Cytology . General structure of the cell . Superficial complex
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Cytology. General structure of the cell. Superficial complex
1. Cytology.2. General structure of the
cell3. Noncellular structures 4. Cell membrane
(plasmalemma)5. Junctions.6. Organeles7. Nucleus8. Cell cycle
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Cytology – sience about structure, function and development of cells and noncelllular structures
Cell – limited by active membrane structuraly arenged system of bipolimers, which form nucleus and cytoplasm, take part in metabolism, protection and renewal cells as system
Components of cell: cell membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus
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Noncellular structure:
• Nucleated:
- symplast (sceletal muscular fibers)
- syncytium (spermatogenesis, ovogenesis)
• Nonnucleated:
- Extracellular matrix
- Erythrocytes and platelates
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Fluid-mosaic structure of the cell membrane
1.Glycocalyx2. Bilipid layer3. Cortical layer
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Cell membrane scheme
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Cell membrane proteins
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Functions of cell membrane:• Limiting and transport:
a) endocytosis:- fagocytosis- pinocytosis
a) ekzosytosis:- Secretion- Excretion- Recretion- clazmatosis
2. Perimembrane metabolism
3. Cell reception
4. Junctions:
a) adhesive (tight, adherent),
b) isolated (desmosome, gap)
c) communicative (necsus, synapse)
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Cell
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Organelles • General• 1. Microscopic and submicroscopic
• Special – Cilia– Flagella – Fibrilles (myo-, tono-, neurofibrilles)
Membranebounded:
1. Mitochondrion
2. endoplasmatic reticulum (rough and smooth)
3. Golgi apparatus
4. Lysosome
5. Peroxisome
Membraneless:
1. Ribosome
2. Microfilament
3. Microtubules
4. Cell center
5. Proteasome
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Components of nucleus:• Nucleolemma
(cariolemma)• Carioplasma• Nucleolus• Cromatin or chromosomes
Function:
1. Storage and passihg genetic information
2. Control of protein synthesis (realization of genetic information)
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Round nuclei with nucleoli
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Hertiving ratio – nucleo-cytoplasmatic ratio
Paranecrosis – state between life and die of nucleus
Kinds of nucleus die:
Cariopiknosis - condensation
Cariorecsis - desintegration
Cariolysis - dussolution
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Barr’s body – condensated sex
chromatin
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Cell cycle
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G0-period cells:
•Steam cells
•Differentiated cells:
–Erythrocytes, epidermocytes
–Can rephase (hepatocytes)
•Cannot dived (higher differentiated) neurons, cardiomyoctyes
Dies of cells:
Necrosis – due to outer environment factors
Apoptosis – inner checking, due to genetic program
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Confocal scanning laser microscope image