnh Thun, Tr Vinh v C Mau, 2014

61


Ti mt s vng nng thn khu vc Ty Nguyn, mi trng khng kh b nh hng do ch bin nng sn thc phm, ng ch l ch bin c ph. V d ti k Lk, Lm ng, cc c s ch bin c ph ch yu quy m h gia nh (1-2 ha/h) v nhim bi thng pht sinh cng on xay ht c ph (nng sut vi chc tn/nm) nhng ch tp trung ngn hn xung quanh khu vc cc h sn xut.

Cc trang tri chn nui cng ang l mt trong nhng ngun lm gia tng cht gy nhim khng kh ti khu vc nng thn do vic x l cht thi cha hiu qu. c bit, vn nhim mi t cht thi ca cc trang tri chn nui ang gy nhiu bc xc cho cc h dn xung quanh.

Trong nhng nm gn y, b mt khu vc nng thn c nhiu thay i ng k. Cng vi cc hot ng pht trin v chng trnh nng thn mi, qu trnh xy dng c s h tng nng thn v ang c cc a phng trn c nc ch trng thc hin. Tuy nhin, do iu kin ngun lc hn ch, nhiu vng nng thn hot ng xy dng cha c trin khai ng b, nhiu cng trnh thi cng d dang hoc ko di lm nh hng khng nh n cht lng mi trng khng kh. Vn nhim ch yu l bi c ghi nhn nhiu vng nng thn trong ton quc nh Thanh Ha, Ph Yn, Vnh Long...

Khung 3.1. nhim khng kh do cht thi chn nui

H Tnh c 2.588 b biogas x l cht thi chn nui. Nh cng ngh kh sinh hc t cc b biogas, cc h chn nui c kh un nu v thp sng. B thi c dng bn cho cy trng nng cao nng sut v ci to t. Tuy nhin, ti cc c s chn nui nng h, vng chn nui ln vi mt cao, nh khu Cm Bnh (huyn Cm Xuyn), Thch Thng, Thch Hi (huyn Thch H) do k thut vn hnh v cng sut x l ca cc hm khng ph hp nn mt s ni vn ghi nhn tnh trng nhim mi trng, cc kh thi v mi pht tn nh hng n dn c quanh vng.

Ti Thanh Ha, t l cc trang tri, gia tri p dng cng ngh hm biogas x l cht thi chn nui chim 34,4%. Tuy nhin, s lng hm t yu cu ch chim gn 50%. Thm vo l tc ng t cc trang tri, gia tri cha c u t h thng x l cht thi lm cho mi trng khu vc tip tc suy gim, khng kh xung quanh khu vc sn xut b nhim cc kh NH3 v H2S.

Ngun: TCMT tng hp, 2014


62

3.2. MI TRNG NC MT

3.2.1. Tnh hnh chung cht lng nc mt khu vc nng thn

Vit Nam c ngun nc mt phong ph vi h thng sng, sui dy c cng vi cc h, ao, knh rch phn b rng khp cc khu vc trn c nc. y l ngun cung cp nc cho sinh hot, sn xut... ng thi cng l ni tip nhn cht thi t cc hot ng ny. Theo nh gi, ngun nc mt u ngun cc con sng chy qua khu vc trung du, min ni t dn c, hoc cc sng chy qua khu vc thun nng vng ng bng c cht lng nc cn kh tt do cha chu tc ng ln ca cc cht gy nhim t cc ngun thi. Hu ht cc h cha, ao, knh mng cng c cht lng nc tng i tt. Mi trng nc mt ti hu ht cc vng c

th s dng cho mc ch ti tiu, nhiu ni vn t yu cu cho cp nc sinh hot. Tuy nhin, ti mt vi ni, nc mt c du hiu suy gim cht lng v xy ra nhim cc b cht rn l lng, cht hu c, kim loi nng v nhim vi sinh (Biu 3.10, 3.11, 3.12).

Din bin cht lng nc ty thuc vo ngun v iu kin dng chy, tc ng t cc ngun thi khc nhau. Ti cc vng thng lu sng, tuy c bin ng v cc yu t t nhin (ra tri, xi mn...) nhng vn trong kh nng t lm sch ca ngun nc. Ti nhng on sng cha chu nh hng hoc chu nh hng khng ln bi cc hot ng pht trin, hu ht cc thng s c trng cho cht lng mi trng nc c gi tr nm trong gii hn cho php ca QCVN.

Biu 3.10. Gi tr Coliform trong nc mt ti mt s x khu vc nng thn nm 2013

Ngun: S TN&MT cc tnh Ngh An, Qung Ngi, Bnh Phc, ng Nai, ng Thp, Kin Giang, Tr Vinh, 2013

01.0002.0003.0004.0005.0006.0007.0008.000

Mng Xn,

K Sn

Phc Th, Nghi Lc

Ph Phong,

c Ph

Ngha Ph, T

Ngha

Hnh Thin, Ngha Hnh

Thnh Tm, Chn Thnh

on Kt, B ng

ng N, Hn Qun

Ph Ngc, nh Qun

AnBnh,CaoLnh

TnLong,ThanhBnh

Ha Tn,

Cu K

Sng Lam SngTrCu

SngTr

Khc

Sng V

SngB

Sng ng Nai

SngSiGn

Sng ng Nai

Sng Cn L

Nhnh sng Tin

Sng Hu

Ngh An Qung Ngi Bnh Phc ng Nai

ng Thp

KinGiang

TrVinh

MPN/100ml QCVN 08:2008 Ct A1 QCVN 08:2008 Ct B1

63


Biu 3.11. Din bin hm lng NH4+ trong nc sng on chy qua khu vc nng thn giai on 2012 - 2014

Ngun: Trung tm QTMT, TCMT, 2014

Biu 3.12. Din bin hm lng TSS trong nc sng on chy qua khu vc nng thn giai on 2012-2014


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Lng P Ca khu bn Vc

Mu A Cu Phong Chu

Lng Chm Cu Yn Lnh

Thy in Ha Bnh

Cu Trung H

Lo Cai Yn Bi Ph Th H Ni Nam nh Ha Bnh H Ni

Sng Hng Sng

mg/l 2012 2013 2014 QCVN 08:2008 Ct A1 QCVN 08:2008 Ct B1

0

0,2

0,4

0,6

Lng P Ca khu bn Vc

Mu A Cu Phong Chu

Lng Chm Cu Yn Lnh

Thy in Ha Bnh

Cu Trung H

Lo Cai Yn Bi Ph Th H Ni Nam nh Ha Bnh H Ni

Sng Hng Sng

mg/l 2012 2013 2014 QCVN 08:2008 Ct A1 QCVN 08:2008 Ct B1


64

Bin ng cht lng nc cng th hin r rt theo ma. Vo ma ma, nc thng cun theo t, ct, cc cht b mt lm gia tng hm lng cc cht rn l lng trong nc. Do , hm lng TSS trong ma ny thng cao hn nhiu so vi ma kh.

3.2.2. Vn suy gim cht lng v nhim cc b nc mt nng thn

Nh trnh by trong Chng 2, tc ng tng hp t cc hot ng pht trin nh trng trt, chn nui, sn xut cng nghip, lng ngh cng nh ngun thi t cc khu vc th gip ranh ang gy p lc ln ln mi trng vng nng thn. Cht thi t nng nghip, sinh hot, cng nghip v qu trnh ra tri b mt, xi mn lm tng nguy c vn chuyn cc cht nhim vo nc mt. Do , hin trng nc mt mt s ni c du hiu suy gim cht lng v ghi nhn hin tng nhim cc b ti mt s im.

Khu vc c cht lng nc mt suy gim ch yu l vng h lu cc con sng, ao h, knh rch ti cc khu vc ven , ni tip nhn nc thi tng hp t cc khu th, nc thi sinh hot, lng ngh... Cc vn ph bin l nhim hu c, vi

sinh v cht dinh dng. Mt s im cn c du hiu nhim kim loi nng.

Ty theo a bn chy qua v thnh phn cht thi, nc thi tip nhn m nc mt ti mi ni s b nh hng bi cc cht gy nhim khc nhau. S tc ng lin tc ca cc ngun thi tng hp (sinh hot, cng nghip, nng nghip...) lm cho cht lng nc c s bin ng ln, ngun nc b nhim bn vi mt s thng s nhim vt QCVN. Nc sng ti khu vc Bc B v khu vc ng Nam B c mc nhim cao hn nhiu so vi khu vc min Trung, Ty Nguyn.

Ti khu vc pha Bc, ni c mt dn s ng cng nh cc hot ng lng ngh, sn xut pht trin, ghi nhn hin tng nhim cc b nc sng vi mt s thng s vt QCVN nhiu ln nh COD, BOD5, TSS, Coliform... (Biu 3.13).

Kt qu quan trc nc ao, h, knh mng mt s tnh cng cho thy hin tng nhim hu c v vi sinh ang din ra kh ph bin (Biu 3.14 v Biu 3.15). Nguyn nhn l do hin nay ti vng nng thn, ao, h, knh mng cng l ni tip nhn ngun thi t cc hot ng sinh hot, sn xut ca ngi dn.

65


Biu 3.13. Din bin hm lng COD trong nc sng mt s khu vc nng thn pha Bc giai on 2011-2014


Biu 3.14. Din bin hm lng BOD5 trong nc mt s h1 ti khu vc nng thn tnh Bc Giang giai on 2012-2014

Ngun: Trung tm QTMT tnh Bc Giang, 2014

1. LNg-NM03: H Bu Ly, x Kin Thnh, huyn Lc Ngn; LNg-NM05: H Cm Sn, x Cm Sn, huyn Lc Ngn; LN-NM01: H sui Na, x ng Hng, huyn Lc Nam; YT-NM03: H Cu R, x Tin Thng, huyn Yn Th; YT-NM04: H Ong, x Tin Thng, huyn Yn Th

0

30

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330

Cu Lc H

Cu Song Tht

VnMn

Cu o X

Cu Vt Phc Lc

Phng

Hng Lm

Vn Phc

HaLong

Cu Th Cu

Thng H

Hin Lng

YnDng

Sng Ng Huyn Kh on qua Bc Giang, Bc Ninh

Sng Cu qua Thi Nguyn, Bc Giang, Bc Ninh, Vnh Phc

mg/l

2011

2012

2013

2014

QCVN 08:2008 Ct A1

QCVN 08:2008 Ct B1

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

LNg-NM03 LNg-NM05 LN-NM01 YT-NM03 YT-NM04

mg/l 201220132014QCVN 08:2008 Ct A1QCVN 08:2008 Ct B1


66

Biu 3.15. Din bin hm lng COD trong nc ao, knh mng ni ng2 ti khu vc nng thn tnh Bc Giang nm 2014

Ngun: Trung tm QTMT tnh Bc Giang, 2014

2. YD-NM04: Nc mng ni ng, trm bm tiu x Tr Yn, huyn Yn Dng; YD-NM05: Nc mng ni ng, trc trm bm chng ng x T Mi, Vit Yn; VY-NM04: Nc ao cha ngun thi chnh thn Phc Lm, x Hong Ninh, Vit Yn; VY-NM05: Nc mng ni ng x Vn Trung, Vit Yn; TY-NM01: Nc ngi Cu ng, x Ngc L, huyn Tn Yn; TY-NM02: Nc ngi Cu Si, thn Cu Si, x Ngc L, huyn Tn Yn; HH-NM03: Nc mng ni ng x Hp Thnh, huyn Hip Ha; HH-NM04: Nc mng ni ng x Mai Trung, huyn Hip Ha; LG-NM05: Nc mng gn ngha trang Tp. Bc Giang, thn D , x Thi o; YT-NM05: Nc mng ni ng x B H, Yn Th; LN-NM03: Nc mng ni ng x Tin Nha, huyn Lc Nam; LNg-NM04: Nc mng ni ng x Phng Sn, huyn Lc Ngn

Ti khu vc trung du, min ni pha Bc cng ghi nhn hin tng nhim cc b nc mt (nc sui) do nh hng

t hot ng khai thc v ch bin khong sn (Biu 3.16).

Biu 3.16. Hm lng COD v TSS trong nc mt gn m st Cng ty C phn Khong sn Ha Yn, tnh Yn Bi nm 2013

Ngun: S TN&MT tnh Yn Bi, 2014

0

10

20

30

40

50

Nc sui Ngi Lu, cch nh

my tuyn qung st 300m

Sui cn ti m st thn Kim

Bnh

Khe sui cch m st Tin Tinh

100m

COD (mg/l)QCVN 08:2008 Ct A1

QCVN 08:2008 Ct B1

0

20

40

60

80

100

Nc sui Ngi Lu, cch nh

my tuyn qung st 300m

Sui cn ti m st thn Kim

Bnh

Khe sui cch m st Tin Tinh

100m

TSS (mg/l) QCVN 08:2008 Ct A1

QCVN 08:2008 Ct B1

0

100

200

300

TP-N

M4

TP-N

M9

YD-N

M04

YD-N

M05

VY-N

M04

VY-N

M05

TY-N

M01

TY-N

M02

HH

-NM

03

HH

-NM

04

LG-N

M05

YT-N

M05

LN_N

M03

LNg-

NM

04

Tp. Bc Giang

Yn Dng Vit Yn Tn Yn Hip Ha Lng Giang

Yn Th

Lc nam

Lc Ngn

mg/l QCVN 08:2008 ct A1 QCVN 08:2008 ct B1

67


Ti tnh C Mau, s liu gim st cht lng mi trng nc 27 im nng thn3 trn a bn tnh cho thy hin trng nhim do nc thi khng qua x l t khu vc sn xut nng nghip, ch, bi rc, khu dn c Kt qu 100% mu nc mt c hm lng NH4+ vt quy chun QCVN 08:2008 - Ct A1, mt s im cn vt QCVN 08:2008 - Ct B1 (Biu 3.17).

Tng t, kt qu quan trc nc knh X No, on gn ch Mt Ngn v ch By Ngn ti x Tn Thun v x Tn Ha, huyn Chu Thnh A, tnh Hu Giang cng cho thy hin trng nc mt ang b nh hng bi nc thi sinh hot vi hm lng TSS cao v vt ngng QCVN, gi tr DO rt thp khng t ngng QCVN (Biu 3.18, 3.19).

3. NM-01: TT Thi Bnh; NM-02: x Tn Lc; NM-03: x Tr Phi; NM-04: TT U Minh; NM-05: x Khnh An; NM-06: x Khnh Ha; NM-07: TT Trn Vn Thi; NM-08: TT Sng c; NM-09: x Khnh Bnh Ty; NM-10: TT m Di; NM-11: x T An Dng; NM-12: x Tn Tin; NM-13: TT Ci Nc; NM-14: x Lng Th Trn; NM-15: x Hng M; NM-16: TT Ci i Vm; NM-17: x Ph Tn; NM-18: x Ph M; NM-19: TT Nm Cn; NM-20: x Hm Rng; NM-21: x Tam Giang; NM-22: TT Rch Gc; NM-23: x Tn n Ty; NM-24: x t Mi; NM-25: x An Xuyn; NM-26: x Ha Tn; NM-27: x Tc Vn

Biu 3.17. Hm lng NH4+ ti mt s im quan trc ti vng nng thn trn a bn tnh C Mau nm 2013

Ngun: S TN&MT tnh C Mau, 2014

0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1

1,2

1,4

1,6

1,8

2mg/l QCVN 08:2008 Ct A1 QCVN 08:2008 Ct B1


68

nhim nc mt ti cc khu vc lng ngh cng ang l vn nng ti mt s vng nng thn hin nay, c bit l ti khu vc BSH. Theo kt qu kho st thc t ti 52 lng ngh do B NN&PTNT cng b nm 2011, 100% s mu phn tch nc c 6 loi hnh lng ngh c trng l ch bin lng thc, thc phm, vt liu xy dng, dt nhum, ti ch giy v ti ch kim loi u cho thng s nhim vt quy chun cho php. Trong , ng k c 24 lng ngh nhim nng (46,2%), 14 lng ngh nhim va (26,9%) v 14 lng ngh nhim nh (26,9%).

Hnh 3.1. nhim nc t c s git m (Phc Lm, Bc Giang) v sn xut tinh bt dong (Tn Ha, H Ni)

Ngun: Cc KSON, TCMT, 2013

Khung 3.2. nhim cc b nc mt ti Ph Yn, Thi Nguyn

Kt qu phn tch mu nc sui Bn Cao v sui Ngi M cho thy cc ch tiu nhim hu c, vi sinh sau khi tip nhn cao hn im trc khi tip nhn ngun thi t 2,6 n 72,9 ln, trong ch tiu Amoni vt 29 ln so vi QCVN 08:2008/BTN-MT ct B1. Nguyn nhn l do cc sui ny l ni tip nhn nhiu ngun thi, c bit l nc thi t cc tri chn nui ln ti huyn Ph Yn.

Ngun: S TN&MT tnh Thi Nguyn, 2014

0

2

4

6

8

2010 2011 2012 2013

mg/l

X Tn Thun X Tn HaQCVN 08:2008 (A1) QCVN 08:2008 (B1)

0

40

80

120

160

2010 2011 2012 2013

mg/l

X Tn Thun X Tn Ha

QCVN 08:2008 Ct A1 QCVN 08:2008 Ct B1

Biu 3.18. Hm lng DO knh X No giai on 2010 - 2013

Ngun: S TN&MT tnh Hu Giang, 2014

Biu 3.19. Hm lng TSS knh X No giai on 2010 - 2013

Ngun: S TN&MT tnh Hu Giang, 2014

69


i vi nhm lng ngh ch bin lng thc, thc phm, vn nhim nc mt ch yu l nhim cht dinh dng v nhim vi sinh. V d ti tnh Bnh nh, nc thi t lng ngh nu ru Bu (thn C Lm, x Nhn Lc, huyn An Nhn) l nguyn nhn khin mt vi thng s vt QCVN nhiu ln, c th cht rn l lng vt 2 ln, COD vt 12,6 ln, NH4+ vt 9,2 ln. Tng t, cht lng nc mt ti h nc pha ng cch lng ngh ch bin c cm (x M An, huyn Ph M, tnh Bnh nh) khong 100 m cng cho kt qu mt vi thng s vt QCCP, c bit hm lng Clorua vt QCVN 08:2008, ct B1 n 19 ln.

i vi nhm lng ngh c kim kh v lng ngh ti ch kim loi, hin trng nhim kim loi nng trong nc mt cng nh trong t ang l vn t ra nhiu thch thc cho cng tc qun l v bo v mi trng.

Hot ng nui trng v ch bin thy hi sn l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn chnh nh hng n cht lng nc mt vng DHMT v BSCL. Mt s thng s mi trng khng m bo ngng cho php QCVN 10:2008/BTNMT. Nc mt khu vc nui trng thy sn c c trng cha hm lng cc cht hu c, cht dinh dng v vi sinh cao.

Khung 3.3. Tnh trng nhim nc bo ng ti lng ngh huyn Hng H, Thi Bnh

Lng Me (x Tn Ha) c gn 50% s h lm ngh trng bnh. Hu ht cc c s sn xut y u cha c h thng x l nc thi, cc loi cht thi trc tip thi ra cng rnh. Ma nng, mi hi bc ln nng nc, ma ma, nc bn trn vo khu dn c, nh hng xu n mi trng.

Lng ngh dt nhum Phng La (x Thi Phng) l mt v d khc v thc trng nhim mi trng n mc bo ng. C x c trn 90% s h gia nh lm ngh dt nhum. Mi nm s dng gn 10 tn xy gi, gn 100 tn nht thy tinh, hng chc tn x phng (ty si v ty tm) trc khi ra sn phm cui. X thi t 1.000- 1.500 m3/ngy m lm nhim bn ngun nc sinh hot ca vng, nc t cc ging o khng s dng c do nhim nng. Hm lng cht rn lng, xy ha, sulfua vt QCCP t 3 - 10 ln.

Ngun: TCMT tng hp, 2014

Hnh 3.2. Ch bin c ng Thp


70

Bng 3.1. Kt qu quan trc cht lng nc mt s im nui trng thy sn tnh Bn Tre (minh ha s liu t 1/2014)

STT V tr muTSS

(mg/l)COD (mg/l)

Fe (mg/l)

Coliform (MPN/100ml)

Du m khong (mg/l)

1 X Thch Phc, huyn Bnh i 87 9 1,95 9.300 0,11

2 X An Thy, huyn Ba Tri 94 8 2,10 7.500 0,07

3 X An Nhn, huyn Thnh Ph 82 7 2,08 9.300 0,05

QCVN 10:2008/BTNMT - Ct vng nui trng thy sn 50 3 0,1 1.000 KPH

Ngun: S TN&MT tnh Bn Tre, 2014

Nui tm trn ct theo quy trnh k thut bn thm canh l hot ng ang din ra ph bin ti mt s vng nng thn ven bin min Trung Vit Nam. in hnh nh ti tnh Bnh nh, nm 2012, vi 165 h nui v 6 c s nui tm trn ct tp trung ch yu ti 3 huyn Ph M, Ph Ct v Hoi Nhn lm cht lng nc mt, nc ngm cc khu vc ny b nhim vi cc ch tiu Coliform, TSS, NH4+ vt nhiu ln QCVN (Khung 3.4).

Khung 3.4. Cht lng mi trng nc gn cc c s nui tm tnh Bnh nh

Cht lng nc bin ven b: X Ct Khnh COD vt 1,3 - 2 ln, NH4+ vt 2-6 ln.

Cht lng mi trng nc mt: X M c ch tiu NH4+ vt 4 - 4,5 ln; x Hoi M ch tiu TSS vt 3 ln, COD vt 2 ln v NH4+ vt 4 ln.

Cht lng mi trng nc ngm: X M Thnh ch tiu TS vt 3,5 ln, Coliform vt 1,3 - 7,7 ln; X Ct Khnh cng vt 11 ln, COD vt 1,2 ln, Coliform vt 3 ln; x Hoi Hng cng vt 8 ln, TS vt 19 ln, COD vt 16 ln.

Ngun: S TN&MT tnh Bnh nh, 2014

71


,

3.3. MI TRNG NC DI T

Cht lng nc di t ti khu vc nng thn ph thuc vo c tnh a cht vng cha nc, s thm thu v r r nc b mt t cc hot ng chn nui, nng nghip, lng ngh..., thay i mc ch s dng t v khai thc nc bt hp l.

Nhn chung, cht lng nc di t cn kh tt, hu ht cc ch tiu u c gi tr nm trong gii hn cho php ca QCVN 09:2008/BTNMT v c th s dng tt cho mc ch sinh hot theo QCVN 02:2009/BYT (Biu 3.20, 3.21).

Biu 3.20. Hm lng NH4+ trong nc di t mt s khu vc nng thn nm 2013

Ngun: S TN&MT cc tnh Ph Th, Vnh Phc, Qung Ngi, Kon Tum, k Nng, Bnh Phc, 2013

Biu 3.21. Hm lng Fe trong nc ging khoan, ging o mt s khu vc nng thn nm 2013

Ngun: S TN&MT cc tnh Ph Th, Vnh Phc, Ngh An, Qung Ngi, Kon Tum, k Nng, Bnh Phc, An Giang, 2013

0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

Khu 1,x PhNinh

Khu 7, x

Thch Sn

XQuang

Yn

X Yn Dng

Din Chu

X c Tn

Plei Kn

XNam

k Song

X Thun

Li

X NhaBch

X Quc Thi

X An Ho

Ph Th Vnh Phc Ngh An

Qung Ngi

KonTum

k Nng Bnh Phc

Bnh Phc

An Giang

mg/l QCVN 09:2008

0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

Khu 1,x PhNinh

Khu 7, x

Thch Sn

XQuang

Yn

X Yn Dng

Din Chu

X c Tn

Plei Kn

XNam

k Song

X Thun

Li

X NhaBch

X Quc Thi

X An Ho

Ph Th Vnh Phc Ngh An

Qung Ngi

KonTum

k Nng Bnh Phc

Bnh Phc

An Giang

mg/l QCVN 09:2008QCVN 02:2009/BYT


72

Tuy nhin, nc di t ti mt s a phng c du hiu nhim cht hu c (NO3-, NH4+), kim loi nng (Fe, As) v c bit nhim vi sinh (Coliform, E.Coli). Gi tr mt vi thng s vt ngng cho php ca QCVN (Biu 3.22).

Nc di t ti mt s im thuc vng ng bng Bc B c hm lng NH4+ cao hn QCCP, c bit ti x Hi L, huyn Hi Hu, Nam nh, hm lng NH4+ ln gp 441 ln QCCP. Mt s thng s kim loi nng nh Mangan v Asen ti mt s khu vc cng vt qu ngng QCCP. Vng Bc Trung B tng t cng c hm lng NH4+ trong nc di t cao hn mc QCCP. Nc di t ti vng Ty Nguyn v duyn hi Nam Trung B c cht lng cn kh tt (Trung tm Quy hoch v iu tra ti nguyn nc quc gia, B TN&MT, 2012).

0

3

6

9

12

15

XQuang

Yn

X Yn Dng

Din Chu

Nghi yn, Nghi Lc

X Ph Chu

X c Tn

X Thun

Li

Vnh Phc Ngh An Qung Ngi Bnh Phc

MPN/100ml QCVN 09:2008

Khung 3.5. Nc sinh hot mt s khu vc nng thn b nhim vi sinh v kim loi nng

Kt qu quan trc, gim st cht lng ngun nc phc v nhu cu cp nc sinh hot ca ngi dn nng thn nhiu vng trong ton quc cho thy cht lng ngun nc khai thc c du hiu nhim, ch yu l nhim vi sinh v cc b mt s vng biu hin nhim kim loi nng.

- Khu vc H Giang - Tuyn Quang: hm lng st mt s ni cao vt mc cho php ca QCVN, thng trn 1 mg/l, c ni t n trn 15-20 mg/l. nhim tp trung quanh cc m khai thc sunphua.

- Tnh Thanh Ha: Theo bo co iu tra Hin trng nhim Asen trong ngun nc sinh hot ca 15 huyn nm 2011, c 61/74 x trong khu vc iu tra ngun nc sinh hot c hm lng Asen vt tiu chun cho php. Trong tp trung cc huyn nh: Thiu Ha 403/1.400 h, Hong Ha 208/1.700 h, Th Xun 139/600 h, Yn nh 45/500 h, Hu Lc 44/500 h.

- Tnh Bnh nh: hu ht cc ging dn dng u b nhim khun vi Coliform mc cao t 5-2.400 lc khun/100ml nc v E.coli t 3-278 lc khun/100ml nc.

Ngun: S TN&MT cc tnh Thanh Ha, H Giang, Tuyn Quang v Bnh nh, 2014

Biu 3.22. Gi tr Coliform trong nc di t mt s khu vc nng thn

Ngun: S TN&MT cc tnh Vnh Phc. Ngh An, Qung Nam, Bnh Phc, 2013

Chuong 3_1

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