cranium, the skull i
Transcript of cranium, the skull i
CRANIUMCRANIUM
THE SKULLTHE SKULL
R. DrugaR. DrugaInstitute of Anatomy, 2nd and 1st Medical Institute of Anatomy, 2nd and 1st Medical
FacultyFaculty
NEUROCRANIUM NEUROCRANIUM
SPLANCHNOCRANIUMSPLANCHNOCRANIUM
CRANIUM, THE SKULL ICRANIUM, THE SKULL I Most highly modified region in the axial Most highly modified region in the axial
skeletonskeleton
The neurocraniumThe neurocranium – developed from a – developed from a series of cartilages ventral to the brain (base)series of cartilages ventral to the brain (base)
From mesenchyme over the dome of the From mesenchyme over the dome of the head (calvaria or calva)head (calvaria or calva)
Cranial cavityCranial cavity
Splanchnocranium Splanchnocranium – branchial apparatus – branchial apparatus (cartilaginous elements) have been replaced (cartilaginous elements) have been replaced by overlying dermal bonesby overlying dermal bones
Branchial apparatusBranchial apparatus
The mandibular region and the neck are The mandibular region and the neck are formed by six paired branchial arches formed by six paired branchial arches (cart. bars supporting the gill apparatus).(cart. bars supporting the gill apparatus).
In the tetrapods branchial arches were In the tetrapods branchial arches were modified and persist in the facial (maxilla, modified and persist in the facial (maxilla, mandibula) and neck skeleton (laryngeal mandibula) and neck skeleton (laryngeal cartilages)cartilages)
Derivatives of cartilagines of the branchial arches
1st arch = Meckel cart., mandibula, malleus
2nd arch = Reichert cart., stapes, styloid proc.,stylohyoid lig.
3rd arch = hyoid bone
4th and 6th arch = laryngeal cartil.
CRANIUM IICRANIUM II
Complex of skeletal elements, adapted to Complex of skeletal elements, adapted to support and contain the brain, brain vessels, support and contain the brain, brain vessels, cranial nerves and envelopscranial nerves and envelops
Special senses (eye ball, nasal cavity, inner ear)Special senses (eye ball, nasal cavity, inner ear) Intracranial spaces (epidural, subdural, Intracranial spaces (epidural, subdural,
subarachnoideal)subarachnoideal) Circulating cerebrospinal fluidCirculating cerebrospinal fluid xx
CRANIUMCRANIUM
Komplex kostí axiálního skeletuKomplex kostí axiálního skeletu Obsahuje mozek, mozkové cévy a obalyObsahuje mozek, mozkové cévy a obaly Obsahuje oční kouli a sluchový aparátObsahuje oční kouli a sluchový aparát Člení se na bazi lební, kalvu Člení se na bazi lební, kalvu
(calvaria) a na obličejový skelet.(calvaria) a na obličejový skelet. Pro klinickou medicinu má největší Pro klinickou medicinu má největší
význam baze lební a obličejový význam baze lební a obličejový skelet !!skelet !!
CRANIUM IIICRANIUM III
General cranial featuresGeneral cranial features Base Base CalvariaCalvaria Facial skeletonFacial skeleton Spaces, cavitiesSpaces, cavities The skull, considered as a whole, is of greater The skull, considered as a whole, is of greater
practical importance than the individual bones of practical importance than the individual bones of which it is made up !!!!!! Most important part of which it is made up !!!!!! Most important part of the skull is the the skull is the base.base.
Norma lateralis
Norma facialis
orNorma frontalis
The orbit
The anterior nasal aperture
The interior of the cranium
Basis cranii interna
Norma basalis
Basis cranii externa
The anterior, middle and posterior cranial fossa
Basis cranii interna
Fossae cranii
!
OS OCCIPITALE
Squamous, basilar and lateral part
Internal aspect Cruciate eminence, 4 fossae
Occipital bone of a newborn child
Posterior aspect
Inferior aspect
OS SPHENOIDALE
In the base of the skull
Resembles a bird with wings outstretched
Body
The greater wings
The lesser wings
The pterygoid processes
Posterior aspect
Superior aspect
Chiasmatic sulcus – optic cana
Hypophyseal fossa
Dorsum sellae
Sella turcicaSulcus caroticus
Sphenoid bone – bodySphenoid bone – body
Cubical, contains two air sinuses / Cubical, contains two air sinuses / septumseptum
Anteriorly – ethmoid boneAnteriorly – ethmoid bone Posteriorly – occipital bonePosteriorly – occipital bone Sulcus chiasmatis (optic canal)Sulcus chiasmatis (optic canal) Hypophyseal fossa + Dorsum sellae= Hypophyseal fossa + Dorsum sellae=
sella turcica (Turkish saddle)sella turcica (Turkish saddle)
Fissura orbitalis superior :
III., IV., VI., V/1,
V. orbitalis sup.
For. rotundum : V/2
For. ovale : V/3
For. spinosum: a. meningea media
ANTERIOR ASPECT
Greater wing – 5 surfaces (facies)Greater wing – 5 surfaces (facies)
Cerebral surfaceCerebral surface – part of the midle cranial fossa – part of the midle cranial fossa Orbital surfaceOrbital surface – part of the lateral wall of the orbit – part of the lateral wall of the orbit Temporal surface – Temporal surface – temporal fossatemporal fossa Infratemporal surface- Infratemporal surface- infratemporal fossainfratemporal fossa Sphenomaxillar surface- Sphenomaxillar surface- pterygopalatine fossapterygopalatine fossa
OS TEMPORALE
Parts: Squamous
Petromastoid
Tympanic
(styloid process)
Petrous part of the temporal bonePetrous part of the temporal bone
Is wedged between the sphenoid and occipital Is wedged between the sphenoid and occipital bonesbones
Has a base, an apex, four surfaces, three marginsHas a base, an apex, four surfaces, three margins The anterior (superior) surface (The anterior (superior) surface (trigeminal impression, trigeminal impression,
arcuate eminence)arcuate eminence) The posterior surface The posterior surface (the internal acoustic meatus)(the internal acoustic meatus) The inferior surface (The inferior surface (the carotid canal, the jugular fossa)the carotid canal, the jugular fossa) The ventrobasal surface (The ventrobasal surface (medial wall of the tympanic medial wall of the tympanic
cavity)cavity)
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OS TEMPORALE – PARS PETROSA, OS TEMPORALE – PARS PETROSA, PYRAMISPYRAMIS
Klínovitá konfigurace- mezi os sphenoidale a Klínovitá konfigurace- mezi os sphenoidale a occipitaleoccipitale
Base, apex, 4 stěny (facies)Base, apex, 4 stěny (facies) Facies posterior (porus acusticus internus)Facies posterior (porus acusticus internus) Facies inferior (canalis caroticus, fossa jugularis)Facies inferior (canalis caroticus, fossa jugularis) Facies anterior (eminentia arcuata, impressio Facies anterior (eminentia arcuata, impressio
trigeminalis)trigeminalis) Facies ventrobasalis (= mediální stěna cavum Facies ventrobasalis (= mediální stěna cavum
tympani)tympani)
Temporal bone + pyramis – external aspect
PYRAMIS-internal
aspect (facies ant. et post.)
Internal acoustic meatus - n. VII., n.VIII.)
Porus and meatus acusticus internus
Meatus acusticus internus l. dx.
PYRAMIS,
FACIES INFERIOR
Stylomastoid foramen (n. VII.)
Jugular foramen
(internal jugular vein, N. IX., X., XI.)
Canaliculus for the tympanic nerve
Carotid canal
Jugular foramen
Facies inferior
Canalis caroticus
Foramen jugulare
Processus styloideus
Foramen Stylomastoideum
Processus mastoideus
Fossa mandibularis
Canaliculus tympanicus
PYRAMIS : FACIES VENTROBASALIS
Medial wall of the tympanic cavity
Stylomastoid foramen.
Mastoid air cells
Celullae mastoideae
Pneumatic type
Canalis n. facialis
Tympanic cavity
Promontory
Tympanic nerve –
Tympanic plexus
Tympanic cavity, posterior wall
Mastoid antrum (3,5)
External auditory meatus (1)
N. VII.
Pyramidal eminenceChorda tympani
Tympanic sulcus
Pyramid - canals and spacesPyramid - canals and spaces
Canalis nervi facialisCanalis nervi facialis – – meatus ac. internus – for. meatus ac. internus – for. Stylomastoideum (3 parts :ventrolateral, dorsolateral, caudal)Stylomastoideum (3 parts :ventrolateral, dorsolateral, caudal)
Canalis caroticusCanalis caroticus – – facies inferior – apex pyramidisfacies inferior – apex pyramidis
Canaliculus tympanicusCanaliculus tympanicus – – fossula petrosa – cavum tympani –fossula petrosa – cavum tympani –sulcus promontoriisulcus promontorii
Canaliculus chordae tympani – Canaliculus chordae tympani – canalis n. facialiscanalis n. facialis – – cavum tympani – fissura petrotympanicacavum tympani – fissura petrotympanica
Canalis musculotubariusCanalis musculotubarius – – m. tensor tympani, Eustachian tubem. tensor tympani, Eustachian tube
Labyrinthus osseusLabyrinthus osseus – vestibulum, canales semicirculares, cochlea – vestibulum, canales semicirculares, cochlea
OS FRONTALE, SQUAMA FRONTALIS, PARTES ORBITALES
Desmogenní osifikace ze dvou základů
Inferior aspect
OS FRONTALE, PARTES ORBITALES, PARS NASALIS (Apertura sinus frontalis)
Roof of the orbit
Internal aspect SQUAMA FRONTALIS
OS ETHMOIDALEOS ETHMOIDALE
Lamina cribrosa (nerve I.)Lamina cribrosa (nerve I.) Lamina perpendicularis (crista galli)Lamina perpendicularis (crista galli) Labyrithi ethmoidales (cellulae Labyrithi ethmoidales (cellulae
ethmoidales)ethmoidales) Lamina orbitalis (papyracea)Lamina orbitalis (papyracea) Concha nasalis media et superiorConcha nasalis media et superior
Cock´ s comb
Parietal bone
Sulci of the middle meningeal artery
Epidural space
Epidural hematoma
OBLIČEJOVÝ
SKELET
FACIAL SKELETON
Maxilla
Tělo + 4 výběžky:
Body + 4 processes(proc. frontalis, palatinus, zygomaticus (/apex), alveolaris)
Maxillary sinus (25 cm3)
4 plochy
4 surfaces
Facies :
anterior,
posterior,
orbitalis
nasalis (the base of the hollow pyramidal body)
Maxillary hiatus is ovelaid by ethmoid conchae
Maxilla - ossificationMaxilla - ossification
The maxilla ossifies in membrane.The maxilla ossifies in membrane. The premaxilla (incisive bone, carrying incisor The premaxilla (incisive bone, carrying incisor
teeth) is in most mammals an independent teeth) is in most mammals an independent bone.bone.
OSSA PALATINAOSSA PALATINA
Orbital process (3)
Sphenoidal process (5)
Sphenopalatine incisure
MANDIBULA
CORPUS +
RAMUS –Condylar process (articular surface)
Coronoid process (temporalis m.)
Corpus – Alveolar process
Each half ossifies from a single centre in membrane ovelying the Meckel cartilage
Sublingual fossa
Submandibular fossa
Mandibular canal
Age changes in the mandible
Following the loss of teeth the alveolar part is absorbed
Ramus in line with the body
THE NASAL CAVITY
CAVITAS NASI OSSEA
Piriform aperture –
Choanae
THE ORBITAL CAVITY
ORBITA
Facies lateralis
CAVUM NASI
THE NASAL CAVITY, FRONTAL SECTION
CAVUM NASI
MEATUS NASI :
inferior
medius
superior
SINUSPARANASALES
FrontalMaxillaryEthmoidalSphenoidal
THE ORBIT ORBITA
THE ORBIT, MEDIAL WALL
ORBITA, FACIES MEDIALIS
FOSSA TEMPORALIS,
INFRATEMPORALIS
Temporal fossa
Infratemporal fossa
Infratemporal fossa :Lamina lateralis proc. Pterygoidei and maxilla – mandibular ramus
Pterygomandibular fissure
FOSSA
PTERYGOPALATINA Pterygomandibular fissura
Upper wall : maxillary surface of the greater wings
Medial wall: palatine bone
Anterior wall : maxilla
Posterior wall : pterygoid process
Rotundum
Pterygoid canal
Sphenopalatine for.
Inferior orbital fissure
Greater palatine canal
FOSSAE
CRANII
Anterior
Middle
Posterior
Skull in a new-born
Facial part small (rudimentary condition of the mandible and maxillae)
Ossification is incomplete
Paranasal sinuses - absent
6 fontanellaeLebka Lebka novorozence
Anterior fontanelle
BREGMA
Posterior fontanelle
The skull during the birthThe skull during the birth
The skull is altered in shapeThe skull is altered in shape The skull is compressed and elongatedThe skull is compressed and elongated Bones of cranial vault (calva) overlap to a Bones of cranial vault (calva) overlap to a
small extent (fontanellae !!)small extent (fontanellae !!) These changes disappear within a weekThese changes disappear within a week
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Konfigurace lebky při poroduKonfigurace lebky při porodu
Lebka je komprimována (mediolaterálně)Lebka je komprimována (mediolaterálně) Elongace lebkyElongace lebky Kosti kalvy se podsouvají (fontanely)Kosti kalvy se podsouvají (fontanely) V průběhu několika dnů se konfigurace V průběhu několika dnů se konfigurace
lebky vrací k nornálulebky vrací k nornálu
Frankfurt plane
Frankfurtská horizontála
CRANIOMETRY
gnathion
CRANIOMETRY ICRANIOMETRY I
Cranial height = bregma – basion = Výška lebkyCranial height = bregma – basion = Výška lebky
Cranial breadth = euryon – euryon = Šířka lebkyCranial breadth = euryon – euryon = Šířka lebky
Cranial length = glabella - occipital point = Délka lebkyCranial length = glabella - occipital point = Délka lebky
Facial height = nasion – gnathion = Výška obličejeFacial height = nasion – gnathion = Výška obličeje
Facial breadth = zygion - zygion = Šířka obličejeFacial breadth = zygion - zygion = Šířka obličeje
CRANIOMETRY
CRANIAL INDEXŠ x 100/ ddo 75 dolicho-
75 – 80 meso-
80 a více brachy -Breadth x 100/ length
Up to 75 dolichocephalic
75 – 80 mesocephalic
80 – 85
brachycephalic
Sexual differencesFemale : wall thinner, superciliary arches, tuberosities and mastoid processes less prominent, air sinuses smaller, tubera frontalia at parietalia +
References :References :
R. Čihák : Anatomie 1, AvicenumR. Čihák : Anatomie 1, Avicenum M. Grim, R. Druga et al.: Základy anatomie. Galen 2001M. Grim, R. Druga et al.: Základy anatomie. Galen 2001 Gray ´s Anatomy, Longman 1973Gray ´s Anatomy, Longman 1973 P. Kopf – Maier : Atlas of Human Anatomy, Karger, 1990P. Kopf – Maier : Atlas of Human Anatomy, Karger, 1990
KONEC LEBKY