Biology Lab Exam

Terms

* Write an essay on oogenesis

Meiosis

• Terms– synapsis– alleles– crossing-over– haploid

synapsis

• the association of homologous chromosomes that is characteristic of the first meiotic prophase

alleles

• any of the alternative forms of a gene that may occur at a given locus

crossing over

• an interchange of genes or segments between homologous chromosomes

haploid

• having the gametic number of chromosomes typically including one of each pair of homologous chromosomes compare diploid

Genetics

• Terms:– phenotype– genotype– incomplete dominance– codominance– transposons

phenotype

• The word phenotype refers to the observable attributes of individual organisms including morphology, physiology and behavior

– World of Biology, 2006

genotype

• An individual's genotype is the composition, in the individual's genome, of a specific region of DNA that varies within a population.

– Genetics, October 27, 2008

• The term genotype describes the actual set (complement) of genes carried by an organism. In contrast, phenotype refers to the observable expression of characters and traits coded for by those genes.

– World of Genetics, 2007

incomplete dominance

• blending of the two alleles occurs, or both alleles continue to manufacture their proteins

– "Heterozygous advantage." World of Genetics. Gale, 2007. Science in Context. Web. 21 Nov. 2013.

codominance

transposons

• Transposons, also called transposable elements or jumping genes, are stretches of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that can move around an organism's chromosome.– Biology, October 1, 2009

Bacteria

• terms:– bacillus– coccus– spirillum– fission– conjugation– bacterial colony– sensitivity plate– nitrogen fixation– nodules– sheath– heterocysts

bacillus

• The shapes of bacterial cells, often of keen interest to forensic investigators, are classified as spherical (coccus), rodlike (bacillus), spiral (spirochete), helical (spirilla), and comma-shaped (vibrio) cells.– World of Forensic Science,

2006

coccus

• a spherical bacterium

– (MW)

spirillum

• any of a genus (Spirillum) of curved elongated motile bacteria having tufts of flagella at both poles; broadly a spiral filamentous bacterium (as a spirochete)

fission

• reproduction by spontaneous division of the body into two or more parts each of which grows into a complete organism

protists

• terms– oogamy– zygote– isogamous– syngamy– sporophyte– gametophyte– alternation of

generations– fucoxanthins

oogamy

• having or involving a small motile male gamete and a large immobile female gamete

zygote

• a cell formed by the union of two gametes; broadly the developing individual produced from such a cell

isogamous

• Gale • having or involving isogametes (a gamete indistinguishable in form or size or behavior from another gamete with which it can unite to form a zygote)

syngamy

• lookup • sexual reproduction by union of gametes : fertilization

sporophyte

• the diploid multicellular individual or generation of a plant with alternation of generations that begins from a diploid zygote and produces haploid spores by meiotic division compare gametophyte

gametophyte• the haploid multicellular

individual or generation of a plant with alternation of generations that begins with a haploid spore, produces gametes by mitotic division, and ends with fertilization producing a diploid zygote and that constitutes the visibly dominant form in mosses and algae, exists as an independent plant body in ferns and their relatives, and is reduced to a microscopic or rudimentary state in seed plants compare sporophyte

alternation of generations

• the occurrence of two or more forms differently produced in the life cycle of a plant or animal usually involving the regular alternation of a sexual with an asexual generation

fucoxanthins

• a brown carotenoid pigment C40H60O6 occurring especially in the chloroplasts of brown algae

alginic acid

• an insoluble colloidal acid (C6H8O6)n that in the form of its salts is a constituent of the cell walls of brown algae

diatomaceous earth

• a light friable siliceous material derived chiefly from diatom remains and used especially as a filter

micronuclei

• a minute nucleus; specifically one that is primarily concerned with reproductive and genetic functions in most ciliated protozoans

macronuclei

• a relatively large densely staining nucleus of most ciliate protozoans that is derived from micronuclei and controls various nonreproductive functions

pseudopod

• a temporary protrusion or retractile process of the cytoplasm of a cell that functions (as in an amoeba) especially in a locomotor or food gathering capacity see amoeba illustration

sclerotium

• a compact mass of hardened mycelium stored with reserve food material that in some higher fungi becomes detached and remains dormant until a favorable opportunity for growth occurs

fungi

• terms– budding– fragmentation– conidiophores– septa– coenocytic– phototaxis– dikaryotic– monokaryotic– mycelium– saprophytes– hypha

budding

fragmentation

conidiophores

• a specialized hyphal branch of some fungi that produces conidia (an asexual spore produced on a conidiophore of certain fungi)

septa

• a dividing wall or membrane especially between bodily spaces or masses of soft tissue

coenocytic

• a multinucleate mass of protoplasm resulting from repeated nuclear division unaccompanied by cell fission

phototaxis

• a taxis in which light is the directive factor

dikaryotic

monokaryotic

mycelium

• the mass of interwoven filamentous hyphae that forms especially the vegetative portion of the thallus of a fungus and is often submerged in another body (as of soil or organic matter or the tissues of a host); also a similar mass of filaments formed by some bacteria (as streptomyces)

saprophytes

• fungi that obtains food by absorbing dissolved organic material; especially obtaining nourishment from the products of organic breakdown and decay

hypha

• one of the threads that make up the mycelium of a fungus, increase by apical growth, and are transversely septate or nonseptate