5 cytology
Transcript of 5 cytology
Cytology
Cytology• Cytology : study of the structure and
function of cells.
• Cytoplasm : area of space outside the nucleus; contains the organelles & cytosol.
• Organelles are tiny structures in the cytoplasm which perform various jobs for the cell.
• Cytosol is the fluid part of the cytoplasm.
Prokaryotic Cells• They lack a nuclear
membrane as well any other membrane covered organelles in their cytoplasm.
• Considered to be “Primitive Cells”
• Example : Bacteria & Blue-Green Algae
Eukaryotic Cells• They possess a
nuclear membrane as well as membrane bound organelles in their cytoplasm.
• Example : Plant & Animal Cells
The Nucleus• is the computer or control center of the
cell. • discovered by James Watson, Francis
Crick, & Rosalind Franklin (1953).• contains the genetic material of life
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid).• a DNA molecule consists of
nucleotides connected together.
NucleotideA nucleotide consists of a :
1. Phosphate group2. Deoxyribose sugar3. Nitrogen base: 4 types
Adenine (A)Thymine (T)Cytosine (C)Guanine (G)
DNA consists of two nucleotidechains connected together.
A & T always pair up, whileC & G do the same.
DNA Double Helix
DNA Replication
Nitrogen Bases
Replication Fork
DNA Polymerase
Replication Fork
Original strandNew Strand
Growth
Growth
• Long chains of DNA form Chromatin.
• Short sections of DNA along a piece of chromatin form Genes.
• A gene will either produce or influence a specific trait in the offspring.
Chromatin
Chromatin
Supercoils
Nucleosome
DNA double helix
Histones
Coils
• Nucleolus / Nucleoli (plural) : a dark spherical structure that is the site of ribosome formation.
• Ribosomes and other important chemical messages leave the nucleus through the Nuclear Pores. The membrane around the nucleus is called the Nuclear Membrane or Envelope.
Mitochondrion• Mitochondria (plural) : is a membrane
bound oval shaped organelle that function as the cell’s “power plant”.
• Creates the energy rich molecule called ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate).
• ATP is created through a process called Cellular Respiration which requires oxygen and therefore is an Aerobic process
Cellular RespirationC6H12O6 + 6O2 + enzyme 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP
Only eukaryotic cells have mitochondria. The Cristae (inner membrane with finger-like projections) have enzymes attached to them where cellular respiration occurs.
Mitochondria have their own DNA different from that of the nucleus. Biologists believe that a bacteria got trapped inside the early cell and evolved into this energy producing organelle. This mitochondrial DNA is very similar to bacterial DNA !
How do prokaryotic cells make ATP?
• They rely on a process called Fermentation.
• Fermentation is a simple Anaerobic (no O2) process that partially breaks down glucose to make SOME ATP.
• Example: Lactic Acid Fermentation which bacteria and humans perform.
Glucose + Enzyme Lactic Acid + 2 ATP
Chloroplast• Found only in plant cells.• Contain the green pigment chlorophyll.• They are involved with the process of
Photosynthesis which takes place within these Thylakoid Membranes.
Photosynthesis6CO2 + 6H2O + sun light C6H12O6 + 6O2
The glucose created from photosynthesis can now be broken down through Cellular Respiration to make 36 ATP.
Chloroplasts also have their own DNA ?
Plant Cell
Nuclear envelopeRibosome (free)
Ribosome (attached)
Mitochondrion
Golgi apparatus
Vacuole
NucleolusNucleus
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Cell wallCell membrane
Chloroplast
Animal CellSmooth endoplasmic reticulum
Ribosome (free)
Ribosome (attached)
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondrion
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Cell membrane
Nucleus
Nuclear envelope
Nucleolus
Centrioles
Another Animal Cell
Plant & Animal CellSimulation
• Click on the title above and work through the plant and animal cell simulation.
Animal Cell Matching Activity• Click on the title above and it will lead
you to the animal cell website.
• Click on the “start activity” icon and let the fun start!
What’s The Difference?Animal Cell Plant Cell
Do not have a cell wall Possess a cell wall made of cellulose
Do not have plastids like chloroplasts
Possess plastids like chloroplasts
Possess centrioles used in cell division
No centrioles but can still do cell division
Possess small vacuoles
Possess large vacuole 90% of cell’s volume
Round to irregular in shape
Rectangular in shape due to cell wall