CP Biology Final Exam – STUDY GUIDE

1. Offspring that result from crosses between parents with different traits ____. 

ARE CALLED HYBRIDS 2. The chemical factors that determine traits are called ____. 

ALLELES 3. When Gregor Mendel crossed true-breeding tall plants with true-breeding short plants, all the offspring were tall because ____. 

THE ALLELE FOR TALL PLANTS IS DOMINANT

4. When you flip a coin, what is the probability that it will come up tails? 

1/2 5. In the P generation, a tall plant is crossed with a short plant. The

probability that an F2 plant will be tall is ___.

 75%

 6. Situations in which one allele for a gene is not completely dominant over another allele for that gene are called ____. 

INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE

7. Variation in human skin color is an example of ____. 

POLYGENIC INHERITANCE 8. What makes up a nucleotide found in DNA? 

DEOXYRIBOSE, PHOSPHATE GROUP & A NITROGEN BASE

 9. In eukaryotes, DNA ___. 

IS LOCATED IN THE NUCLEUS

10. DNA is copied during a process called ___. 

REPLICATION  11. During DNA replication, a DNA strand that has the bases CTAGGT produces a strand with the bases ___. 

GATCCA 12. Unlike DNA, RNA contains ___. 

RIBOSE & URACIL

13. How many codons are needed to specify three amino acids? 

3 (EACH CODON IS 3 BASES) 14. What happens during the process of translation? 

THE CELL USES INFORMATION FROM MESSENGER RNA TO PRODUCE PROTEINS.

 15. Genes contain instructions for assembling ____. 

PROTEINS

16. Which type of RNA functions as a blueprint of the genetic code? 

mRNA 17. A mutation that involves one or a few nucleotides is called a(an) ___. 

POINT MUTATION 18. What types of organisms have been produced by selective breeding? 

HORSES, DOGS, CATS

19. What is most likely to bring together two recessive alleles for a genetic defect? 

INBREEDING 20. What is the ultimate source of genetic variability? 

MUTATION

21. The most general and largest category in modern taxonomy is_____.

KINGDOM

22. The process of making changes in the DNA code of a living organism is called ___. 

GENETIC ENGINEERING 23. Genetic engineering involves ____. 

READING A DNA SEQUENCE, EDITING A DNA SEQUENCE & REINSERTING DNA INTO AN

ORGANISM. 24. Why is Dolly a clone? 

THE SOURCE OF HER DNA WAS A SINGLE BODY CELL.

25. How many chromosomes are shown in a normal human karyotype? 

46 26. What can be observed in a karyotype? 

AN EXTRA OR MISSING CHROMOSOME. 27. In humans, a male has __ (chromosomal makeup). 

1X & 1 Y CHROMOSOME.

28. What is the approximate probability that a human offspring will be female? 

50% 29. A pedigree can be used to ___. 

DETERMINE WHETHER A TRAIT IS INHERITED.SHOW HOW A TRAIT IS PASSED FROM ONE

GENERATION TO THE NEXT. DETERMINE WHETHER AN ALLELE IS DOMINANT OR

RECESSIVE. 30. What disease is caused by a dominant allele? 

HUNTINGTON’S DISEASE

31. What different genotypes in the ABO blood group result in the same phenotype of blood? 

IBi & IBIB

Iai & IAIA

 32. Most sex-linked genes are located on ___. 

X-CHROMOSOME 33. The failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis is called ___. 

NON-DISJUNCTION

34. Because the X chromosome contains genes that are vital for normal development, no baby has been born __. 

WITHOUT AN X CHROMOSOME 35. What combination of sex chromosomes represents a female? 

XX 36. The process of DNA fingerprinting is based on the fact that ____. 

NO TWO PEOPLE, EXCEPT IDENTICAL TWINS HAVE EXACTLY THE SAME DNA

37. The Human Genome Project is an attempt to ____. 

SEQUENCE ALL HUMAN DNA 38. James Hutton’s and Charles Lyell’s work suggests that ___. 

EARTH IS MILLIONS OF YEARS OLD. 39. Lamarck’s theory of evolution includes the concept that new organs in a species appear as a result of ___. THE ACTIONS OF ORGANISMS AS THEY USE OR FAIL TO

USE BODY STRUCTURES

40. In 1859, Charles Darwin published his revolutionary scientific ideas in a work titled ___. ON THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES BY NATURAL SELECTION.

 41. When lions prey on a herd of antelopes, some antelopes are killed and some escape. Which part of Darwin’s concept of natural selection might be used to describe this situation? 

SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST 42. Charles Darwin called the ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its specific environment ___. 

FITNESS

43. According to Darwin’s theory of natural selection, the individuals that tend to survive are those that have ___. 

VARIATIONS BEST SUITED TO THEIR ENVIRONMENT 44. The hypothesis that species change over time by natural selection was proposed by -__. 

CHARLES DARWIN 45. All the genes of all members of a particular population make up the population’s ___. 

GENE POOL

46. A change in a sequence of DNA is called a ____. 

MUTATION47. The two main sources of genetic variation are ____.

 MUTATION & GENE SHUFFLING

48. The process of DNA fingerprinting is based on the fact that ___.

 NO TWO PEOPLE HAVE THE SAME DNA.

49.If a mutation introduces a new skin color in a lizard population,what factor might determine whether the frequency of the new allele will increase?

SURVIVAL AND REPRODUCTION OF THE LIZARD

50. What factors affect the rate of photosynthesis?

TEMPERATURE, AMT. OF WATER, SUNLIGHT,

AMT. OF CO2

51. Painted turtles are cold-blooded animals that often sit on logs and bask in the sun. Why might they do this? 

TO RAISE THEIR BODY TEMPERATURE

52. Members of a given species_____. 

CAN PRODUCE FERTILE OFFSPRING.

53. What is the correct equation for cellular respiration? 

 C6H12O6 + 6O2 - 6H2O + 6CO2 + ENERGY

 54.How many chromosomes are shown in a normalkaryotype?

46

55. An adaptation is an inherited characteristic that can be ___. 

PHYSICAL OR BEHVIORAL

56. The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane is called: 

 OSMOSIS 57.You have tested a solution and found it is acidic? What type ofpH must it have?

BELOW 7.0

58. Animals that are warm-blooded, have body hair, and produce milk for their young are grouped in the class ___. 

MAMMALIA (MAMMALS)

59. The most general and largest category in Linnaeus’s system is the ____. 

KINGDOM 60. Similar genes are evidence of ____. 

COMMON ANCESTRY 61. The base of all food webs on the planet are ____. 

PLANTS

62. _____ are factors which are the living part of the environment. 

BIOTIC

63.Information gathered from observing a plant grow 3 cm over atwo-week period results in___.

DATA

64. The principle of dominance states that ____. 

SOME ALLELES ARE DOMINANT AND SOME ARE RECESSIVE

65. A cross of a black chicken (BB) with a white chicken (WW) produces all speckled offspring (BBWW). This type of inheritance is known as ____. 

CODOMINANCE 66. RNA contains the sugar ___. 

RIBOSE

Tt

T t

TT

T

TT

Tt

T

TT

Tt

T = Tall

t = Short

Figure 11–1

67. In the Punnett square shown in Figure 11–1, what is true about the offspring resulting from the cross? 

ALL ARE TALL

Figure 12–1

68. Figure 12–1 shows the structure of a(an) ____. 

DNA MOLECULE

Figure 15–1

69. In humans, the pelvis and femur, or thigh bone, areinvolved in walking. In whales, the pelvis and femur shown in Figure 15–1 are ___.

 VESTIGIAL STRUCTURE

Figure 12–2

70. According to Figure 12–2, what codon(s) would specify the amino acid arginine? 

CGG, CGA, CGC, CGU, AGG, AGA

Heterozygous male guinea pigs with black, rough hair (BbRr) are crossed with heterozygous female guinea pigs with black, rough hair (BbRr). The incomplete Punnett square in Figure 11-4 shows the expected results from the cross. BbRr

BR Br

bR

br

BR

BBRR

BBRr

BbRR

BbRr

Hair Color B = Black b = White

BbRr

Br

BBRr

BBrr

BbRr

Bbrr

Hair Texture R = Rough r = Smooth

bR

BbRR

BbRr

? bbRr

br

BbRr

Bbrr

bbRr

bbrr

Figure 11–4

71. Identify the genotype of the offspring that would be represented by the question mark in Figure 11–4. 

bbRR 72. Identify the phenotype of the offspring represented by the question mark in Figure 11–4. 

WHITE, ROUGH

Heterozygous male guinea pigs with black, rough hair (BbRr) are crossed with heterozygous female guinea pigs with black, rough hair (BbRr). The incomplete Punnett square in Figure 11-4 shows the expected results from the cross. BbRr

BR Br

bR

br

BR

BBRR

BBRr

BbRR

BbRr

Hair Color B = Black b = White

BbRr

Br

BBRr

BBrr

BbRr

Bbrr

Hair Texture R = Rough r = Smooth

bR

BbRR

BbRr

? bbRr

br

BbRr

Bbrr

bbRr

bbrr

Figure 11–4

73. In Figure 11–4, what are the genotypes of the offspring that have black, rough hair? 

BBRR, BbRr 74. What fraction of the offspring in Figure 11–4 would be expected to have white, smooth hair? 

1/16

Figure 12–4

75. In Fig. 12-4, what is structure D? 

mRNA 76. Identify structure F in Figure 12–4. 

CODON  

Figure 12–4

77. In Fig. 12-4, what does structure E specify? 

START CODON - METHIONINE

78. What is structure A and B in Fig. 12-4? 

DNA

Figure 14–1

79. In the karyotype shown above, how are the chromosomes that make up each numbered pair similar? 

 LENGTH & BANDING PATTERN 80.Which chromosomes in Figure 14–1 are autosomes?

#1 - 22

Figure 14–1

81. Identify the sex chromosomes. What is the notation for the sex chromosomes shown here? 

#23 - XY  82.How would you interpret this karyotype?

DOWN’S SYNDROME BOY

The pedigree shows the inheritance of free earlobes and attached earlobes in five generations of a family. Attached earlobes are caused by a recessive allele (f).

Figure 14–2

83. Is individual 2 in Figure 14–2 homozygous or heterozygous for free earlobes? Explain. 

HETEROZYGOUS (Ff) – HAS A CHILD THAT IS HOMOZYGOUS RECESSIVE

 84. What is the genotype of individual 5 in Figure 14–2?  

HOMOZYGOUS DOMINANT (FF)

The pedigree shows the inheritance of free earlobes and attached earlobes in five generations of a family. Attached earlobes are caused by a recessive allele (f).

Figure 14–2

85. What is the genotype of individual 14 in Figure 14–2. 

ff – HOMOZYGOUS RECESSIVE 86. In Figure 14–2, are any of the descendants of individuals 1 and 2 homozygous for free earlobes? 

NO

Figure 13–2

87. In Figure 13–2, what are the bands shown in B made of? 

DNA 88. Which group of bands in Figure 13–2 moved faster?

D

Classification of Living Things

Kingdom Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

CELL TYPE Prokaryote Prokaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote

CELL STRUCTURE

Cell walls with peptidoglycan

Cell walls without peptidoglycan

Cell walls of cellulose in some; some have chloroplasts

Cell walls of chitin

Cell walls of cellulose; chloroplasts

No cell walls or chloroplasts

NUMBER OF CELLS

Unicellular Unicellular Most unicellular; some colonial; some multicellular

Most multicellular; some unicellular

Multicellular Multicellular

MODE OF NUTRITION

Autotroph or heterotroph

Autotroph or heterotroph

Autotroph or heterotroph

Heterotroph Autotroph Heterotroph

EXAMPLES Streptococcus, Escherichia coli

Methanogens, halophiles

Amoeba, Paramecium, slime molds, giant kelp

Mushrooms, yeasts

Mosses, ferns, flowering plants

Sponges, worms, insects, fishes, mammals

89. . If you know an organism has a cell wall and is a multicellular autotroph, using

Figure 18-3 determine the kingdom(s) to which it can belong to? 

PLANTAE

90.If you were told only that an organism is unicellular and has chloroplasts and anucleus, which kingdom(s) does it belong to according to figure 18.3?

PROTISTA

Essay – Be prepared to answer 3 essay questions. 91. Explain the difference between incomplete dominance and codominance. 92. Describe the structure of a DNA molecule. 93. In what ways has selective breeding been useful to humans today and in the past? 94. How might karyotypes be useful to doctors? Use at least one example. 95. What was Charles Darwin’s greatest contribution to science, and how did he develop it? 96. Explain an advantage and a disadvantage of inbreeding.

 97. Discuss Jean-Baptiste Lamarck’s contribution to the overall theory of evolution