Identify skull bones and the major foramina Cranium o Ethmoid
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Identify skull bones and the major foramina • Cranium o Frontal bone o Parietal bone o Temporal bone § Squamous § Petrous – encloses internal and middle ear o Occipital bone o Sphenoid § Body, greater and lesser wings, pterygoid processes § Make up base of skull in middle cranial fossa o Ethmoid § Between orbits in anterior cranial fossa § Cribriform plate and perpendicular plate FORAMINA • Anterior cranial fossa o Cribriform plate – Olfactory nerves (CNI) from receptors to bulb • Middle cranial fossa o Optic canal – Optic nerve (CNII) o Superior orbital fissure – Occulomotor (CNIII), Trochlear (CNIV), Trigeminal (CNV – V1 Opthalmic division), Abducens (CNVI) o Foramen rotundum – Trigeminal (CNV) maxillary division (V2) o Foramen ovale – Trigeminal (CNV) mandibular division (V3) o Lacerum o Carotid canal – internal carotid artery • Posterior cranial fossa o Internal auditory meatus (IAM) – Facial (CNVII) and Vestibulocochlear nerves (CNVIII) o Jugular foramen – Glossopharangeal nerve (CNIX), Vagus nerve (CNX), Accessory nerve (CNXI) and start of IJV o Hypoglossal canal – Hypoglossal nerve (CNXII) and meningeal artery • Front of skull o Supraorbital notch – nerve and vessels o Infraorbital notch – nerve and vessels o Mental foramen – nerve and vessels • Base of skull o Stylomastoid foramen – Facial nerve (CNVII) o Incisive canal o Greater palatine canal – nerve and vessels o Lesser palatine canal – nerve and vessels
Transcript of Identify skull bones and the major foramina Cranium o Ethmoid
Identifyskullbonesandthemajorforamina• Cranium
o Frontalboneo Parietalboneo Temporalbone
§ Squamous§ Petrous–enclosesinternalandmiddleear
o Occipitalboneo Sphenoid
§ Body,greaterandlesserwings,pterygoidprocesses§ Makeupbaseofskullinmiddlecranialfossa
o Ethmoid§ Betweenorbitsinanteriorcranialfossa§ Cribriformplateandperpendicularplate
FORAMINA
• Anteriorcranialfossao Cribriformplate–Olfactorynerves(CNI)fromreceptorstobulb
• Middlecranialfossao Opticcanal–Opticnerve(CNII)o Superiororbitalfissure–Occulomotor(CNIII),Trochlear(CNIV),
Trigeminal(CNV–V1Opthalmicdivision),Abducens(CNVI)o Foramenrotundum–Trigeminal(CNV)maxillarydivision(V2)o Foramenovale–Trigeminal(CNV)mandibulardivision(V3)o Lacerumo Carotidcanal–internalcarotidartery
• Posteriorcranialfossao Internalauditorymeatus(IAM)–Facial(CNVII)and
Vestibulocochlearnerves(CNVIII)o Jugularforamen–Glossopharangealnerve(CNIX),Vagusnerve
(CNX),Accessorynerve(CNXI)andstartofIJVo Hypoglossalcanal–Hypoglossalnerve(CNXII)andmeningealartery
• Frontofskullo Supraorbitalnotch–nerveandvesselso Infraorbitalnotch–nerveandvesselso Mentalforamen–nerveandvessels
• Baseofskullo Stylomastoidforamen–Facialnerve(CNVII)o Incisivecanalo Greaterpalatinecanal–nerveandvesselso Lesserpalatinecanal–nerveandvessels
Lecture9–THORAX:MediastinumandHeartUnderstandtheanatomy/bordersofthethorax
• T5-T8vertebraeandsternebrae• Ribs1-2• Thoracicinlet:Rib1,T1andmanubrium• Thoracicoutlet:Lowercostalmarginfilledbydiaphragm• Mid-clavicularline
DescribethecontentsofthethoraxSuperiormediastinum
• Borders=thoracicinletandsternalangle• IncludesGreatVessels
o Aortao BrachiocephalicAao LeftSubclavianAao LeftCommonCarotidAa
GlossopharangealCNIX
BothSensory
• Post1/3taste• Palatine• BP+bloodgas
Motor• Pharyngeal
muscles
Motor-MedullaSensory-Parotid(salivarygland)-Carotidsinus
Motor-PharynxandlarynxSensory-Medulla
Jugularforamen
VagusCNXDivisions
• Cranial• Cervical• Thoracic• Abdominal
BothSensory(neck-trunk)
• Aorta• Thoracicand
abdoviscera• Epiglottis
Motor(neck-trunk)• Smoothmuscle• Glands• Larynx
Motor-MedullaSensory-Cardiothoracicregions
Motor-Cardioandthoracicglands+muscleSensory-MedullaTOTAL:8-10rootletsinmedulla
Jugularforamen
SpinalAccessoryCNXI
Motor• Sternocleidomast
oid• Trapezius
Motornucleiofthespinalcord
Sternocleido-mastoidTrapezius
Jugularforamen
HypoglossalCNXII Motor• Musclesof
tongueandhyoid
Medulla Musclesoftongueandhyoid
Hypoglossalcanal
Clinicallyassessedwithvoluntarytongueprotrusion
o SuperiorVenaCavaAnteriorMediastinum(smallest)
• Posteriorto4sternebrae• InternalThoracicandMammillaryAa• ThymusGland
PosteriorMediastinum
• AnteriortoT5-8vertebrae• Azygous/HemizygousVv
o Thoracicwalldrainage(alternatebloodreturnfromlowerlimbs)o AzygousVvnotofapairo GoodforwhenIVCblockageoccurs
• Aorta(Br.)• Oesophagus• ThoracicDuct
o Lymphreturningtothevenoussystemhasportsthatdrainintothethoracicduct
o CisternaChyliisattheinferioraspectofthethoracicductwithlymphintakefromtheinferiorabdomen
• SympatheticPlexuso FightorFlightresponses
MiddleMediastinum–heart
o Coneshapedo Fourchamberso ReceivesvenousflowfromRandpumps
O2bloodfromLo LeftdiaphragmdomeatLventricle
Namethepartsofthestomach
• Greaterandlessercurvature• Cardia• Fundus• Body• Pylorus
o Sphinctercontrolsdischargeofstomachcontentsintoduodenum
• Suppliedbyoesophaguso PassesthroughdiaphragmVlevel
10• ENS–Myentericplexusinn.
IdentifysectionsofthesmallandlargeintestineExplaindifferencesbetweenJejunumandIliumSmallintestine
• Duodenumo WrapsaroundL2o Superior,descending,inferior,ascendingo Majorduodenalpapillaopeningfrompancreas(majorduct)andgall
bladder(commonbileduct)• Jejunum
o Plicaearetallandcloselypacked• Ileum
o Lowandsparseo Ileocaecaljunction
• Parasympatheticinnervationdominant• MostlysuppliedbyEnteric
NervousSystemo Submucosal–Meissner’s
plexusLargeintestine
• Caecumo Ileocaecalvalveo 1stpartoflargeintestineo Appendixbranchesoff
• Colono Ascending(R/Hepaticcolic
flexure),transverse,descending(Lcolicflexure)andsigmoid
o Haustraà pouchesofcoloncausedbyTaeniaColi
o TaeniaColiàmuscleshorterthanintestinecausespouching(Haustra)Lecture13–ABDOMEN:Liver,Pancreas,GallBladder,SpleenandKidneyPosteriorwallmuscles–Statewhichmusclescomprisetheposteriorabdowall
• Psoasmajorandminor• Iliacus• QuadratusLumborum
Liver–Describethebordersoftheliverandthestructuressurroundingit
• Baresurfaceonlypartnotcoveredinperitoneum• LocatedinRhypochondriaandEpigastric• Left,right,caudateandquadratelobes• Stomach,duodenum,Rcolicflexure,Rkidneyandgallbladderallarticular
withtheliver
Liver–StatetheligamentsthatattachtotheLiver
• Falciform• LigamentumTeres(roundligament)• Coronary• Leftandrighttriangular
Liver–ExplainhowbilepassesthroughtheLiver
• PORTAHEPATISo Betweencaudateandquadratelobeso Structuresgoingto/fromliverruninLesserOmentumo EnclosedinHepatoduodenalligamento HepaticAao PortalVvo Commonbileduct
• Lobuleo Functionalunitofliver(Hepatocytes)o CentralVvo Interlobularportaltriadateachcornero Sinusoids
§ Locatedbetweenhepatocytelayerso Bilecaniculi
§ DrainbileintobileductO2richAaandnutrientrichVvà entersinusoidàfilteredanddetoxedbyhepatocyteà caniculidrainbilefromsinusoidintothebileductfortheGallBladderà deoxygenatedbloodpassesintotheCentralVvà PassesintointerlobularandhepaticVvà IVCà heartArterialsupplyAbdoaortaà celiactrunkàcommonhepaticàproperhepaticàsinusoidVenousdrainageMesentery/celiacàportalàsinusoidàcentralà interlobularàhepaticà IVC
