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ORGANISATIONS PARTICIPATING IN CONSOLIDATED APPEALS DURING 2007:

AARRECAASAAABSAbt AssociatesACF/ACH/AAHACTEDADRAAfricareAGROSPHEREAHAANERAARCIARMAVSICADICAMCARECARITASCCFCCIJDCEMIR Int’lCENAP

CESVICHFICINSCIRIDCISVCLCONCERNCOOPICORDCPARCRSCUAMMCWDCADRCEMSFERMEQUIPFAOGAA (DWH)GH

GSLGHDOHIHISAN - WEPAHorn ReliefINTERSOSIOMIRCIRDIRINJVSFMALAOMCIMDAMDMMENTORMERLINNANNANRCOA

OCHAOCPHODAGOHCHRPARACOMPARCPHGPMRSPRCSPSIPURFEPSADOSC-UKSECADEVSFCGSNNCSOCADIDOSolidaritésSPSTF

UNAIDSUNDPUNDSSUNESCOUNFPAUN-HABITAT UNHCRUNICEFUNIFEMUNMASUNODCUNRWAUPHBVETAIDVIAVTWFPWHOWVIWRZOARC

Consolidated Appeals Process (CAP)

The CAP is much more than an appeal for money. It is an inclusive and coordinated programme cycle of:

strategic planning leading to a Common Humanitarian Action Plan (CHAP); resource mobilisation (leading to a Consolidated Appeal or a Flash Appeal); coordinated programme implementation; joint monitoring and evaluation; revision, if necessary; and reporting on results.

The CHAP is a strategic plan for humanitarian response in a given country or region and includes the following elements:

a common analysis of the context in which humanitarian action takes place; an assessment of needs; best, worst, and most likely scenarios; stakeholder analysis, i.e. who does what and where; a clear statement of longer-term objectives and goals; prioritised response plans; and a framework for monitoring the strategy and revising it if necessary.

The CHAP is the foundation for developing a Consolidated Appeal or, when crises break or natural disasters strike, a Flash Appeal. Under the leadership of the Humanitarian Coordinator, the CHAP is developed at the field level by the Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC) Country Team. This team mirrors the IASC structure at headquarters and includes UN agencies and standing invitees, i.e. the International Organization for Migration, the Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, and NGOs that belong to ICVA, Interaction, or SCHR. Non-IASC members, such as national NGOs, can be included, and other key stakeholders in humanitarian action, in particular host governments and donors, should be consulted.

The Humanitarian Coordinator is responsible for the annual preparation of the consolidated appeal document. The document is launched globally each November to enhance advocacy and resource mobilisation. An update, known as the Mid-Year Review, is to be presented to donors in July 2007.

Donors provide resources to appealing agencies directly in response to project proposals. The Financial Tracking Service (FTS), managed by the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), is a database of donor contributions and can be found on www.reliefweb.int/fts

In sum, the CAP works to provide people in need the best available protection and assistance, on time.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.................................................................................................................................1

Table I: Summary of Requirements – By Appealing Organisation and By Sector......................................4

2. 2. 2006 YEAR IN REVIEW..............................................................................................................................7

2.1 FINANCIAL REVIEW............................................................................................................................112.2 EVALUATION MISSIONS 2006...........................................................................................................112.3 SOMALIA LESSONS LEARNT 2006...................................................................................................12

3. THE 2007 COMMON HUMANITARIAN ACTION PLAN..............................................................................14

3.1 THE CONTEXT AND ITS HUMANITARIAN CONSEQUENCES.........................................................143.1.A THE CONTEXT...............................................................................................................................143.1.B CONSEQUENCES..........................................................................................................................17

3.2 SCENARIOS........................................................................................................................................213.3 STRATEGIC PRIORITIES....................................................................................................................223.4 RESPONSE PLANS.............................................................................................................................25

3.4.1. ACCESS AND SECURITY.........................................................................................................253.4.2. FOOD SECURITY AND LIVELIHOODS.....................................................................................263.4.3. PROTECTION/HUMAN RIGHTS/RULE OF LAW......................................................................293.4.4. SHELTER FOR IDPs..................................................................................................................313.4.5. HEALTH......................................................................................................................................323.4.6. NUTRITION................................................................................................................................363.4.7. WATER AND SANITATION........................................................................................................393.4.8. EDUCATION...............................................................................................................................41

CROSS-CUTTING SECTORS................................................................................................................................44

3.4.9. EARLY RECOVERY/CROSS-CUTTING....................................................................................443.4.10. GENDER/CROSS-CUTTING......................................................................................................473.4.11. HIV/AIDS/CROSS-CUTTING......................................................................................................49

SUPPORT SECTORS.............................................................................................................................................50

3.4.12. LOGISTICS/SUPPORT SECTOR..............................................................................................50

4. STRATEGIC MONITORING PLAN...............................................................................................................52

5. CRITERIA FOR PRIORITISATION OF PROJECTS.....................................................................................52

6. SUMMARY: STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR HUMANITARIAN RESPONSE.........................................53

Table II: List of Project – By Sector...........................................................................................................62

ANNEX I.INTEGRATED FOOD SECURITY AND HUMANITARIAN PHASE CLASSIFICATION REFERENCE TABLE....72

ANNEX II.ESTIMATED POPULATION BY REGION IN HUMANITARIAN EMERGENCY AND ACUTE FOOD AND LIVELIHOOD CRISIS..............................................................................................................................................74

ANNEX III.LONG TERM NUTRITION TRENDS (1999 - 2005)................................................................................................75

ANNEX IV.NUMBER OF ORGANISATIONS CONSULTED DURING CAP CONSULTATION PROCESS 2007...................76

ANNEX V.CISS (FORMER SACB) AND IASC ORGANIGRAMME........................................................................................77

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ANNEX VI.GENERIC MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING WITH AUTHORITIES IN SOMALIA....................................78

ANNEX VII.UNITED NATIONS AGENCIES IN SOMALIA........................................................................................................81

ANNEX VIII.INTERNATIONAL NGOS IN SOMALIA..................................................................................................................82

ANNEX IX:DONOR RESPONSE TO THE 2006 APPEAL.......................................................................................................83

ANNEX X.ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS...................................................................................................................108

Please note that appeals are revised regularly. The latest version of this document is available on http://www.humanitarianappeal.net

PROJECT SUMMARY SHEETS ARE IN A SEPARATE VOLUME ENTITLED “PROJECTS”

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1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

In 2007, United Nations agencies and NGOs intend to further expand work with local NGOs and Somali partners to address the human suffering through the following four strategic priorities:

Save lives and increase access to basic humanitarian services for 1.4 million people identified as being in a state of Humanitarian Emergency and Acute Food and Livelihood Crisis, and strengthen the resiliency of Somali livelihoods to better withstand natural or conflict-related disasters;

Alleviate the suffering of and increase access to basic humanitarian services for the estimated 400,000 internally displaced people living in public buildings or settlements without clan-based protection, including the 250,000 residing in Mogadishu;

Enhance the protection of and respect for the human rights and dignity of affected populations;

Through local partners, strengthen capacity for social service delivery and response to natural or conflict-related disaster.

These strategic priorities have been designed to ensure continuity and remain in line with the strategic priorities of 2006.

The rapid military rise of the Islamic Courts Union1 (ICU) in Mogadishu immediately changed the nature of Somalia’s political landscape. In June 2006, the ICU took control of Mogadishu and quickly dismantled roadblocks in the city, greatly increasing freedom of movement and general security. These measures were welcomed by residents and have also brought new realities and opportunities for humanitarian engagement in 2007. By mid-September, the ICU had also gained control over eight of the eighteen administrative regions of Somalia, including Lower and Middle Shabelle, Lower and Middle Juba (which includes the entire southern coastline) and Hiran.

The ability of the ICU and the Transitional Federal Government (TFG) to come to an agreement through dialogue on critical power-sharing, constitutional, and security issues will likely determine the near future of Somalia. Although there is a risk of a wider TFG-ICU confrontation, with the possible involvement of neighbouring countries, such a conflict is likely to be characterised as a proxy war on Somali territory, involving traditional enemies and their allies. Throughout 2006, there have been persistent reports of foreign military presence or support for both the TFG and the ICU. However, it is hoped that even if talks are long and laborious, the dialogue between the TFG and ICU will proceed and move slowly towards agreement on key issues.

Due to inter- and intra-clan fighting, Somalia has been without an effective central government for sixteen years, leading to the destruction of infrastructure, the disintegration of basic health and social services and widespread human rights abuses. The country also has some of the worst human development indicators in the world.

At the start of 2006, the country was experiencing an aggravated humanitarian emergency brought on by the worst drought in over a decade. Of an estimated population of 7.7 million (UNDP working estimate 2006), around 2.1 million people countrywide were in need of critical assistance 2, including an estimated 400,000 internally displaced persons (IDPs). However, the worst-case scenario of a famine evolving in the first half of the year was largely averted due to massive humanitarian actions, as well as the deeply embedded clan-based social support system and the absence of countrywide conflict. However, despite a slight improvement, in 2007 around 1.8 million people (as reported by the Food and Agriculture Organization Food Security Analysis Unit) – including 400,000 IDPs – will require urgent assistance. Acute malnutrition rates continue to exceed the emergency threshold of 15% in districts of the south and central regions. Of the 1.4 million food-insecure, 1.1 million or 80% are located in south and central regions. The two regions remain the most under served in terms of provision of humanitarian assistance. CAP 2007 seeks to address this urgently.

In 2007, the humanitarian community is committed to making a difference in the lives of IDPs in Bossaso and Galkayo and will secure access and improve response to the most urgent needs of the IDPs in south and central regions, including Mogadishu and Kismayo. In May 2006, the 1 Also known as the Supreme Council of the Islamic Courts (SCIC) or Union of Islamic Courts (UIC).2 Food and Agriculture Organization/Food Security Analysis Unit (FAO/FSAU) produced new working figures for number of people affected by the worst drought in a decade to hit Somalia. A Revised 2006 CAP was launched in March to reflect the deteriorating drought conditions.

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UN Special Advisor on Internally Displaced Persons visited several settlements, including in southern Somalia, where he commented that Somalia’s displaced people were living in some of the worst conditions he had seen in Africa; and Mogadishu remained the only capital in the world where about a quarter of a million of them are not accessible for sustained assistance and protection. Their number living in settlements and public buildings is roughly 400,0003 although these figures may be adjusted after an on-going IDP profiling exercise which commenced in 2006. Between April and August 2006 an additional 133,000 have been displaced within Somalia, the majority of them in south and central regions, due to clan conflicts, floods, drought and Mogadishu clashes.

The operating environment for humanitarian relief operations remains varied throughout Somalia. While Somaliland and Puntland in the north experience political development, economic recovery and relative stability with humanitarian access in general unhindered, in the south and central regions access remains problematic due to prevailing insecurity. Despite significant efforts in 2006 to increase activities and response in south and central regions, where over 60% of the population is, most of the humanitarian assistance (except for the food sector) has been channelled to the north. CAP Somalia 2007 focuses on encouraging more international organisations to be present in the south and central regions to tackle the dire humanitarian needs found there.

In 2006, security incidents including the murder of a Swedish cameraman in Mogadishu (June), the assassination attempt on the TFG President, Abdullahi Yusuf, in Baidoa and the murder of an Italian nun in Mogadishu (September), reflect the precarious, dangerous and unpredictable humanitarian-operational environment. There has been no sustained UN international presence in Mogadishu since the mid-1990’s. In 2007, an innovative approach to build and consolidate humanitarian space and bring political, religious and business leadership to adhere to basic humanitarian principles will be required.

While UN agencies and international NGOs have not been in a position to provide a comprehensive network of humanitarian programming in the south and central regions due to access constraints; many local Somali implementing partners on the ground do not have the necessary qualified staff and technical expertise, making it difficult and challenging for international organisations to work through them. CAP Somalia 2007 focuses on increased cooperation and capacity building of local NGO capacity and community-based organisations enabling the expansion of operations and enhanced implementation of humanitarian activities through Somali channels.

In 2007, the CAP will be structured along two pillars: humanitarian relief and early recovery. While the first (and by far the largest) pillar will focus only on humanitarian relief, the early recovery pillar will allow donors to fund priority early recovery activities, consistent with the Reconstruction Development Programme priorities for 2007, preferably to be resourced through the Interim Support Fund for Somalia. Early recovery programming in humanitarian settings works to restore services, livelihood opportunities and governance capacity and aims to stabilise human security and address underlying risks that triggers “shocks” such as conflict, drought and floods. Where access permits in the South, an integrated area-based approach to early recovery will be implemented.

While the CAP concentrates on meeting urgent humanitarian needs, the Somalia Reconstruction and Development Plan, which builds on the Joint Needs Assessment for Somalia4, is unlikely to be implemented at the beginning of 2007. The Early Recovery pillar of the Somalia CAP 2007 focuses on strengthening the impact of humanitarian assistance and laying the foundation for later-stage recovery. It is therefore separate from, but linked to, the implementation of the Reconstruction and Development Programme. Likewise, early recovery links up with the UNHCR-initiated Comprehensive Plan of Action for Somali Refugees, Returnees and IDPs, which aims at durable solutions for displaced Somalis in the region, partly through creating conditions conducive to their return and reintegration in their country of origin.

3 Source OCHA Somalia updated April 2004 (376,630) and UNHCR IDP Map Dec 2005 (407,000) rounded to 400,000 as a working estimate.4 The objective of the Joint Needs Assessment (JNA) is to help Somalia achieve sustained reconstruction and development through the assessment of needs and subsequent elaboration of a long term five year Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP). The RDP will function as an instrument for mobilising, distributing and coordinating international recovery assistance.

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In 2006, in line with global humanitarian reform initiatives, Somalia was one of four countries that piloted a national Inter-agency Standing Committee5 – chaired by the Humanitarian Coordinator with membership from seven UN agencies, seven NGOs and the International Committee of the Red Cross as an observer – and developed clusters6 of relevant partners in order to improve preparedness and response and fill gaps across the sectors and cross-cutting issues. The cluster approach will be continued in 2007 to meet the humanitarian needs of highly vulnerable Somalis.

The 2007 Consolidated Appeal for Somalia seeks US$7 237,112,824 for 128 projects through 14 UN agencies, 16 International NGOs and nine Local NGOs8 in the eight sectors of Access; Food Security and Livelihoods; Protection; Shelter; Health; Nutrition; Water and Sanitation; Education and the three cross-cutting sectors of Early Recovery, Gender and HIV/AIDS as well as the two support sectors of Logistics and Coordination and Support Services. Somalia CAP 2007 seeks a balanced sectoral response from donors and encourages them to build lasting partnerships, to enable partners working in Somalia to build adequate operational support. Generous contributions from the international community across all sectors will enable UN agencies and NGOs to ensure a coherent response and an integrated approach in 2007, enhanced by the new cluster coordination mechanism.

5 The IASC membership includes OCHA, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), World Food Programme (WFP), FAO, World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), CARE, Gedo Health Consortium (GHC), Danish Refugee Council (DRC), Oxford Committee for Famine Relief (OXFAM)/Nederlandse Organisatie voor Internationale Bijstand (NOVIB), CONCERN, Save the Children (SC)-UK and Advancement for Small Enterprise Programme (ASEP). International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) is an observer, while FAO/FSAU and Famine Early Warning System Network (FEWS-Net) are technical advisors. It meets on a monthly basis. 6 Somalia’s Eight Clusters: Health, Nutrition, Water and Sanitation (WatSan), Food, Education, Agriculture and Livelihood, Protection and Logistics.7 All dollar figures in this document are United States dollars. Funding for this appeal should be reported to the Financial Tracking Service (FTS, fts@reliefweb.int), which will display its requirements and funding on the FTS website (CAP 2007 page).8 Additional local NGOs may come in when projects are eventually implemented through Letters of Agreement.

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Table I: Summary of Requirements – By Appealing Organisation and By Sector

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IDP shelter at Ayuub site Merka southern Somalia. Source: OCHA Somalia June 2006.

SOMALIA

2. 2. 2006 YEAR IN REVIEWThe ICU’s stated goal is to establish a system of Sharia law in Mogadishu and those regions under their control. It remains unclear where the ICU militia obtained its substantial weaponry and financing from. Despite improved security for citizens of Mogadishu, life remains extremely tough since there are very few jobs and many people depend on money sent home by relatives living and working abroad.

Insecurity in Mogadishu has been the main reason why the TFG chose Baidoa as its interim seat of government. During 2006 the TFG president, Abdullahi Yusuf, repeatedly called for African Union (AU) peacekeepers to be brought in to Somalia to disarm militias and protect the transitional federal institutions (TFI’s) which remained extremely fragile with only limited capacity to provide basic services.

By mid September 2006, Inter-Governmental Authority on Development (IGAD) and AU endorsed the deployment of a regional peace-support mission, despite strong opposition from the ICU. The proposed peace support operation, among other things, intends to provide security for the transitional federal institutions and contribute to training of the security forces of the TFG. IGAD and AU have requested the Security Council to grant exemption from the arms embargo to allow for its early deployment. The Council is expected to consider this request in the near future. However, it is still not clear where the troops and funding for the proposed peace support mission will come from.

Many Somalis are opposed to the presence of foreign forces within their borders. However, there have been persistent reports of the presence of foreign forces in support of the TFG; as well as military support from foreign sources, for the ICU. There have also been allegations that some of Somalia’s neighbours have been using it to fight out a proxy war. In addition, in such an unstable environment, there has been growing concern over the increase in international terrorist infiltration and the spread of extremism in Somalia.

The possibility of an escalation of tensions between the TFG and the ICU into a wider conflict, with the involvement of neighbouring countries, could have profound regional and global implications, with the most serious implications being for Somalia itself. Nonetheless due to the high probability of increased refugee flow out of Somalia and the involvement of other countries in such a conflict, OCHA Somalia, UN agencies and other IASC partners stepped up their efforts to make contingency plans for such a worse case scenario (on the basis of those in need could double9), as well as improving lines of communication and coordination amongst the other affected countries in the Horn of Africa.

At the start of 2006, Somalia was experiencing an aggravated humanitarian emergency brought on by the worst drought in over a decade. Around 2.1 million people countrywide were in need of critical assistance10, including 400,000 Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs). South and Central Somalia in particular felt the brunt of the drought as around 1.7 million experienced a Humanitarian Emergency or Acute Food and Livelihood Crisis. The worst hit regions were in southern Somalia in Gedo, Lower and Middle Juba and areas of Bay and Bakool, with northern Gedo identified at moderate risk of a famine.The strategic priorities identified by the humanitarian community for 2006 were therefore set against one of the most challenging and complex emergencies in the world. The strategic priorities were: Increase access to basic humanitarian services for vulnerable populations, in particular one

million people in a state of Humanitarian Emergency and Livelihood Crisis, IDPs and those living in areas of return and resettlement;

Enhance the protection of and respect for the human rights and dignity of affected populations; Strengthen local capacity for social service delivery and response to natural or conflicted related

disaster.

However, the worst-case scenario of a famine evolving in the first half of the year was largely averted due to massive humanitarian action, the deeply embedded clan-based social support system and the absence of widespread conflict. However, following two years of poor and inadequate rainfall the primary Gu rainy season, which began in April, was still not sufficient for

9 FAO/FSAU Press Release August 15 2006.10 FAO/FSAU produced new working figures for number of people affected by worst drought in a decade to hit Somalia. A Revised 2006 CAP was launched in March to reflect the deteriorating drought conditions.

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complete livelihood recovery. Acute malnutrition rates are critical (according to the WHO classification 10-15% is a serious/emergency) and reflect the dire situation. In May/June 2006, FSAU and technical partners jointly reported that parts of the south was experiencing its bleakest malnutrition situation in years, with acute malnut rition rates of 23% being recorded in some regions of southern Somalia, well above the 15% emergency threshold.11

At least 1.4 million people are still in urgent need of urgent humanitarian assistance and livelihood support with an estimated 425,000 people facing a state of Humanitarian Emergency and 880,000 facing an Acute Food and Livelihood Crisis, as well as the 400,000 IDPs.

While humanitarian agencies implemented both short and long-term activities in support of the 2006 strategic priorities, there were major security and logistical constraints affecting the delivery of humanitarian assistance, especially in south and central regions where the impact of humanitarian activities remained limited. Insecurity that hindered humanitarian access was the overriding obstacle, combined with a lack of local Somali partners with operational capacity and qualified local staff to work with. Logistical constraints included piracy, poor road/port infrastructure and heavy Gu rains (in April and May) which resulted in localised flooding. In addition, the lack of effective government institutions, particularly in the South further hampered the implementation of projects. Population data remained unreliable, which hampered effective vulnerability analysis and targeting. There remained no livestock census to inform planning and monitoring and inadequate up to date comprehensive information on water sources.

For example in the five regions of southern Somalia where an estimated 58,000 malnourished children were in need of supplementary and therapeutic feeding, the coverage was 19% in four months (July 2006)12. With the convergence of the insecurity and critical levels of acute malnutrition, the security situation severely impacted on the level of coverage across the districts; Bakool (over 70%); Gedo and Middle Juba (5%); and no supplementary or therapeutic feeding in Lower Juba. Few humanitarian agencies with capacity could access some of the most affected areas.

Throughout 2006 vigorous steps were taken by OCHA and the humanitarian community, especially in the south of the country, to promote unhindered access to relief assistance; increase protection to vulnerable groups, as well as ensuring the safety of humanitarian personnel working in Somalia. In February 2006, OCHA widely disseminated an ‘Open Letter’ to all Somali leaders urging all actors to work towards creating an environment conducive to free and safe passage of humanitarian assistance. Concurrently, the dissemination of the ‘Statement of Commitment’ on access and protection to local authorities and communities was commenced by OCHA to garner grass root support and adherence to basic principles of unhindered humanitarian space and operation. Where the opportunity arose local reconciliation initiatives were supported in drought-affected areas. However, in February, the kidnapping of a UN international staff member in Lower Juba for 48 hours attested to the very fluid nature of the operational environment especially in the complex emergency environment of southern Somalia. Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF) funds were used to facilitate a flight service that allows organisations the opportunity to utilise United Nations Common Air Services (UNCAS) on a ‘pre-paid’ basis. Given that low levels and delayed funding are among the major constraints faced by humanitarian actors in Somalia, such support services have helped in enhancing access to South Central Somalia and enabling life-saving activities.

Since June when Mogadishu came under the control of the ICU, three humanitarian missions led by the Humanitarian Coordinator have been undertaken, (July, August and September) where engagement has been initiated with the ICU on guaranteeing security for humanitarian workers and enhancing access to vulnerable groups in need of assistance. A draft Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was presented by the Humanitarian Coordinator to the chairman of CISS’ Executive Committee (EXCOM)13 to be endorsed jointly by the UN and the ICU as a framework for principled engagement. In discussions, the ICU stated that they would make efforts to guarantee security and access for the humanitarian community. However they highlighted that the element of risk remains. Concerns raised by the Humanitarian Coordinator included the maintenance of humanitarian space, the need for direct access to partners and beneficiaries, enhancement of security, productive outcomes in the investigation on the killing of the Swedish cameraman Martin Adler who was shot in Mogadishu in

11 Global Acute Malnutrition (GAM) at 23.8% in Gedo; 22% in Afmadow; 21.9% in Buale in April/May 2006.12 The coverage is based on the number of children cured or in the selective feeding programmes against the expected malnourished children in the regions extrapolated from the population estimates and estimates of the acute malnutrition prevalence in the various areas.13 The SACB (Somalia Aid Coordination Secretariat) has been renamed the Coordination of International Support to Somalia (CISS) and the EXCOM is the executive committee of the CISS.

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June, provision of equal opportunities for women and girls and the process of establishment of a public administration. Discussions were also held on coordination and joint programming, whereby the UN nominated cluster focal points at Mogadishu level to liaise with the sectoral focal points identified by the ICU.

The killing of an Italian nun (working with the NGO SOS) in mid-September posed a major setback to the efforts of scaling up the humanitarian response in Mogadishu. Following the incident, all UN missions to Mogadishu have been suspended until further notice. The UN and NGOs are working through national staff to ensure the continuity of humanitarian activities. Planned activities include distribution of shelter boxes, plastic sheets, sleeping mats, mosquitoes’ nets, immunisation activities, health and hygiene education, improvement of sanitation facilities and revolving funds for women. While it is anticipated that the response plan will meet some of the short term needs, it is recognised that an effective response to the IDPs would require more substantial resources that are currently not available and would necessitate investment in key initiatives to strengthen assessment and analysis of needs such as the IDP Profiling14.

Despite significant operational and security challenges in Mogadishu in 2006, the UN has maintained a continuous presence during 2006, operating through approximately 40 national staff and nine UN agencies. UN programmes included work on polio eradication and sentinel surveillance of infectious and communicable diseases (WHO); work on water rehabilitation benefiting IDPs and support to Mother and Child Health Clinics (UNICEF); feeding programmes to improve nutritional status of patients at hospitals (WFP); other UN agencies with on-going programmes in Mogadishu include United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), FAO, UNHCR, United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UNHABITAT) and OCHA. In addition to these UN agencies, ICRC was active in the health sector and an estimated ten international NGOs worked with several local partners and civil society groups to carry out humanitarian programmes.

In 2006 key achievements in the food and livelihood cluster involved more than 101,000 Metric Tonnes (MTs) of food being distributed to around 2.3 million beneficiaries (to September 2006) in which WFP distributed 59,000 MTs to 1,300,000 beneficiaries and ICRC distributed 12,923 MTs to 718,560 beneficiaries. CARE distributed 32,276 MTs of mixed commodities to 408,225 beneficiaries. WFP and CARE were constrained by poor pipelines, minimal transport capacity and volatile security. In response to the drought around one million productive animals were treated, meeting 100% of intended target. De-stocking of 1,500 non-productive cattle took place (FAO), meeting 4% of intended target while 30,000 goats and sheep were also de-stocked (ICRC). Locally purchased and tested cereal and legume seed were distributed to 45,000 households in rain fed areas, meeting 50% of target. Finally, as the situation evolved with Gu rains materialising in parts of Somalia, opportunities for livelihood recovery emerged and 7,000 ruminants and 200 pack animals were re-distributed to marginalised pastoralists.

In health and nutrition 27 supplementary feeding programmes (out of target of 28) and seven therapeutic feeding centres were operational by the end of September 2006 in the accessible and affected regions of Bay, Bakool and Middle Juba, while community based therapeutic care was established in Bay, Bakool, Gedo and Middle Juba regions. 90 NGO staff members were trained on acute malnutrition management. In addition integration of the selective feeding programmes with livelihood programmes (training on diversified crop production), health and water and sanitation programmes was initiated. Blended food was also added to the general food distribution basket. Organisations vaccinated 1.3 million children against measles of which 690,000 were in the drought affected areas; 85 health personnel also received training. In the water and sanitation sector an estimated 774,815 people benefited from emergency drought response actions conducted by humanitarian partners – reaching an estimated 62% of the identified needs. Coverage across the regions was affected by access and the limited presence of international and local partners in Bakool (63%); Bay (47%); Gedo (19%); Middle Juba (18%) and Lower Juba (39%).

In education more than 30,000 pupils were able to resume schooling (79% of the target); an emergency school-feeding programme was developed for an estimated 18,000 pupils in south and central Somalia while the training of 140 mentors on Education in Emergency was completed in August. In the logistics cluster UN agencies and NGOs worked together to pool their resources 14 The IDP Profiling is a part of a global initiative whereby Somalia is one of the pilot countries. The first phase (desk review) has been finalised and the second phase, aimed at collecting in-depth information on priority IDP sites is planned for the period October 2006 to March 2007.

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involving joint use of cargo (air and sea), overland transport and warehouses. Within six weeks the amount of tonnage moved had increased five fold and new corridors were realised and opened up to respond to the drought.

Against this backdrop, 400,000 Somalis remained internally displaced living in settlements and public buildings (in a state of protracted emergency) and highly vulnerable. Many have lost all assets; they are deprived of clan protection and subjected to multiple human rights violations. Some progress was made in meeting the assistance and protection needs of IDPs in Somaliland and Puntland in 2006 but the needs of the IDPs in south and central regions remained largely unmet due to restricted access and lack of operational capacity. However, steps were taken in 2006 to review and take stock of existing IDP information, review gaps and come to a comprehensive understanding of IDP assistance and protection needs. In 2006 there were significant movements of people within the country's border and to neighbouring countries. Between January and March, an estimated 300,000 agro-pastoralists moved, due to the drought conditions, with their livestock in search of food and water, with the majority subsequently returning to their place of origin, especially in Gedo region. Secondly related to fighting in Mogadishu, between April and September, 77,423 people moved inside and outside of the city with the majority returning to their homes, once the conflict subsided. Movement across the borders to Kenya included over 30,000 individuals in 2006 (to October), largely as a result of drought and insecurity. In 2006, in terms of seeking refuge and human trafficking, 8,375 Somalis and 7,331 Ethiopians moved from north east Somalia to Yemen as of the beginning of October15.

The first sentinel Human Immuno-Deficiency Virus/Acquired Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) sero-prevalence survey was carried out in Somalia in 2004 and the prevalence rate was estimated at 0.9%, low compared to neighbouring countries, which provides an important opportunity for multi-sectoral actions to prevent a major HIV/AIDS epidemic from emerging in Somalia in the future. The threat of HIV/AIDS in Somalia has galvanised a united front against the disease in Puntland, Somaliland and south and central Somalia. With support from the international community, line ministries and civil society - including religious leaders - the building of partnerships is being undertaken in all regions to avert a major epidemic. The establishment of AIDS Commissions and Secretariats in each region offers the possibility for all Somalis to coordinate their efforts on HIV/AIDS. Somalis already have one agreed strategic framework and are working on one integrated prevention, treatment, care and support plan. They lack crucial capacities but they are increasingly multi-sectoral in their approach. A major challenge for the response will be to build the capacities of the AIDS Commission to better manage the response strategically and financially. Nevertheless the HIV/AIDS response is already a building block in reconciliation processes, which elevates a development response to a technical level above politics.

Following humanitarian reform and the setting up of a Somalia IASC and the development of the cluster approach, the IASC has enhanced both partnerships within the Somali humanitarian community and the ownership of humanitarian action in the country; as well as enabled a better focus on south and central regions by providing a platform where strategies and operational decisions on humanitarian issues can be addressed amongst partners.

15 UNHCR 2006

Food Aid and Cash Grants versus Donor Support For Non-Food SectorsDebate continues on how best to strengthen Somali livelihoods and mitigate the impact of drought, floods and conflict, which over the years has weakened the ability of Somalis to cope with ‘shocks’. While food aid provides immediate assistance to households with little ability to access food or income – food is not in a position to strengthen livelihoods in the mid to long term and provide resilience to ‘shocks’- and usually has to stop during the harvest season to avoid negative impacts on local markets. Cash programmes, in complement of food aid, which have been carried out by OXFAM GB and Horn Relief in 2006, in Gedo and Lower Juba targeted 100,000 people with the advantage of empowering beneficiaries by giving them the freedom to choose and prioritise their needs; as well as injecting money into the local economy through markets and businesses. The advantages of donor contributions to non-food aid sectors are just as important as life-saving food relief, as an integrated response across all sectors, particularly water and sanitation, health and nutrition are required to save lives in Somalia. The fact that one in five Somali children die before they reach the age of five is due to multiple causes including lack of hygiene and lack of safe drinking water, exacerbated by inadequate diet and feeding practices.

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2.1 FINANCIAL REVIEW

To meet the urgent humanitarian needs resulting from the worst drought in a decade, the Revised CAP launched in July 2006 requested $322,957,543 (from CAP 2006 requesting $174,116,815) through 92 projects (12 UN agencies, 13 International NGOs and five Local NGOs). More than 55% of the revised CAP 2006 was due to food relief requirements until the end of 2006. As of Mid November 2006 CAP is $187,782,407 covered which is 58%. The food Sector is 73% funded but continued efforts are required to secure funds for under funded sectors such as agriculture (16%) health (24%) education (8%) and protection (14%). Some NGOs and UN agencies have experienced difficulty in expanding activities into south and central regions because they lack operational support capacity and therefore they are unable to access ‘emergency funds’, as those do not fund additional operational support capacity.

Somalia has benefited funds from the modernised CERF. In two allotments in 2006, Somalia was allocated $6.0 million. The first allocation ($2,984,566) went to health and nutrition (55%), water and sanitation (24%) and livelihoods (20%). The second allocation ($3,037,648) went to logistics (48%) and common services (16%), emergency education (16%), health (10%) and livelihoods (10%). The first allocated CERF funds came at a crucial time when most of the critical life-saving sectors such as health, nutrition, water and sanitation were seriously under funded.

The Humanitarian Response Fund (which is a project under the CAP) received a total of $3.4 million in 2006 out of a total appeal of $8 million, in addition to $1.3 million carry over from 2005. To date around $3.2 million have been spent on supporting 15 projects mainly in the sectors of water and livelihoods, benefiting more than 260,000 people mainly in southern Somalia.

2.2 EVALUATION MISSIONS 2006 During 2006, several inter-agency assessment missions took place, as well as three external missions. In May, the UN Special Advisor on Internally Displaced led a donor mission to Somalia, accompanied by UN and media representatives. The mission travelled to Bossaso, Hargeisa, Baidoa and Merka where it visited a mixture of long term internally displaced, as well as those displaced by recent on-going conflict and drought, local authorities, land owners, religious leaders and representatives of the TFG, including President Abdullahi Yusuf. While there have been some positive developments in obtaining greater clarity from national counterparts on displacement related matters, relations with authorities remained strained, at times affected by localised vested interests and difficulties in distinguishing between humanitarian, developmental and political responsibilities. Protection has remained a major gap in the operational response, mostly due to lack of resources and experienced personnel.

The second external evaluation involved an inter-agency Real Time Evaluation16 which travelled to Somalia in August 2006 and found that despite constraints affecting the 2006 drought response, the humanitarian system had managed to mobilise itself in favour of the Somali population and contributed, together with the high resilience of Somali communities, to avoid starvation and limit the scale of displacements. As the early warning signals were not fully reflected in resource mobilisation around the CAP 2006, early opportunities for mitigation efforts were not optimally explored. There were nevertheless a certain number of lessons to be learnt, many being already well known by the aid community involved in Somalia. All the key findings are included in the bullet points below.

The Humanitarian Reform unit, based in Geneva, also conducted a mission to Somalia in August 2006 and consulted with staff in Nairobi and the field (mainly in Somaliland and Puntland) on the roll out of the new IASC and cluster led approach. Recommendations included the enhancement of communication between Nairobi and the field, involving more regular visits to the field by Nairobi based cluster leads and, in an effort to rationalise meetings, the mission supported the proposed merger of respective clusters and the Somali Support Secretariat (SSS) (former SACB) working groups under health, education and water/sanitation (the nutrition meetings had already been merged by then).17

16 The Real Time Evaluation (RTE) of the 2005/2006 Somalia drought humanitarian response was a multi-agency process in the which the IASC acted as an overall umbrella and other UN agencies – OCHA, UNICEF, FAO, WHO, United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM), and WFP – acted as an evaluation steering committee, providing the institutional framework. The RTE offered a mechanism for system-wide lessons learnt on humanitarian response in the context of the crisis with a rapid and concrete feed back on the ongoing operations.17 See Annex Five – Organgram of SSS and IASC.

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2.3 SOMALIA LESSONS LEARNT 2006 All humanitarian actions contributed, among other factors, to avert a catastrophe in 2006,

but the scale of operations was limited by insecurity, a lot of variation in the speed of the reaction and the limited capacity of humanitarian organisations to respond. These programmes should continue with a strong focus on supporting resilience of households and communities;

Support is needed for innovative approaches in programming, including cash-based actions, as an alternative to the focus on food aid action (which is not the only answer). These activities are more cost effective and can be simpler to implement. Cash is needed to meet critical programming needs in the areas of health, nutrition and pastoral and agro-pastoral livelihood recovery;

Sectoral programming in health and nutrition should focus on activities requiring limited external involvement - training and capacity building strengthening - and providing resources less susceptible to diversion, such as therapeutic food and surgical equipment;

Somalia population estimates are problematic as there has not been a reliable population census for over three decades. UN Theme Group on Statistics have, however, reviewed and agreed to use UNDP population estimates for 2005.18 Only a census could establish realistically the size and distribution of Somalia’s population, therefore, it is commonly recognised that these population estimates are planning figures only and should be used with caution. The FAO/FSAU uses these agreed upon population estimates in their analysis, therefore estimations of populations in need of humanitarian assistance should be considered as planning figures only19;

New working modalities will be needed to reduce the bureaucracy currently required for coordination and to limit dependence on Nairobi based staff. There remains a need for more senior staff in the field and the decentralisation of the decision making process;

The need for investment in lasting partnership and in operational capacity and the need to strengthen local capacity by working with and delegating implementation of projects to local NGOs;

IASC provided a platform for developing strategies to respond to an unprecedented humanitarian crisis and the cluster approach has raised awareness of lead agencies about their respective sectoral commitments and responsibilities. However IASC and cluster approach needs to be further decentralised and consolidated at regional level. It will require training efforts as well as clarification on accountability;

Initial fears of overlap on coordination between the SSS and the IASC have been addressed by merging some of the working groups and clusters. The IASC, supported by OCHA is addressing complex emergency issues and its members ensure coherency with longer-term activities through the set up coordination mechanisms20;

Need to monitor progress made by local authorities in addressing IDPs issues to help the UN Country Team make informed and strategic decisions on how best provide protection and assistance to this vulnerable group;

Protection cluster to produce a monthly bulletin to identify practical activities that have been undertaken to improve lives of IDPs and indicators on where the cluster stands in achieving them;

Need to enhance coordination between the humanitarian community, the TFG and other regional authorities in the areas of preparedness and capacity building.

Need for enhanced engagement on with local Community-Based Organisations (CBOs), local authorities, elders and communities with a view to promote capacity building fro service delivery;

Need to better map humanitarian response channelled through by Islamic charities, the business communities and the Diaspora;

The Humanitarian Response Fund has proven to be an effective mechanism in releasing ready funds at the onset of an emergency and in filling gaps in humanitarian response and has contributed towards the enhancement of operational coordination. Given the currently restricted access by international agencies to priority areas, there is need to improve access of the Somali NGOs to the Humanitarian Response Fund (HRF).

18 These estimates are found to be close (5%) to an independent estimate of population made available through land sat imageries.19 2005 UNDP population estimates are based on UNDP 2004 survey 20 See Annex Five –Organigram of CISS (formerly SACB) and IASC

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3. THE 2007 COMMON HUMANITARIAN ACTION PLAN

3.1 THE CONTEXT AND ITS HUMANITARIAN CONSEQUENCES

3.1.A The ContextThe FAO/FSAU led Post Gu Assessment (August 2006), reported that an estimated 1.8 million people or 24%21 of the population were in critical need of assistance through to 2007 (compared to 922,000 a year ago), including 400,000 IDPs. Of the 1.4 million food insecure, 1.1 million or 80% are located in south and central regions. Though this marks some improvement since January 2006, when the worst drought in a decade unfolded in Somalia (and an estimated 2.1 million people required assistance), the implications for the populations in south and central regions following the post Gu 2006 (long rainy season – April to July) are not good.

In July, the FAO/FSAU nutrition surveillance system identified that most areas currently in Humanitarian Emergency or Acute Food and Livelihood Crisis had surpassed malnutrition rates of 15%. (See Nutrition Response Plan: Somalia – Current Range of Estimates of Malnutrition 28 July 2006 Map). Malnutrition rates are extremely high in those districts in south and central regions experiencing drought, flooding and/or localised conflict, with Gedo and parts of Lower and Middle Juba experiencing acute malnutrition rates greater than 20%. While such rates would likely trigger massive external emergency actions anywhere else in the world, in Somalia, this has been the norm for many years. As a result, the population’s resilience to shocks is very weak. Children are particularly badly affected by a lack of availability and accessibility of food, poor quality of diet, unsophisticated infant feeding practices and inadequate maternal and childcare

practices.Such conditions, however much unacceptable, As the poor nutrition statistics demonstrate, attempts by the humanitarian community to meet the vast needs of the drought-affected populations were not always met in 2006 largely as a result of access constraints.

The discussions, within the humanitarian community, on the benefits of food relief as opposed to cash donor support for humanitarian programming and strengthening livelihood resilience, will continue in 2007 - especially since drought, flooding and insecurity continue to force people to move continuously from their areas of origin. During March 2006, at the peak of the recent drought that hit the Horn of Africa, the population tracking system reported 300,000 drought-induced movements. The depletion of resources (water and pasture) in many areas led pastoralists and agro pastoralists to move either with their livestock to areas where water and food was available or to abandon their home area altogether. With the arrival of the 2006 Gu rains, many started to return to their area of origin but livelihoods remained disrupted and under severe pressure. This kind of environment will do little to improve life for the 43% of the Somali population who live below the extreme poverty line, amongst whom less than 30% consumed the minimum dietary daily energy requirements.22

To foster recovery but also respond to the pressing humanitarian needs, the food and agriculture and livelihood cluster in Somalia recognise and stress the need for long-term solutions for the agriculture and livestock sectors, in conjunction with humanitarian actions. Agriculture is critical for survival not only in terms of meeting the food needs of the population, roughly 50% is met through domestic production - but also in terms of generating income through crop sales and providing agricultural labour opportunities. While the livestock sector is the largest contributor to Somali livelihoods with over 65% of the population engaged in some way in the industry, livestock also remains a key local consumption commodity for household food security23. Complete livelihood recovery in parts of the

21 The percentage is based on an estimated total population of 7,502,654 (UNDP 2005)22 UNDP Socio Economic Survey 2002 reports that about 43% of the Somali population is estimated to be in extreme poverty (per capita income less than $1 per day) with 23% in urban and 53% in rural and nomadic areas. General poverty in Somalia (per capita income less than $2 per day) is estimated as 73% (60% urban and 79% rural and nomadic)23 Exports of livestock and their products account for 80% of exports in normal years but exports have been periodically interrupted by droughts and international bans. Despite the ban imposed by Saudi Arabia in 2000, livestock exports continue to be the largest traded

IDP children at a settlement in southern Somalia (Source: OCHA, May 2006)

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south and central regions could take several years (according to the FAO/FSAU 2006 Post Gu Assessment) due to high asset losses with cattle deaths at between 15-60% (This figure is arrived at through 15-25% loss in Bay and Bakool and 40-55/60% loss in Juba and Gedo) and financial indebtedness. Gu 2006 cereal production in 2006 was well below the post-war average24 at 73% with Lower Juba, Middle Juba and Hiran experiencing almost complete crop failure.

Somalia continues to be affected by natural and man-made disasters including droughts and seasonal floods (resulting in crop and livestock losses); environmental degradation; the use of landmines and the regular chewing of khat (leaf narcotic), with serious social and economic implications affecting productivity – especially of men. Few people earn wages and most rely on subsistence farming. Remittances from the diaspora account for an estimated $1 billion per annum which is vital to the country’s economy and makes up about 23% of the average urban household income – helping to mitigate the impact of chronic poverty. The country continues to have some of the worst health indicators in the world with life expectancy of only 48 years. One in four Somali children dies before the age of five and 1,600 Somali women die for every 100,000 live births25.

The human rights situation continues to be of great concern and there are regular reports of mistreatment of prisoners, hostage taking, rape, deliberate killings and arbitrary detentions without trial. There is an urgent need to improve the administration of justice, strengthen the rule of law and build national capacity to enforce law and apply international human rights standards. However, the capacity of the TFG remains weak, hindering the establishment of effective and functioning state institutions in the country. In the north of the country, progress has been made with rule of law programme initiatives that have gone some way to build an institutional foundation. Law enforcement and judicial structures have been strengthened, with an emphasis on both rehabilitation of physical infrastructure and provision of equipment, as well as institutional and human capacity building.

In Mogadishu, where up to 250,000 IDPs reside, most of the population is exhausted by the violence and anarchy that characterised the city under the control of the warlords - and the ICU has so far enjoyed significant popular support. By the end of June, WHO and UNICEF had managed to carry out a three-day polio vaccination campaign (through their national staff) reaching 97% of the city’s children. However, one of the biggest challenges facing the ICU will be the inclusion of all segments of civil society, including women and minorities, in the administration and normalisation of daily life. In July, the ICU appealed publicly for humanitarian aid for thousands of civilians as well as for help in reintegrating disarmed militia. The ICU also stated that they would provide assistance, unhindered access and security to aid personnel. The UN is now actively exploring ways of boosting its presence in the city. The priority for the humanitarian community remains to access and work amongst the more than 250,000 IDPs in Mogadishu in desperate need of relief and who, over the last several years, have received very limited humanitarian assistance.

Most IDPs live in shelters made of scrap material, metal, cardboard and branches or whatever can be scavenged - and in public buildings. IDPs account for more than 5% of the population. They lack adequate sanitary facilities and the incidence of communicable diseases is high. The majority are women and children, experiencing multiple and protracted displacements. They face discrimination, exploitation and physical violence among other abuses and many are separated from their traditional support mechanisms, including their clan base. Poverty forces IDP girls into exploitative work relationships and child labour is one of several survival mechanisms for IDP families. Casual work and begging also provides a little income but is barely sufficient for one meal a day, resulting in high malnutrition and mortality rates. Some IDPs belong to weak or minority clans and have little recourse to systems of justice when violations of their human rights take place. In some parts of the country, the de facto authorities divert humanitarian assistance and deny IDPs access to the most basic services, such as water and food. Levels of acute malnutrition amongst IDPs are generally above those of resident communities.26 There is naturally a strong desire for education amongst IDPs but access is often related to the protective environment, as is access to health facilities. Entrenched socio-ethnic divisions affect access to employment opportunities and income that, in turn, affects the degree of access to education and health.

commodity for Somalia.24 The Post War Average is calculated from the year FSAU started collecting crop data which is 199525 UNDP Development Report 200526 In an inter-agency survey conducted in two IDP settlements in Wajid in February 2006, a total of 142 children from 111 households were assessed with a global acute malnutrition of 27.1% and severe acute malnutrition of 9%. During the survey, it was noted that the main reasons for movement were a lack of food and/or water (77.3%), civil insecurity (9%) and lack of income generating opportunities (9%). The rates of malnutrition were higher than the surrounding area. (FSAU Monthly Nutrition Update, February 2006)

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Daily Life in an IDP settlement Khadra and Ilhan are related by marriage. Their families fled to Mogadishu in 1988 during the conflict in Somaliland and returned to Hargeisa in 1992 to find half of their land had been taken. Now they live on a small plot 13X13 metres plots in Daami, a site of 10,000 people made up of southern Somali IDPs, Ethiopian refugees and minority clans from Somaliland, many of whom are returnees. While some IDPs sites are on government owned land, Daami is completely ad hoc and has no basic services. The women’s families live in small huts made of pieces of clothing sewn together, oilcans hammered flat, plastic bags and large sacks. Neither have toilets. A neighbouring family agreed to share their toilet with them, but sometimes the door to the toilet is locked and Ilhan and Khadra’s families must use pots and wait for the neighbours to unlock the toilet so they can dispose of their waste. Ilhan is 30 years old and has seven children. Her husband works repairing metal objects. She says they receive no remittances from abroad and no direct help from any local or international organisation. None of Ilhan’s seven children are in school; she cannot afford the fees. Her biggest concern is shelter. If the family had proper shelter, she says, the rest would not be so bad. Khadra is 25, has two children and is pregnant. Her husband, a shoemaker, earns 5,000 or 20,000 Somaliland shillings a day which is equivalent to $0.80 - $3). Khadra’s biggest fear is that if there are complications with the birth, she will not be able to afford proper medical care. The two women belong to the Gaboya clan (the collective name for different occupational minority groups who have traditionally suffered discrimination in the nomadic pastoralist based society. Both worry for their children’s safety. As a minority clan, they have very little support. Last year some boys her son had a fight with, destroyed Ilhan’s hut.

Source: OCHA Somalia

SOMALIA

Since the start of the year, 25,000 Somali refugees have arrived in Kenya of which 6,000 arrived in September fleeing insecurity and concerns over imminent conflict. Somaliland, already hosts an estimated 40,000 IDPs, and Puntland hosts up to 70,000 IDPs, with over 28,000 in Bossaso and significant numbers in Garowe and Galkayo. In September, the Puntland authorities announced they would not allow southern Somalis on their territory anymore, for fear that they would bring instability to Puntland. Meanwhile clan and drought related tensions in the extremely food-insecure areas of Galgadud and south Mudug have created large concentrations of IDPs and disrupted regional and inter-regional trade.

Over the last ten years, encouraged by stability in certain areas of the country such as Somaliland and Puntland, a large number of refugees originating from northern regions have returned (700,000 to Somaliland and 400,000 to Puntland), putting enormous pressure on and stretching basic social services to their limits. The scarcity of reintegration opportunities, particularly in establishing livelihoods has led many returnees to join IDPs and the urban poor in their locations or settlements, under deplorable living conditions and with little safety or security. An estimated 370,000 Somalis remain in exile and 270,000 of this number are still living in the region.

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3.1.B CONSEQUENCESHumanitarian access in Somalia remains critical to the country’s most vulnerable populations in urgent need of humanitarian assistance and protection, particularly the large number who reside in south and central regions who are extremely food insecure or internally displaced. In recent years, lack of sustained humanitarian access and restricted operating space in these areas has been a major factor affecting human survival.

Somalia – Indicative Food Security Phase Classification 2007

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However, during 2006 there were some positive developments, which demonstrate that it is possible to broaden humanitarian operating space through the promotion of peace building and the establishment of representative local administrations. In February, preceding the Baidoa parliamentary session on 26 February, a reconciliation meeting between Digil and Mirifle sub-clans in Wajid resulted in a Nine-Point Agreement, known as the Wajid Accord. Among the points are the unification of the sub-clan militia, the relocation of militia outside Baidoa town, the formation of a temporary court, and the establishment of a unified administration for the region. The Agreement was implemented through a series of committees, and community elders have stressed that its essence is to facilitate humanitarian access to communities in need in the two regions affected by the drought. In July, Bay region, also in southern Somalia celebrated the appointment of a new Governor and two deputies whose selection came through a consultative process that drew together various traditional elders, political and religious groups, women, young people and intellectuals who worked together on re-establishing representative local administrations.

Humanitarian assistance (See annex 2 – Estimated Population By Region in Humanitarian Emergency (HE) and Acute Food and Livelihood Crisis (AFLC)) requires accessing vulnerable populations in Humanitarian Emergency27 which need immediate protection against total loss of their livelihood assets and actions based on meeting their immediate needs, which include access to food, water, sanitation, health and shelter. It is also necessary to be able to access populations experiencing Acute Food and Livelihood Crisis28 which require livelihood support and strategic sectoral actions such as improvement of irrigation infrastructure, facilitation of increased access to financial credit and debt relief and improved access to human and livestock health services, preventing erosion of their livelihood assets. The following map: Somalia – Indicative Food Security Phase Classification 2007 outlines the location and degree of vulnerability of groups in Somalia.

Throughout 2006, the humanitarian community sought collaborative ways to improve its understanding of and response to human rights and protection needs in Somalia, particularly for the IDPs, children, minorities and women. However, there continues to be insufficient capacity, internationally and locally, to effectively monitor and to assess the scope and gravity of the violations and to practically address and redress the situation of individuals and communities. For 2007, whilst continuing to improve protection competencies and capacities, the focus is to expand upon existing Protection initiatives. These include tracking population movements and the profiling of IDP settlements that provide early warning information and more efficient information on the targeting of humanitarian relief. The focus will be on practical steps, working with Somali partners, to improve the protective environment in Somalia and will concentrate on the human rights and protection needs of the internally displaced populations and other vulnerable groups such as women, children, returnees, refugees, those living with HIV/AIDS, minorities and the disabled.

Addressing property issues will avoid the institutionalisation of illegal occupation of land and buildings and the obstruction of the return of displaced Somalis. Some of the IDPs are dispossessed farmers who lost valuable and fertile riverine lands to militias who redrew clan boundaries in the 1990s in areas like the Juba and Shabelle Valleys. Many IDPs in south and central urban areas have now found shelter in public buildings and currently face evictions, as buildings are increasingly required back to service the wider community. Advocacy and a plan of action are required to ensure that when evictions occur, a fair process is upheld and IDPs are not left without adequate shelter. In the north of the country the spontaneous ‘privatising’ of land by resident landowners, has resulted in a lack of state owned land, with which to provide shelter to IDPs and other vulnerable populations. In addition IDPs face forced payment of rent without legal guarantees. As part of the Joint UN IDP Strategy, one option to resolving the issues of IDPs is the equitable integration of these populations into urban areas, 27 See Annex 1 and Annex 2: Integrated Food Security Phase Classification Table / Table of Estimated Number of people in regions in need Humanitarian Emergency and Acute Food and Livelihood Assistance28 As per footnote above

.

A water intervention by the local NGO ASEP in Bardera, southern Somalia, funded by the Humanitarian Response Fund, saved the breeding stock in this village and relieved people from trekking long distances in search of water. Source ASEP, March 2006

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through improved urban planning to reduce overcrowding; provide for the planning of basic services and the development of by-laws which provide rental and ownership rights to the IDPs as well as to the wider community.

Hundreds of Somalis (and Ethiopians) continue to die as a result of human smuggling, which continues, unabated from the north east coast of Puntland to Yemen - a transit point for people en route to the Gulf States, Europe and other destinations in search of work (8,375 have been recorded as departing according to UNHCR). Most are young and want to escape a region stricken by conflict, poverty and recurrent drought conditions. According to UNHCR the number of people being transported grew dramatically in 2006 and is continuing to rise at alarming rates.

Infant, child and maternal mortality rates are among the highest in the world, at 133 and 224 per 1,000 live births (UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) 2000) and 1,600 per 100,000 live births (UNICEF/WHO estimates) respectively. Diarrhoeal disease-related dehydration, respiratory infections and malaria are the main killers of infants and young children, together accounting for more than half of all child deaths. The major underlying causes of diarrhoea are the lack of access to safe water and poor food and domestic hygiene. A major underlying cause of child morbidity is the lack of access to safe drinking water, aggravated by the destruction and looting of water supply installations during the civil war, the continuing conflict, and a general lack of maintenance. This situation is compounded by erratic rainfall patterns that produce both drought and flooding. It is estimated that 65% of the population does not have reliable access to safe water throughout the year. Less than 50% of Somalis live in households with sanitary means of disposing excreta.

The impact of poor environmental sanitation is particularly felt in the cities, towns and large villages, or other places where people live in close proximity to each other. Defecation is generally close to dwellings and water resources and the lack of garbage collection and proliferation of plastic bags affect the urban environment and water sources. Poor hygiene and environmental sanitation are major causes of diseases such as cholera among children and women. Cholera is endemic and claims hundreds of lives annually, particularly in densely populated areas. Access to clean water is essential for prevention of diarrhoea diseases and cholera.

Though data is lacking, Somalia remains one of the countries with the highest incidence of tuberculosis in the world. Overcrowded IDP camps and lack of treatment facilities, unsystematic and poor quality drugs and high rates of malnutrition keep tuberculosis as one of the main killer diseases. Susceptibility to measles is compounded by poor nutritional status and immunisation coverage is not yet sufficient to prevent measles outbreaks. Despite the number of polio cases dropping from 185 last year to 30 in September 2006, the polio outbreak has spread across the country, affecting 14 of 19 regions. Every effort is being made to ensure that immunisation campaigns are synchronised with other Horn of Africa countries to halt the spread of the virus. On 17 October Kenya reported its first case of polio in more than 20 years at a refugee camp in Dadaab.

Reproductive health is a major problem with Somali women among the most high risk groups in the world. Haemorrhage, prolonged and obstructed labour, infections and eclampsia are the major causes of death at childbirth. Anaemia and female genital cutting/mutilation have a direct impact on, and aggravate these conditions. Poor antenatal, delivery and postnatal care with an almost complete lack of emergency obstetric referral care for birth complications, further contribute to high rates of mortality.

At the height of the drought in February, these young girls are waiting with their water containers for the water truck to arrive in their village situated in Rabdhurre district of Wajid, southern Somalia. Without the water trucking initiative in February that brought water from the Wajid town borehole to their village 65 kilometres away, the girls would have had to walk very long distance to fetch water.Source: UNICEF, Somalia, February 2006.

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Education and formal classroom learning opportunities are limited for the majority of children in Somalia – reaching an estimated 28% of the primary school age population (UNICEF Primary Education Survey 2006). Gender related disparities remain a major area of concern with low enrolment and high drop out rates of girls due to a combination of traditional attitudes, timing of classes and economic considerations; primary school gross enrolment rates are 34% for boys and 22% for girls. The country now faces the prospect of two ‘lost generations’ who have received no education so are unproductive and unskilled to take up leadership roles. The loss of this human capital will have enormous costs both to individual households and to Somali society in future, especially as the country attempts to rebuild its shattered economy. It also poses an enormous challenge to demobilise militiamen whose lack of education makes it difficult to absorb them into an economy, when the situation in parts of Somalia becomes more peaceful.

While there have been increases in the number of operational schools and in enrolment rates, considerable disparities in the quality of and access to primary education are still problematic in parts of the country because of the socio-economic, cultural and political realities. Most existing schools are concentrated in and around urban areas and are mainly financed by fees or other forms of support from parents and communities with some input from external agencies.

Reports indicate that Gender Based Violence continues to occur throughout the country including sexual violence (rape and attempted rape) domestic violence, trafficking and harmful traditional practices such as Female Genital Cutting/Mutilation – a lot of concern has been raised regarding rape and sexual assault against displaced, minority and vulnerable women and children. There is a need to strengthen the response of the justice system (law enforcement, judiciary and customary law mechanisms) to ensure apprehension, prosecution and punishment of perpetrators.

The Positive Impact on IDP women of Sexual and Gender Based Violence Programme

Sexual and Gender Based Violence (SGBV) is a widespread but largely hidden problem in Somalia. Due to fear of stigmatisation, secondary victimisation and the unpredictability of legal systems, women often fail to report SGBV. The lack of open discussion of SGBV in Somalia results in little understanding of what constitutes such crimes as well as their psychological effects. In early 2006, the Protection Working Group formed in Hargeisa and developed an action plan prioritising IDPs and SGBV. Since then, several SGBV prevention and response programmes, particularly within the IDP community, have been initiated or strengthened.

One such programme is a pilot project run by the Local Non-Governmental Organisation (LNGO) Comprehensive Community Based Rehabilitation in Somalia (CCBRS) with the support of UNHCR. CCBRS is providing psychosocial care to SGBV victims in three IDPs sites in Hargeisa – Daami, State House and Stadium – where it is estimated that up to 1,800 people (including children) are experiencing psychosocial problems due to SGBV.

About 25 women attend the twice-weekly group counselling sessions in each of the three sites. They also meet in self-help support groups, started by the CCBRS counseller. The women speak openly of a cycle of domestic violence that is exacerbated by khat addiction. They say that as they have no way of locking their huts, rapes occur after they have left abusive husbands. There are death threats and there are battles over custody of children, sometimes resulting in husbands taking the children by force. The women are grateful for the guidance and support of CCBRS and say that on the days CCBRS visits the sites, the incidence of SGBV tends to decline, as men don’t want to be reported. They are eager for more concrete assistance, however – such as income generation projects – in order to empower themselves practically as well as psychologically. CCBRS, in the meantime, says that it intends to begin programmes aimed at educating men and changing their behaviour.

Source : OCHA Somalia

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3.2 SCENARIOSDuring the CAP 2007 consultations, humanitarian organisations considered a number of possible planning scenarios for 2007 based primarily on political and climatic factors, which are elaborated on in the scenarios below. The United Nations Political Office (UNPOS) and the FEWS-Net as well as the FAO/FSAU made presentations at the CAP 2007 workshop.Political Scenarios Best Case Scenario: There have already been two rounds of peace talks in Khartoum which have made some progress, even though some of the more difficult issues have not as yet been tackled. A negotiated settlement between the two sides involving an agreement on power-sharing and security arrangements is not an impossible eventuality but it will involve a long process of dialogue, along with many challenges on the way. These problems may not be completely addressed in just one additional round of talks and may involve a long dialogue process. Therefore, a whole series of efforts will be needed to bring the sides to accommodation aimed at genuine peace and reconciliation.

Most Likely: The status quo, involving the presence of a weak but legitimate TFG alongside a more powerful but de facto ICU, is not sustainable. This is because either there will be a confrontation between the two sides or there might be a gradual move towards mutual accommodation.

Worst Case Scenario: The ICU continues to expand its control and influence, the risk of confrontation between TFG and ICU escalating into a conflict is very high and likely flash points are Galkayo, Kismayo and Bay and Bakool. One reason for this escalation may be the competing and conflicting regional influences, which are now at work in Somalia. On the one hand, there are foreign interests who see a threat in the unprecedented rise of the ICU, while there are others, who see the threat coming allegedly from hegemonic aspirations of one of Somalia’s neighbours. Thus the escalation of the confrontation into conflict is very likely to be accompanied by the risk of increased foreign interference and actions, as well as the possible ‘spill over’ of the conflict across Somalia’s borders.

Climatic ScenariosOther factors that might result in a considerable increase in humanitarian response in 2007 include the occurrence of drought conditions, flooding or other unforeseen natural disasters such as tsunami or El-Nino.

RainfallThe eighteenth Climate Outlook Forum held in Nairobi during September 2006 predicted that there is an elevated probability that most of Somalia will receive near to below normal Deyr season rainfall (October-December 2006). If Deyr 2006/7 rains are below the post war average the country will experience the fourth consecutive season of below normal cereal production (Gu 06, Deyr 05, Gu 05) and the second consecutive year of below normal annual cereal production. Pastoral and agro-pastoral livelihood areas will see deterioration in pasture and water conditions which will lead to further deterioration in livestock body conditions and productivity and value. Livestock mortality rates are likely to increase in Hiran and central regions where there is already a severe water crisis. Poor rainfall can also spark resource-based conflicts due to reduced availability of pasture and water in pastoral and agro-pastoral areas.

FloodingWhile the 2006 Gu season did not see any major floods, unusual but significant rainfall fell in the upper catchments of the river Valleys in Ethiopian highlands during late August, which led to flooding in southern Somalia along the Juba and Shabelle rivers affecting thousands of people. In September, The Climate Outlook Forum for the Greater Horn of Africa indicated that the Ethiopian highlands are predicted to have normal to above normal rainfall during the secondary Deyr rainy season, which has worrying implications for possible flooding of the Juba and Shabelle rivers downstream during October to December 2006.

El-Niño and SomaliaAccording to the IGAD Climate Prediction and Application Centre (IPAC) warmer than average Sea Surface Temperatures (SSTs) are forecast over the central Indian Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean indicating the likely occurrence of a neutral to weak El Niño conditions, coinciding with the Deyr season. However, whilst these climate forecasts have an uncertain degree of probability they do give an indicator of the likelihood of a given climate scenario.

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From a planning perspective, there are three things to focus on: A weak El-Niño (resulting in heavy rainfall) could result in devastating floods in the Juba

Valley which is at the heart of the current drought. Any additional shocks (such as flooding or conflict) would quickly push the region into a severe crisis.

If the October - December (Deyr) rains are bad in pastoral areas there will almost certainly be a rapid deterioration in the food security situation.

Even if there are normal or above normal rains, the impact of the recent drought has been significant, in terms of impact, on people’s livelihoods, and sustained support to livelihood recovery combined with continued emergency assistance, will be required for the most affected populations well into 2007.

Contingency PlansIt is generally accepted that given the current situation in Somalia, the humanitarian needs of the country’s most vulnerable populations in 2007 will remain similar to 2006. If there is an escalation in the political crisis that results in widespread conflict and the disruption of inter-regional trade, FSAU has reported the implications for the humanitarian situation will be severe. In such a scenario, the total number of people facing humanitarian crisis could double29. This would not only prolong the time period of the crisis but further undermine the resilience and abilities of the population to manage future shocks. In the worst-case scenario, there would be increased population displacement into the neighbouring countries, thus worsening the regional nature of the crisis. Any foreseen changes in the political or climatic context that go beyond the projected scenarios will be closely monitored and the CAP would be revised to reflect these developments and their consequences.

In response to the new political and security developments following the rise of the ICU and its consolidation of power over parts of southern Somalia, OCHA initiated a contingency planning process in July 2006. This process led to the establishment of an IASC Contingency Plan for Somalia, based on the development of agreed planning scenarios and Cluster Response Plans. Humanitarian response capacity has been further reduced by the decision to temporary relocate UN international staff from the South Central region as of 21 September. OCHA is mapping the response capacity of humanitarian partners, particularly Somali NGOs, in the most vulnerable and under-served parts of Somalia, and is seeking agency commitments, by sector, to assume lead or shared responsibilities for emergency response. The IASC Contingency Plan for Somalia continues to be developed in closed coordination with regional partners in neighbouring Kenya and Ethiopia, and is designed to serve as a complement to individual agency and organisation contingency plans. As always in the Somali context, the bulk of humanitarian assistance will be delivered by UN and NGO national staff and by Somali NGOs, local communities and businesses.

3.3 STRATEGIC PRIORITIESThe CAP 2007 focus is to provide humanitarian assistance and protection to the vulnerable populations in Humanitarian Emergency, Acute Food and Livelihood Crisis and amongst the 400,000 IDPs, especially those populations in south and central regions who have been difficult to access in the past due to insecurity and lack of partners. Such assistance seeks to save lives, reduce human suffering and to promote self-reliance and sustainable livelihoods. The humanitarian community will also focus on overcoming major constraints through more systematic advocacy on access and strengthening the capacity of local partners.

The Consolidated Appeals Process (CAP)In terms of the CAP process consultations for the 2007 Somalia CAP took place in Hargeisa, Garowe, Baidoa, Mogadishu and Nairobi in August 2006 with more than 330 participants, including representation from 16 UN agencies, 40 local NGOs and 30 international NGOs, local authorities and the TFG. NGO participation was particularly strong. 13 donors were also consulted in a separate meeting in the first week of September. See Annex Four: Organisations consulted during CAP 2007 Consultation Process.

Key humanitarian issues of concern emerging from the three mini-workshops (and Mogadishu meeting) and further elaborated at the Nairobi two-day workshop included access/security, food and livelihoods, human development, access to basic social services, protection and human rights. Reflecting these concerns, the Somalia 2007 workshop agreed on eight CAP sectors: Access; Food

29 FAO/FSAU Press Release August 15 2006

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Security and Livelihoods; Protection; Health; Nutrition; Water and Sanitation; Education and Shelter and three cross-cutting groups, Gender; HIV/AIDS and Early Recovery with support sectors - Logistics and Coordination and Support Services.

Improved Emergency Preparedness and Contingency PlanningExperience of the last several years has highlighted the importance of multi-agency emergency preparedness and contingency planning given the high vulnerabilities to both natural and man made disasters in Somalia. Present contingency planning capacities in the event of cholera outbreaks, Avian Flu, major riverine flooding and large-scale conflict represent essential starting points for a more operational-based approach within the cluster coordination framework. An uncertain political and climate situation in which a return to large scale drought conditions may occur if the 2006 Deyr short rains are poor or in the event of significant conflict between political groupings in the country – and even neighbouring countries – underline the importance of this investment in preventing unnecessary human suffering.

AdvocacyOn behalf of the IASC, OCHA Somalia is facilitating the development and implementation of a collaborative advocacy strategy, the overall goal of which is to improve the conditions for delivery of humanitarian assistance in the country. Since this is such an important element of CAP 2007, there is an urgent need for much more resources - both financial and human - to ensure that activities are carried out at various levels. The OCHA strategy focuses on four elements: increasing humanitarian access, protection of civilians, improving the credibility of the humanitarian community and increasing the profile of Somalia internationally. With the current political instability, the need for advocacy on many levels has never been greater including the promotion of humanitarian principles and prioritisation of the most vulnerable groups within the Somali population.

Early RecoveryEarly recovery activities under the CAP are consolidated in an early recovery pillar, allowing the other CAP clusters to focus exclusively on humanitarian activities. The early recovery pillar is the smaller pillar that bridges the gap between the early RDP needs and the immediate humanitarian needs. Early recovery activities are crucial for stabilisation and should start in the humanitarian phase to prepare for more development oriented activities. Through greater field presence and coordination capacity by the UN resident coordinator and humanitarian coordinator, an integrated and more comprehensive approach can be put in place to move away from short-term humanitarian support. Conditions for engagement are the presence of nascent government structures, increased access, basic reconciliation and peace building as well as local administration planning capacity. This will also allow for more sustainable reintegration of displaced population.”

FundingThe 2007 Consolidated Appeal for Somalia seeks $237,112,824 for 128 projects through 14 UN agencies 16 international NGOs and nine local NGOs30. Donors can fund projects directly through the CAP. Existing mechanisms for unearmarked funding are also the HRF with a focus on urgent humanitarian response and the Interim Support Fund For Somalia (ISFS) when it comes to early recovery activities. The ISFS enables donors to support joint programming by Somalis, UN, donors and NGO partners.

As mentioned in the 2006 in Review section, the CERF at the global level has been strengthened to promote an immediate and enhanced response to time critical requirements and reinforce core elements of the humanitarian response in under-funded crises.

The HRF is administered by OCHA Somalia and has been in existence since early 2004. The HRF aims to improve the timeliness and appropriateness of aid responses through the provision of flexible resources that can be drawn on by aid partners. The Fund supports rapid response projects. Concerted efforts are now being made to encourage local Somali NGOs to seek support for their projects through this funding mechanism.

30 Additional local NGOs may come in when projects are eventually implemented through Letters of Agreement

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CoordinationIn 2006, coordination mechanisms were adapted and strengthened to respond in an effective and timely manner to the challenging humanitarian situation. Given the complex nature of coordination in a country such as Somalia, efforts are ongoing and continue, to streamline coordination mechanisms, most recently between the SACB/SSS and the IASC cluster coordination modalities.

SACB/SSS: The SACB has been renamed the CISS and remains focused on medium/longer term development/transition issues in Somalia. The SSS started functioning at the end of August 2006. It is a single, harmonised transitional secretariat to support the political, planning and technical coordination between the international community and Somalia. In the absence thus far of the Coordination and Monitoring Committee (CMC), the highest level mechanism for coordination between the TFG and the international community, and the Joint Planning Committee (JPC), which will eventually address planning and operational matters on aid coordination, the secretariat is currently essentially providing support to the newly formed CISS.

Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC): The Somalia IASC was established in January 2006 and meets on a monthly basis and with donors on a needs basis. The IASC membership includes OCHA, UNDP, UNICEF, WFP, FAO, WHO, UNHCR, CARE, GHC, DRC, OXFAM/NOVIB, CONCERN, SC-UK and ASEP. ICRC is an observer, while FAO/FSAU and FEWS-Net are technical advisors.31 During 2007, it is envisaged that measures taken to strengthen coordination mechanisms in Somalia in 2006 will benefit the effectiveness and timeliness of the humanitarian response and allow for stronger advocacy to allow a more balanced sectoral approach to Somalia’s humanitarian crisis.

Clusters: The eight cluster leads (Food, livelihoods and agriculture, health, nutrition, WatSan, education, protection and logistics) are accountable for and expected to prepare sectoral response plans, including identifying key partners, strategising and planning, standard-setting, coordination of programme implementation and reporting.

Inter-Cluster Technical Working Group formerly known as the Humanitarian Response Group (HRG): Originally set up within the framework of the SACB, the inter cluster technical working group meets to discuss emerging humanitarian issues needing urgent attention, and to mobilise effective and timely response plans. Since the establishment of the Somalia IASC, the inter-cluster technical working group has evolved (from the HRG) and is composed of the cluster leads and co-leads, as well as UN and NGO representatives, reporting to the Somalia IASC. The inter cluster technical working group meets on a fortnightly basis.

Field Coordination: Field coordination remains critical in the design of responses and identification of gaps. The cluster approach has been put in place in Puntland. In light of the 2006 drought, partners increased assessments and coordination activities, which took place with increased frequency and in

more locations. Wajid became the central coordination hub while OCHA also established coordination meetings in Gedo and the Juba regions. The nutrition and health clusters also held regular field level coordination meetings. In early August 2006, some UN Agencies were looking to install offices in Merka, Lower Shabelle, while a strengthened presence in Mogadishu under consideration.

Coordination with the Authorities: In the field the humanitarian community is coordinating with established regional authorities as well as with line ministries within the TFG. Since the ICU took over Mogadishu and large areas of south and central regions, the humanitarian community is liaising with designated ICU focal points.

31 An Early Recovery working group has also been created as part of the IASC led by UNDP

Poor recovery of cattle body condition in Hiran Region, southern Somalia. The photo was taken as the primary Gu rainy season was coming to an end (June 2006). Source : FAO/FSAU, June 2006.

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3.4 RESPONSE PLANS3.4.1. ACCESS AND SECURITYAnalysis of Needs Somalia remains one of the most challenging and worrying humanitarian crises in the world. Delivery of effective and timely humanitarian assistance is hampered by lack of sustained access particularly in South and Central Somalia. The political and security contexts have undergone significant changes in the past few months, including the control of Mogadishu and large areas of the south and central regions by the ICU. While on one hand these developments offer a window of opportunity for improved access in some locations, levels of threat posed by extremist groups and “spoilers” remain a major concern, hampering sustained access by humanitarian personnel. Access is further exacerbated by poor road, sea and air infrastructure. During the course of 2006, humanitarian agencies managed to mobilise an increased influx of assistance in response to drought conditions, yet the lack of adherence to humanitarian principles by local authorities resulted in frequent interruptions to humanitarian activities preventing sustained access to the 2.1 million most vulnerable population facing a Humanitarian Emergency, Livelihood Crisis or living as IDPs.

For 2007, around 1.8 million people are projected to be in need of humanitarian assistance, the majority of who are in central and south Somalia. Reliable access and improved security conditions, especially in the central and south zones are essential pre-requisites to address the urgent needs of the most vulnerable in the country. Lessons learnt from the evaluation of the humanitarian response in 2006 indicate a need to increase attention to livelihood support and focus on initiatives that address underlying causes of vulnerability. While some relief response could still be achieved within a narrowing humanitarian space, initiation of early recovery activities require more sustained access. As such efforts should be geared to enhance sustained access conditions through better engagement at local level, support of emerging peace building and reconciliation, advocacy at local, regional and global levels and putting in place adequate operational support to effectively manage security risks.

Sector Objectives Enhance and ensure the safety and security of humanitarian staff and

operations; Establish and implement a humanitarian advocacy strategy with the objective of improving

conditions for effective, efficient and timely delivery of humanitarian assistance; Enhance engagement with local communities and consolidate emerging peace building

initiatives and local reconciliation efforts to facilitate implementation of early recovery and livelihood support;

Enhance emergency preparedness through thematic and geographically based inter-agency contingency plans at levels including the participation of local partners and taking into account prioritised vulnerabilities of the Somali population;

Develop a common access approach to better inform and sustain humanitarian actions in complex environments.

Partnerships OCHA, United Nations Department of Safety & Security (UNDSS), UNDP, IASC members, CISS, local, national and de-facto authorities.

Key Indicators Mechanisms in place for the safety and security of humanitarian operations/activities and

aid workers (information, training and operational support); Humanitarian advocacy plan developed and disseminated, awareness raised on the needs

of the nearly 1.8 million people most affected by the on-going crisis and support mobilised; Local reconciliation efforts supported leading to enhanced access; Adequate contingency plans in place including necessary preparedness measures

(mapping of capacities, stock piling and human resources mobilisation); Regions with sustained humanitarian access and where early recovery response has been

initiated.

Activities Ensure the availability and dissemination of timely and accurate security risk assessments

with regard to programme activities in the region;

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Ensure that all staff are optimally informed on security measures and receive appropriate security training;

Upgrade and implement safety/security measures at selected airstrips mainly in central and south Somalia;

Strengthen information dissemination activities on humanitarian access issues and required actions targeting stakeholders at all levels;

Strengthen engagement and participation of national and local authorities in existing interagency coordination mechanisms (clusters) as the basis for more transparent and accountable humanitarian response;

Negotiate Access with local authorities on the ground including de-facto authorities with focus on priority areas in central and south;

Develop a national contingency planning exercise (at both strategic and operational levels) focused on enhanced emergency preparedness and response capacity building; Facilitate coordination of a common access approach through the existing Access Working

Group; Promote basic humanitarian principles and ensure the buy in and commitment of local and

national authorities and leadership.

Monitoring The organisations and agencies working in this sector will monitor, depending on their expertise, mandates and areas of responsibilities and deployment progress in achieving the sector objectives. This will be realised through regular reporting on the state of dissemination and implementation of the advocacy plan, contingency plans, security of humanitarian action and staff and a common access approach. Reporting will be coordinated and consolidated by OCHA.

Projects listed under this sector are mainly focusing on security. On the other hand, activities to enhance access (such as advocacy, contingency planning and enhanced coordination) are mainstreamed across the other operational sectors. Reconciliation and peace building activities will be pursued within a project submitted by UNDP under the Early Recovery Sector.

Implications if the Response Plan is not ImplementedIn view of the direct implication of security and access on the delivery of humanitarian assistance, failure to implement this response plan will result in a lack of urgently needed assistance and increased humanitarian suffering (increased malnutrition rates, further depletion of assets, collapse of basic services and more vulnerable groups put at risk) to almost 1.8 million people including those in humanitarian emergency and livelihood crisis, IDPs and other vulnerable groups.

3.4.2. FOOD SECURITY AND LIVELIHOODS

Analysis of NeedsThe production of livestock remains a crucial element in the economy of Somalia. Drought is a recurrent and rather normal phenomenon in the region where pastoralists experience prolonged dry seasons. During these dry seasons, households expect a degree of austerity as milk yields decline and grain prices increase. In a chronic condition, where water availability falls below the requirements for average crop and range production, a prolonged dry season becomes a drought. Normally, pastoralists in Somalia expect such a widespread failure once every three to five years and a major drought once every ten years. The consequences of drought however are compounded in Somalia by other factors such as civil unrest and population movement.

Somalia is a cereal deficit country. A large part of cereal requirement is imported. Poor rural households produce 20 to 60% of their own food requirements in any given year in Somalia and the balance is either purchased or obtained through barter. Therefore, individual production and the ability of households to purchase food are key determinants of food security in the country. Direct food security, nutrition and livelihood effects of the drought, insecurity and lack of governance include: Limited own food production (no cereal stock from drought and below normal Gu 06

production); Low Terms of Trade cereal relative to labour and livestock; Reduction in livestock holdings from drought; Reasonable cereal prices; Low labour opportunities;

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Poor food utilisation because of high incidence of diseases (e.g. diarrhoea, ARI, malaria, etc.);

High incidence of diseases and limited health services.

However since the recent Gu 06 harvest, the overall livelihood and food security situation in Somalia is improving as compared to the last Deyr harvest period (February 2006). Despite patchy results the 2006 Gu and Hagaa rains have been beneficial for most agro-pastoral, pastoral and riverine livelihood groups. Although the overall crop production is 73% of the Post War Average, it is 149% of 2005 Gu production. Farmers have harvested crops and pasture has begun to regenerate in most pastoral areas. Water availability has also improved. The sorghum harvest has been relatively good. Hence, Bay region, where most of the sorghum is produced has recovered particularly well from last year’s crop failure. Maize production however was poor, and regions such as Middle and Lower Juba remains of high concern, as do pastoral regions such as Gedo, Hiraan and Bakool.

To foster recovery but also respond to the pressing humanitarian needs, the food aid, agriculture and livelihood clusters recognise and stress the need for long-term solutions for the agriculture and livestock sectors, in conjunction with humanitarian actions. The fact that rains have come does not imply that the impacts of drought and the crisis, especially in the livestock sector, are over. It is estimated that recovery times for agro-pastoralists and pastoralists, especially for households relying on cattle, could take between four to ten years to recover from the 2005 drought. With the likelihood of possible flood and conflict, the recovery process could easily be prolonged.

The response strategy of the Food Security and Livelihoods sector is based on agreement that the current crisis affecting the livelihoods of pastoral and agro-pastoral communities warrants a sound mechanism over time at two levels: immediate relief action to the most vulnerable areas, as well as short to early recovery actions targeting different livelihood groups. As in 2006, the strategy aims at preventing families in the “Chronically food insecure” phase to fall into “Acute Livelihood Crisis” and “Humanitarian Emergency” phases; while it should allow families in “Humanitarian Emergency” to resume livelihoods, regain productive assets and return progressively to a sustainable livelihood.

Sector Objectives Protect and improve household food security, including asset base, through increasing

access and availability to food and means of production; Ensure that resource allocation for food security and livelihood support is proportional to

the Integrated Phase Classification or IPC32; Increase participation and involvement of women in food security and livelihoods actions; Strengthen local institutional and community capacity in order to maximise response for

most vulnerable areas/groups; Strengthen community capacity to cope with future shocks.

PartnershipsFAO/FSAU, UNDP, WFP, Action Contre la Faim (ACF), African Rescue Committee (AFREC), Agrosphere, ASEP, CARE, Cooperazione Internazionale (COOPI), DRC, FAO, GRADA, Green Hope, Horn of Africa Relief and Development Organization (HARDO), Horn Relief, Oxfam GB, Pastoral and Environmental Network in the Horn of Africa (PENHA), Social-Life and Agricultural Development Organisation (SADO), SC-UK, Solidarites, UNDP, Veterinary Aid (Vetaid), Vétérinaires Sans Frontières (VSF)-Switzerland, WFP.

32 See Annex One : Integrated Food Security and Humanitarian Phase Classification Reference Table

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Table X: Proposed Food Security and Livelihood Sector Activities

Sector Priority Programmes in support of Strategic PrioritiesFOOD SECURITY And LIVELIHOODS

Specific Objectives Priority Actions to achieve sector ObjectiveProtect and improve household food security, including asset base, through increasing access and availability to food and means of production.

1. Food distribution (Gedo, Lower and Middle Juba, Hiraan, Bakool and Galgaduud);

2. Supplementary and therapeutic feeding (see nutrition cluster);3. Animal re-distribution to marginalised pastoralists (Gedo, L and M

Juba, Bakool);4. Targeted Cash relief actions (Gedo, L and M Juba);5. Targeted Seed distribution to areas with significant crop failure

(Gedo. L and M Juba, Bakool, Hiraan);6. Early and targeted de-stocking of non productive animals if Deyr

season fails (Hiraan, Galgaduud);7. Support to riverine fisheries activities through inputs distribution and

training (Gedo, L and M Juba).Ensure that resource allocation for food security and livelihood support is proportional to the “Integrated Food Security and Humanitarian Phase Classification” (IPC).

1. Coordination (Support Secretariat, IASC, Clusters) and advocacy.

Increase participation and involvement of women in food security and livelihoods actions.

1. Mainstream gender dimension in every project proposal;2. Promotion of participatory need assessments and women’s

representation in local community committees.

Strengthen local institutional and community capacity in order to maximise response for most vulnerable areas/groups.

1. Direct support to “credible” Somali partners through direct funding of Somali proposals (e.g. in monitoring and evaluation, reporting, and financial tracking);

2. Training and support of local relief committees (focus on women’s groups);

3. Support to local initiatives addressing conflict prevention.Strengthen community capacity to cope with future shocks.

1. Food for Work and Cash for Work to support Rehabilitation of water points for pastoralists, Flood protection, feeder roads (Gedo, L and M Juba, Hiraan, Bakool and Galgaduud, L and M Shabelle, Mudug, Bari, Sool, Sanaag, Togdheer, Nugaal, Awdal);

2. Fodder production (Gedo, L and M Juba, Hiraan);3. Animal Health (Gedo, L and M Juba, Bakool, Hiraan , Galgaduud);4. Support to livelihood diversification for destitute pastoralists (Sool,

Sanaag, Bari, Nugaal, Togdheer);5. Environmental protection and soil conservation (all pastoral areas);6. Water conservation activities, including sub-surface dams, water

harvesting (Gedo, L and M Juba, W. Galbeed).

Indicators and Monitoring Provided food through general food distribution, food for assets and social support

programme to 1.1 million people; Reduction of the number of households in “Humanitarian Emergency” phase in southern

Somalia; Near complete and irreversible depletion of key livelihood assets is averted (preventing

households in “Acute Livelihood crisis” phase to fall to “Humanitarian Emergency” phase); Increased number of national NGOs partners involved in planning and implementation of

humanitarian response.

Implications if the Response Plan is not implemented Marginalised groups will fall to destitution or, at best, livelihood recovery will be delayed

and slow, exposing them further to future shocks; Potential conflict over resources (particularly water) will increase; Increased number of households embarked in unsustainable coping mechanisms; Access to vulnerable population in remote or insecure areas will be limited if local capacity

is not strengthened; Increased or maintained high malnutrition rates in most affected districts.

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3.4.3. PROTECTION/HUMAN RIGHTS/RULE OF LAW

Analysis of NeedsWith continued violence and instability in many parts of the country, weak governance structures and on-going limited access to some vulnerable populations, 2006 is characterised by a broad range of systematic patterns of protection and human rights violations. Amongst these, is the increase in displacement of people, particularly in the centre/south of the country. During a six month period alone, Somalia witnessed over 133,000 people fleeing their homes, of which over 100,000 cited violent clashes and discrimination as the key cause. Targeted, forced relocation and displacement have also been reported in several areas, particularly of those with certain religious leanings and clan affiliations. In addition, a notable increase in the number of people being smuggled from the northern coastline of Bossaso has also been noted. During the open seas months of 2006, over 9,000 Somalis and 7,500 Ethiopians have attempted the extremely dangerous journey to Yemen, with an additional 25,000 Somali’s crossing the border to Kenya in nine months.

While displaced populations are amongst the most vulnerable targets of protection violations, other populations were subject to several violations. Women and girls, especially within minority communities continue to be victims of SGBV. Reports of rape are high in IDP camps, with more than a third of cases reported against children under the age of sixteen years. In addition, there has been a widespread use of child soldiers by all parties involved in conflicts. Minorities face particular violations targeted at them due to a lack of large clan protection. These include denial of access to basic services, security incidences, and targeted harassment. Evictions from public buildings has also become a increasing concern.

The protection response planned for 2007 will build on inter-agency initiatives from the previous years, focusing on proactively responding to systematic patterns of protection violations. This will include a strengthened focus on developing national protection capacity, as well as collaborative advocacy actions, rights based programming, and developing national preventative mechanisms. Focus will remain on the most vulnerable including displaced populations, vulnerable women, minorities and children. The humanitarian community will continue to work within the framework of the IDP strategy and as well as other common frameworks (i.e. the Comprehensive Plan of Action (CPA) the inter-agency advocacy strategy and develop further joint action plans on SGBV, ensuring a collaborative response to addressing protection actions).

The cluster will concentrate on building upon synergies, enhancing existing monitoring/reporting systems, promoting mechanisms for prevention, and strengthening advocacy efforts.

PartnershipsDRC, International Organization for Migration (IOM), Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC), OXFAM-NOVIB, OCHA, Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), UNDP, UNESCO, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), UNHCR, UNICEF and UNIFEM, Somali Human Rights NGOs and networks.

Objectives Strengthen the prevention of and response to violations of human rights and humanitarian

law, at local and national levels, particularly for displaced populations, women, minorities and children;

Improve the mainstreaming of human rights, humanitarian law and protection within de jure and de facto Somali governance structures for the practical development and application of protection policies and frameworks, incorporating Early Recovery concepts and criteria;

Advocate for the responsibility, accountability and action of local and regional authorities and CBOs, as well as the displaced and other vulnerable communities, with regard to human rights and humanitarian law, through the building of their capacity for an improved protective environment, particularly in South/Central Somalia;

Promote a rights-based programming approach and protection focus within the objectives and indicators of all clusters, with respect to the most vulnerable in Somalia.

Indicators Protection Working groups in the three zones support community-driven protection

responses: south and central regions – Mogadishu, Beletwyene and Wajid, North West Somalia -Hargesia and Burao, North East Somalia – Bossaso and Galkayo;

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Greater awareness of SGBV issues and other protection concerns, through advocacy and community mobilisation in IDP settings in the areas mentioned above;

Technical advice provided to ensure that IDP policies and SGBV policies affecting IDPs and other vulnerable populations adhere to Human Rights law and the Guiding Principles;

The IASC Advocacy Strategy is actioned in all of the priority IDP locations, and for other priority vulnerable groups such as vulnerable women and children and minority groups, with specific campaigns developed, implemented and monitored;

Capacity building programmes focusing on increasing national capacity to intervene and prevent protection violations, gender and protection checklists developed for each clusters ensuring the human rights based programming and the application of ‘do no harm’ principles.

Monitoring In this cluster, all the objectives, indicators and activities are interlinked and work to support national and local systems and mechanisms needed to accomplish the overall goal: to improve the protection environment in Somalia, particularly for the most vulnerable. As such, through the reinforcement of the existing coordination mechanisms, the specific activities undertaken through joint implementation and/or programming will be implemented and closely monitored. Special efforts must and will be paid to the mainstreaming of gender issues in all aspects of humanitarian and development work, including strategically targeted assistance to women and girls in their search for equality. Focusing on SGBV related issues, answers must be found utilising protection tools and rights-based approaches.

Implications if the Response Plan is not ImplementedIf the response plan is not implemented, human rights violations and protection needs will continue not to be reported or addressed. Related to access and advocacy, organisations and agencies will face increased difficulty in designing effective prevention and response mechanisms, and there will be minimal attention given to adhering to international instruments and standards by the local and regional authorities. Further deterioration of the material, physical, and legal safety of vulnerable individuals and groups will occur, in addition to the lack of progress on the sustainable reintegration of returnees, IDPs and other affected groups.

International Help Required To Stop People-Smuggling From Somalia Across The Gulf of Aden Deer, a strikingly beautiful Somali girl of about 10, lies on a striped plastic sheet on the ground inside a large tent, staring blankly ahead and barely registering the many people gathered around her.

In shock and dehydrated, she's just been rescued – along with about 125 others – after eight days adrift in the Gulf of Aden in a tiny fishing boat. Their desperate journey to what they hoped would be a land of better opportunities has brought them right back to the northeastern Somalia coast.

Most of them, anyway. After a week at sea with no food and water, under an unrelenting sun, people on the overcrowded open boat began to go mad, survivors say. Deer's uncle, with whom she was travelling, handed her over to a woman on the boat and threw himself into the sea, vowing to swim to shore – perhaps days away – for help. He hasn't been seen since and is presumed to be one of the hundreds who drown every year on this perilous voyage to Yemen.

"It's not true, he's just in the hospital," protests Deer, briefly rousing herself.

"That's what we're letting her think," another survivor, an older woman, says quietly, turning away so as not to upset Deer.

Bossaso is not only the chief commercial port of Puntland, a self-declared autonomous area in north-east Somalia, but also one of the world's busiest smuggling hubs. Guns, cigarettes and drugs come in; people go out. For at least three years, thousands of Somalis, and increasingly, Ethiopians, have set off from the coastline in tiny open fishing boats hoping to reach Yemen. From there many hope to move on to work illegally in Saudi Arabia, which looms large in the local imagination as a land of riches. (Once in Yemen, some Somalis register with UNHCR as refugees, but many more are economic migrants.)All too often the boats capsize. Even if they make the trip successfully, smugglers often beat the passengers to force them to jump overboard as they near the coast, even though few can swim. The passengers, mostly young men and women between the ages of 15 and 30, often include children as well.

Source: UNHCR Somalia

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3.4.4. SHELTER FOR IDPs

Analysis of Needs Some 400,000 Somalia’s IDPs live together with other vulnerable communities such as urban poor, returnees, migrants and others, sharing the same undignified living space called IDP settlements. It is a common feature of all these settlements that their inhabitants live in appalling conditions, in makeshift structures and in a level of congestion that create security risks and an unhealthy environment. The lack of sanitary facilities add to the dire conditions in the majority of these settlements. The combination of congested settlements, high temperature and strong seasonal winds enhance the risks of fires, which have broken out in various IDP locations during the last few years, causing deaths and leaving many people homeless yet another time. However, lack of access to land during displacement coupled with constant threat of eviction is probably the main cause of insecurity among the displaced living in settlements or public buildings in all parts of Somalia.

While in the medium and long run, the authorities must be encouraged and assisted to enact and enforce certain norms that regulate the layout of the IDP settlements and define the obligations of the land owners on the basic services to be provided in them, the international community in Somalia is setting up a shelter action programme in selected locations targeting a limited number of beneficiaries, to be eventually replicated on a larger scale depending on access, collaboration with the authorities, landowners and the IDP communities themselves. The actions aimed at mid and longer term solutions will be targeting the major urban centres in the North, i.e. Bossasso, Garowe, Gardo, Hargeisa, Burao, and depending on security and access also in Merka and possibly in Mogadishu, especially in case of evictions of IDPs from their current locations; while actions triggered by new displacement and emergency needs will be undertaken throughout the country as required. The proposed actions must be in line with what will be the future programme of urban planning that will make it possible for the IDPs to be integrated in the growing urban centres of Somalia, either in their current locations or in their original places of abode. At the same time, populations facing new displacement as a consequence of flooding and other natural disasters as well as conflict require quick shelter and non-food item relief actions.

On conceptual basis, the shelter actions are divided into four stages: Emergency shelter assistance/actions in case of new displacements, including

contingency planning and stocks; Improvement of current living conditions in the current IDP settlements, including provision

of temporary shelter mobile units that can be relocated to eventual new, permanent locations; Relocation to permanent shelter sites. Development of new sites under the cluster

framework. Land tenure issues to be addressed; Development of permanent shelter solutions for IDPs, incl. construction of permanent

shelter.

PartnershipsDRC, NRC, UNICEF, UNHCR, UNHABITAT, UNDP, and a number of national NGO partners.

The proposed actions are in line with the Joint IDP Strategy, as well as other common approaches (i.e. the CPA, Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Disaster Response (SPHERE) standards, etc.) and will link with other longer term processes (i.e. RDP) that focus on the consolidation of peace in Somalia. They are based on a human rights-based approach to programming and on selection criteria that have been set according to the vulnerability of beneficiaries, and in line with the principles of the humanitarian law, and are thus intrinsically linked to the protection work of the international community in Somalia.

Objectives To meet immediate shelter needs of newly displaced through provision of non-food items

and emergency shelter supplies; To develop and implement temporary shelter solutions for the long term displaced in their

current locations; To identify durable living space solutions and secure land tenure for the displaced in their

current locations and/or in their original places of abode; To assist the displaced to construct their permanent shelter in identified locations of

permanent settlement.

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Indicators Shelter needs of the newly displaced populations as identified through rapid emergency

assessments and population tracking are met; number of non-food items and shelter supplies distributed;

Acceptable temporary shelter solution provided to 25% of those identified in need of shelter assistance by IDP profiling. The quality of living conditions measured against SPHERE standards for those with security of tenure;

Number of households with security of tenure and durable living space. Quality of living conditions measured against SPHERE standards for those with security of tenure;

Number of vulnerable households receiving permanent shelter; percentage of vulnerable households in selected locations receiving shelter assistance.

MonitoringThe objectives for all the planned actions are quantifiable and the achievements will be measured as part of the progress monitoring. Moreover, the SPHERE standards will be applied throughout as a planning benchmark, i.e. in the design of shelter and the sites, in terms of density of dwellings, the number of beneficiaries per shelter unit, number of beneficiaries who rely on the available basic services, etc. All actions are underpinned by efforts to support national and local systems and mechanisms needed to dramatically improve the shelter situation in Somalia and especially in the urban centres.

Through the reinforcement of the existing coordination mechanisms, the specific activities undertaken through joint implementation and/or programming will be implemented and closely monitored. Special efforts must and will be paid to the mainstreaming of gender issues in all aspects of humanitarian and development work, including strategically targeted assistance to women and girls.

Implications if the Response Plan is not implementedIf the response plan is not implemented, newly displaced populations will face the risk of increased morbidity and mortality due to the effects of exposure and poor household hygiene conditions, the living conditions in most of the IDP settlements are set to deteriorate, given the prospects of new displacement within the country, which traditionally leads to further overcrowding in the existing settlements, thus overstretching the meagre basic services and compounding the ongoing human rights violations in the settlements, especially those of women and children. Subsequently, those newly displaced, if not in receipt of assistance within the country’s borders, will likely seek assistance across the border, thus exacerbating the refugee problem in the region. Related to access and advocacy, organisations and agencies will face increased difficulty in designing effective prevention and response mechanisms, and there will be minimal attention given to adhering to international instruments and standards by the local and regional authorities.

3.4.5. HEALTH

Analysis of Priority Needs Access to and quality of the health care in Somalia remains inequitable, with inadequate distribution of services, human and financial resources to areas where vulnerable populations reside such as IDP camps and rural areas. Infant, child mortality rates in Somalia are amongst the highest in the world at 133 and 224 per 1,000 live births, respectively) and an estimated maternal mortality rate at 1,600 per 100,000 live births.

Despite an emphasis on primary health care, many health care programmes still are managed in a project dependent vertical or top-down fashion. There are only 39 qualified doctors per one million inhabitants, unequally distributed throughout the country and concentrated in main cities. There are as few as 141 well qualified midwives, contributes to the very high rates of overall infant and under five mortality rates There is a need to increase access to basic health care by increasing the number of functional health facilities to ensure the coverage of the health needs of vulnerable population in underserved areas. The vision of rehabilitating/rebuilding the Somali health system would reduce the high levels of mortality and morbidity, especially among women and children.

Routine immunisation coverage for measles and Diphtheria/Pertussis/Tetanus (DPT3) vaccine is 28% and 27% respectively. However, since November 2005, the first measles catch-up mass-vaccination campaign in 13 years was undertaken for children aged 9 months to 12 years with great success. Access to basic services is very poor and cumulative indicators reveal the same alarming picture: only

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30% of the population has access to safe drinking water, 45% has access to local health care, and 50% have access to adequate excreta disposal facilities. For IDPs and returnees, indicators for access to basic services are lower than for the average Somali.

The recent outbreak of polio, after two years of polio-free Somalia underscores the gravity of the situation. The risk of polio spreading to the rest of Horn of Africa, also highlights the need to respond adequately to the ongoing outbreak, therefore it is an important strategic component of this response plan. Even though cholera outbreaks have been prevented since 2004, systematic prevention measures should continue in 2007. Moreover, bloody diarrhoea, meningitis, malaria and other outbreak prone diseases require continuous attention. Preparedness against Avian and pandemic influenza is another area that requires more action in 2007.

Among the major causes of pregnancy-related deaths at childbirth are complications such as haemorrhage, prolonged labour, obstructed labour, infections and eclampsia. Women who survive continue to live on in misery with chronic anaemia, chronic infections and fistulas. Contributing to the high rates of maternal mortality and disability are: poor antenatal, delivery and postnatal care; female genital mutilation, and the complete lack of emergency medical obstetric referral care. Furthermore, about 80% of childbirth takes place at home and with the help of family members and attendants who have little or limited delivery skills.

Mental health services in Somalia are at present limited to four in-patient facilities in Berbera, Bossaso, Hargeisa and Mogadishu. These are, for all practical purposes, custodial and asylum facilities. Currently, mental health is not a priority in the general health system.

The overall sector objective is to reduce excess mortality and morbidity of the Somali people with particular attention to the vulnerable populations noted in the CHAP. The response plan will focus on providing an appropriate and adequate emergency assistance to mitigate the effects of the humanitarian crisis on the most vulnerable groups through an established, decentralised field response. The agencies involved in the sector will work through multidisciplinary teams with international and local partners to identify, implement, and monitor rapid response to the most affected. Humanitarian partners have agreed to propose and implement coordinated initiatives that target humanitarian, emergency and early recovery needs of the most vulnerable, in order to maximise available resources under the CAP, leaving the medium to long term recovery and development needs to be met by other funding streams.

Objectives Increase access to quality essential health services for vulnerable populations, with

special focus on IDPs, women and children; Increase the coverage of Expanded Programme of Immunisation (EPI) and Vitamin A

distribution; Increase the availability and utilisation of quality reproductive health services including

Emergency Obstetric Care (EmOC) and family planning; Build capacity of service providers at all levels; Strengthen the integration and capacity of existing surveillance systems and the health

information system at all levels; Strengthen coordination of health activities and stakeholders at all levels with special

emphasis on emergency preparedness, humanitarian response, gap filling, early recovery and capacity building;

Increase the availability of mental health services to communities.

PartnershipsThe cluster approach has been rolled out in Somalia in 2006. WHO is the lead agency for the health cluster. The cluster has met seven times in Nairobi, Kenya . Partners are WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, WFP, OCHA, FSAU/FAO, GHC, Health Sectoral Committee (HSC)/SACB, ICRC, International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC), International Medical Corps (IMC), Comitato Internazionale per lo Sviluppo dei Popoli (CISP), International Somalia Rehabilitation Association (ISRA), SC-UK, Medical Emergency Relief International (MERLIN), Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF)-Switzerland, MSF-Holland, U.S. Agency for International Development USAID/Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA), World Vision International (WVI), ACF, InterSOS, COOPI, CARE and HUMEDICA. Main issues include activities being carried out by the health sector partners in response to the drought, Mogadishu contingency planning and

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planning/response to Avian Influenza. At field level, six meetings have been held in Wajid, Bakool

region on to define and implement the strengthening of the emergency response to drought Formulating appropriate policies in collaboration with Ministry of Health (MoH) and UN agencies.

The main action pillars of the national health cluster are: Monitoring health trends, activities and outcomes, joint decisions & follow-up, developing operational and contingency plans, collection, preparation and dissemination of health information, resource mapping (Who, Where, What? [3W]), needs/gap analysis, advocacy and resource mobilisation and inter-cluster linkages.

On the field (provincial and district level) the action pillars are: Supporting local authorities, coordination and joint planning with stakeholders, assessment and quantification of needs, resource mapping (3W), regular coverage/gap analysis, joint decisions & follow-up, collecting, analysis and reporting health related information and activities. Inter-cluster linkages at district level.

Indicators Percentage of the population with access to health facilities; Number of health facilities/health partners providing outreach services for IDPs; EPI coverage (%) and percentage of children under one year fully immunised; Number of women in child-bearing age visiting basic reproductive health services; Number of MCHs and hospitals providing basic EmOC; Number of facilities rehabilitated/reconstructed; Number of functional laboratories; Percentage of facilities submitting timely and complete reports; Number of health facilities providing mental health services.

Activities Strengthening and decentralising health cluster coordination to regions and at field level to

improve service delivery, implementation and monitoring; Rehabilitation/reconstruction of health facilities; Ensure optimal functioning of existing and new health facilities and increase outreach

service delivery activities; Ensuring all children in the identified most vulnerable target groups are immunised against

measles and polio; Ensuring all women in the identified most vulnerable groups have access to quality

reproductive care services (EmOC) and family planning; Integrating Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) services to health facilities; Training of service providers in, among others, case management of major diseases (e.g.

malaria, acute respiratory infections, bloody diarrhoea, cholera, measles, under nutrition, etc.); laboratory diagnosis; and EmOC;

Improve the data collection and reporting system at various levels and distribution of timely surveillance and other reports to all stakeholders;

Prepare disaster and outbreak response plans and implement them as per need and identified risks;

Ensure adequate pre-positioning of needed supplies and equipment; Health education and awareness raising on major health issues including environmental

sanitation and hygiene practices, nutrition & diet, reproductive health & family planning, mental health, HIV/AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis, zoonotic and outbreak prone diseases;

Make available laboratory diagnostic facilities in under served and IDP concentrated areas.

MonitoringOrganisations will continue to deliver assistance in their areas of respective strength and cooperate with all health partners concerned to provide optimum results for the Somali people. Health cluster coordination at central and regional levels will monitor and follow up on these activities in order to prevent duplication and ensure rational utilisation of resources. It is essential that all partners continue to provide and exchange information and report and update on their project activities. Coordination among all partners will be decentralised to regions and strengthened at field level to improve the monitoring of planned activities.

Implications if this response plan is not implemented

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If this plan is not implemented, outbreaks of polio, cholera and other diseases may occur, significantly increasing the disease burden from infectious and communicable diseases. The spread of the wild poliovirus is a major threat for neighbouring countries and to the global goal to eradicate polio. Mortality, as an indicator of severity of crises and complex emergency, will continue to surpass the unacceptable threshold of over-all Crude Mortality Rate (CMR) of 1/10,000/day and an under-five mortality rate 2/10,000/day, due to communicable diseases and malnutrition. Similarly, limited access to safe water and sanitation facilities will continue to exacerbate the existing poor health and nutritional situation. Lack of inter-linked water, health, nutrition and sanitation services/facilities will hamper IDP and refugee return, as the absorption capacity will be insufficient. Already IDPs are perceived as a burden by host communities in many areas, the possible large-scale refugee returns will over-stretch the hospitality of the local communities further and may lead to conflict rather than to reconciliation and peace building.

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3.4.6. NUTRITION

Analysis of NeedsThe nutrition situation in most parts of South and Central Somalia is of great concern with acute malnutrition levels of 10% and above being recorded over the last seven years. The worst drought in a decade also further depressed nutrition levels. A strong emergency response in 2006 saved lives and alleviated immediate suffering amongst vulnerable populations in the affected areas. Yet the negative impact of the drought on livelihoods in 2006 has caused an unacceptable increase in acute malnutrition levels of 15% and above across most of the south and central Somalia.

In addition multiple aggravating factors like increased disease incidences, poor household dietary diversity, poor maternal and child care practices, inadequate health services, poor hygienic conditions among others prevailed. Based on the estimated population and the acute malnutrition prevalence, it is estimated that over 60,000 children are malnourished and at risk of death in south and central regions of Somalia.

There is notable convergence of critical malnutrition prevalence and high insecurity that limit humanitarian access in south and central regions of the country. The marginalised groups and the internally displaced populations throughout the country also present unacceptably high malnutrition levels, e.g. global acute malnutrition rates of over 20% in Bossaso IDPs and Wajiid IDPs.

The nutrition cluster will continue to build on the ongoing emergency response, which commenced in mid 2006 at the climax of the drought. Recent FSAU analysis further indicates that this food security and nutrition response is likely to remain essential in 2007. The cluster supports efforts geared towards both reducing excess preventable mortality associated with malnutrition and promotion of improved nutrition of the Somali people. Particular attention will be focused on the most vulnerable populations and inaccessible areas, with limited humanitarian coverage. The nutrition cluster will use an integrated approach (multi-sector public nutrition programming) to the nutrition crisis response and will intervene through both short-term life saving strategies and medium term strategies in the response. The implementation approach will provide appropriate and adequate emergency response through a coordinated yet decentralised field response that harnesses each cluster member’s strengths in the context of the prevailing insecurity. Rigorous monitoring of the nutrition situation and the impact of the response will be undertaken.

ObjectivesThe overall Nutrition Cluster objective is to avert excess mortality due to malnutrition and to promote better nutrition to the population in the affected areas.

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The specific objectives are: Support the intensive selective feeding programmes (ongoing and planned) to improve

coverage of the emergency nutrition activities of detecting and rehabilitating severely and moderately malnourished children;

Strengthen technical capacity for local NGOs/CBOs and national staff on emergency and long term strategies of addressing malnutrition;

Foster linkages of the selective feeding response with medium term programmes addressing the underlying causes of malnutrition (including maternal and child care practices, food security and livelihood promotion, water and sanitation);

Strengthen and expand the regular public health and nutrition programmes through expansion of the Primary Health Care (PHC) programmes and improvement of the quality of services in the existing PHC programmes in South and Central Somalia.

PartnershipsWVI, IMC, MSF-Belgium, MSF-Holland, MSF-Switzerland, GHC, Muslim Aid, Somali Red Crescent Society (SRCS), SC-UK, ACF, Adventist Development and Relief (ADRA), World Concern International (WCI), Deeg-Roor Medical Organisation (DMO), African Muslim Agency (AMA), Somalia Aid Foundation (SAF), AFREC Child Aid Somalia (CAS), Comitato di Coordinamento delle Organizzazioni per il Servizio Volontario (COSV); INTERSOS, Green Hope, WHO, UNICEF, WFP, FAO/FSAU and HANDICAP International (HI).

The agencies will work through the cluster to implement the nutrition response in a coordinated manner thereby enhancing both effective resource utilisation and impact. Different programmes with potential for complementarities will target common beneficiaries and agencies will explore innovative and alternative approaches to complement their current planned or ongoing activities.

IndicatorsSome of the key indicators of performance include: The prevalence of acute malnutrition rates and crude and under five child mortality rates; Number of previously malnourished children that have cured in the selective feeding

programmes by regions (coverage analysis including admissions trends and specific selective feeding programme performance indicators based on Sphere Guidelines recommendations);

Number of additional programmes established within health and nutrition facilities that address underlying causes of malnutrition e.g. kitchen gardens demonstrations, water points, hygiene promotion, locally available food preservation and preparation demonstration centres, etc.;

Number of additional national NGOs trained and involved in the management of acute malnutrition in South and Central regions;

Percentage coverage of (multiple) micronutrient supplementation through routine, accelerated campaign and through expanded selective feeding programmes;

Number of health and nutrition workers from supporting and implementing agencies trained on maternal and child feeding/nutrition response in emergencies.

Activities Technical support and capacity improvement of the selective feeding implementing

agencies (training and supportive supervision); Support the current routine and emergency nutrition response activities and advocate for

integration of complementary programmes including food security and livelihood promotion projects, comprehensive public health services, water and sanitation;

Emergency nutrition supply procurement and delivery to the affected regions and support to the warehousing facilities for buffer stock;

Promote dietary diversity in all seasons through improved awareness on storage and preservation methods of locally available foods and promote appropriate feeding habits (including breastfeeding and complementary feeding);

Identify and support the CBOs and Somali nationals with potential to improve nutrition response coverage in both accessible and inaccessible areas;

Improve intra-cluster coordination and inter sectoral programme coordination to enhance field level information sharing, programme complementarities and resource utilisation.

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Monitoring Through periodic nutrition assessment, the nutrition situation will be closely monitored and the influencing factors documented for appropriate action. Programme performance feedback will be given to relevant stakeholders through sharing of monthly project reports and through discussions facilitated in the regular monthly nutrition cluster/nutrition working group meetings. The database of the nutrition action reports will be improved. Critical assessment and analysis of the overall emergency nutrition response performance and the integration with the complementary programmes will be done, jointly by the implementing and supporting agencies, on quarterly basis to enhance quality and coverage of programmes.

Implications if the Response Plan is not implemented Nutrition is a late indicator and failure or delay in this response plan implementation increases risk of death and/or permanent impairment of many children currently at risk. Chronic malnutrition is likely to be more prevalent. The cycle of malnourished children becoming malnourished adults who later reproduce malnourished children presents a risk of a future population in South and Central Somalia that will never achieve their full physical and mental potential. Rectifying this imminent problem of risk for death and/or impairment will be less expensive than correcting an impaired population in the future.

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3.4.7. WATER AND SANITATION

Analysis of Needs In central and southern regions of Somalia, 18% of the population is estimated to be able to access safe water and 51% have access to safe means of excreta disposal. For IDPs and returnees, indicators for access to basic services are lower than for the rest of the population as they often do not receive support from family/clan members, on which many returnees depend, and their access to services is also impeded by discrimination. Inadequate water services and lack of sanitation in the whole country has resulted in high levels of mortality among children and adults in IDP camps and other vulnerable communities. Cholera is endemic in Somalia and during the cholera season requires intensification of cholera prevention and control activities. The high prevalence of water related diseases is compounded by both the lack of water available and poor hygiene practices such as inadequate hand washing. Competition and conflict around scarce water supply sources still persists, improving access to water will remain a major mitigation factor being used to avert impending disaster.

The WatSan cluster priorities will focus on increasing water supply through diversification of water supply systems, locally suitable sanitation options and hygiene promotion activities. An integrated approach will be utilised to combine short-term life saving strategies with medium term recovery strategies that support the sustainability of water supply and sanitation actions to generate wider improvements in livelihood security. A major focus will be on strengthening the capacity of local civil society partners to ensure effective coverage of areas with limited access. The crosscutting issue of gender will be addressed through the involvement of both women and men in the selection of the location, design and maintenance of water and sanitation facilities in the response activities.

ObjectivesThe overall WATSAN Cluster objective is to contribute to the well being of affected population through reducing the transmission of diseases through the promotion of good hygiene practices, the provision of safe drinking water and the reduction of health risks related to poor sanitation.

The specific objectives are: Increase access to sustainable water and environmental sanitation services for 1,000,000

people, in particular women and children, experiencing a fast and onset emergency; Strengthen local capacity for provision of safe drinking water and environmental sanitation

services to 400,000 people, especially women and children, in vulnerable situations (particularly IDPs).

PartnershipsWorld Vision, COOPI, Norwegian Church Aid (NCA), CARE, Oxfam-GB, CONCERN Worldwide, WCI, Solidarités, Islamic Relief, Horn Relief, COSV/Jubaland Charity Centre (JCC), ASEP, ADRA, INTERSOS, WHO, NRC, UNICEF, among others. International partners are expected to work in close collaboration with local NGOs to ensure coverage.

IndicatorsKey indicators of performance include: Percentage of people with improved access to safe water sources (450,000 people

experiencing a fast and onset emergency and 300,000 people in vulnerable situations); Number of people having access and utilising sanitation facilities (150,000 people) the

percentage of people directly reached through hygiene awareness campaigns (450,000 people).

Activities Strengthen the local capacity of civil society partners and community in social mobilisation

on hygiene and environmental sanitation and WatSan management; Improve the capacity of local civil society and partners and the community in operational

maintenance of water supply systems; Increase of safe water supply and diversify water supply systems; Increase of improved sanitation options; Provide water trucking services when no other solutions are available; Chlorinate water points in cholera prone areas, post action evaluation and expand water

quality monitoring mechanism; Increase WatSan cluster coordination and regular monitoring through updating

contingency plans, organising frequent coordination meetings and ensuring adequate pre-positioning of supplies in strategic locations.

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Monitoring Partner assessment and monitoring reports will be regularly shared through the monthly WatSan cluster meetings both in Nairobi as in the field. Through regular monitoring needs will be identified and response be mobilised to link water and sanitation actions to schools, health and feeding centres to ensure improved quality and coverage of programme implementation.

Implications if the Response Plan is not implemented If this plan is not implemented the mortality rate, as an indicator of severity of crises and complex emergency, will continue to surpass the unacceptable threshold of over-all CMR of 1/10,000/day and an under-five mortality rate 2/10,000/day. In addition limited access to safe water and sanitation facilities will continue to exacerbate the existing health and malnutrition calamities.

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3.4.8. EDUCATION

Analysis of NeedsThe humanitarian situation in south and central regions remains uncertain due to the effects of localised conflicts and recurrent natural disasters (such as droughts and floods). This poses a serious threat to the already fragile situation of the education sector that is chronically under-resourced.

Despite an increase in access to primary education across Somalia (28%), approximately 40% of schools in the drought affected areas (Bay, Bekol, Gedo, Lower/Middle Juba) have been closed down. With limited educational opportunities and a lawless environment, the risk of children joining militias is elevated. Through increasing access to educational opportunities and promoting life skills based education for out-of-school youth, education can be considered both life-saving and life-sustaining.The main target of emergency education programmes are the marginalised and vulnerable groups in southern and central Somalia and the displaced population in the North east and west . Recognising the imposing threat of conflict and the likelihood of natural disasters, it is essential that the capacity of local communities and authorities is strengthened for emergency education preparedness.

Objectives To increase sustainable access to quality education amongst vulnerable groups, children

and youth in emergencies; To retain children and youth in formal and non formal education during emergencies and

disseminate key survival messages through educational programs; To create awareness and build the capacity on emergency preparedness at all levels

(Ministry of Education (MoE), Regional Education Officers (REOs), District Education Boards (DEBs), Community Education Committees (CECs) and teachers).

ActivitiesSupport the establishment of child-friendly and secure learning spaces for vulnerable groupsThis activity is aimed at providing learning spaces to the target population. Where possible, Somali authorities will be involved in the response. Two different strategies for displaced pupils are foreseen: a) Integration: innovative strategies will be developed to ensure displaced children can be integrated into the existing educational facilities of the host communities. b) Return: Where integration policies for displaced children are not feasible or return is anticipated, tented learning spaces and educational materials shall be provided.

This activity is consistent with strategic priority 1: Increase access to basic education services for an estimated 157,607 long-term displaced people (UNHCR IDP Profiling in Lower Shabelle, Bossaso, Hargeisa, Berbera and Burao and about 300,000 new displaced in Central Southern Somalia (UNHCR new displacement map at 31 July 2006).

Support of School Fees for Marginalised Groups or Teachers’ IncentivesThis activity will support access to education for marginalised and vulnerable groups and retain teachers in school during emergency situations in the IDP emergency affected zones of Central South, North East and North West zones of Somalia. Teacher incentives will be targeted at female teachers in order to increase the number of role models for girls. Awareness and understanding shall be raised in order to avoid payment to a selected group creating hostility. An exit strategy will be included to ensure program sustainability in the long term.

This activity is consistent with strategic priority 1: Increase access to basic education services for an estimated 157,607 long-term displaced people in all Somalia and about 300,000 new displaced in Central Southern zones.

School Feeding ProgrammeBased on the outcomes of the school feeding component of the drought emergency response in 2006, this activity will be continued on a performance and needs basis. It will be delivered alongside other actions targeting obstacles to enrolment and retention to ensure that quality remains the first priority and that food does not become the key motivation for attending school. Capacity building of the MOE shall contribute to gradual ownership of the program. School adjustments to include the necessary infrastructure for feeding will be promoted.

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This activity is consistent with strategic priority 2: Alleviate the suffering and increase access to basic humanitarian services.

Life Skills Based EducationThis activity includes promotion of peace education, reintegration programs for former youth militia, and dissemination of key survival messages through multiple educational channels. Innovative strategies such as story-telling and radio education will be used to transmit messages.This activity is consistent with strategic priority 1: Save lives of an estimated 322,000 children in Central Southern zones of Somalia.

Teacher TrainingTeacher training for high priority groups (unqualified, barely trained, IDP teachers) on teaching methodologies and lesson planning in line with the ongoing programmes (e.g. Strengthening Capacity of Teacher Training [SCOTT]); priority will be given to teachers in the IDP camps of Central South, North West and North East zones of Somalia. The number of teachers will be defined by a capacity assessment of the existing displaced teachers.

Strengthening local and regional capacity for an effective emergency response in the education sector This activity is consistent with the overall strategic priority 4 Strengthen capacity for social service delivery and response to natural or conflict related disasters. Moreover it contributes to strengthening resilience of Somali authorities to respond in emergency situations. The program will focus on: Capacity building of the MoE, REOs and DEBs to coordinate the emergency response

through: training in conducting rapid assessments, advocacy, mobilisation and standards (Minimum Standards for Education in Emergencies);

Training in management functions for the MoE, REOs and DEBs to support a rapid response for education in emergencies (this will include Minimum Standards in Education Emergencies [MSEE]);

Support to the CECs to coordinate the local level response to an emergency: training in advocacy and social mobilisation, mobilisation of human and financial resources, management and planning;

Support to the development of the Education Management Information System (EMIS) to ensure information is collected on the number and location of children displaced or affected by emergency; the availability and conditions of school facilities; and the availability of learning materials and teachers.

PartnershipsUNICEF, WFP, UNESCO, UNDP, Diakonia, Water for Life (WFL), Intersos, NCA, NRC, WCI, International Aid Service (IAS), Islamic Relief, Education Development Trust (EDC), Trocaire, Save the Children (SC-UK), CISP, COOPI, CfBt, WVI, Africa Educational Trust (AET), ADRA, COSV, HISAN-WEPA, Candle Africa International and Mogadishu University, CAS.

IndicatorsAccess Indicators: Number of schools with adequate gender sensitive sanitation facilities and water;Number of children and youth (disaggregated by gender) enrolled in educational institutions; Number of teachers employed (by gender); Number of learners and teachers are retained throughout the school year during the emergency.

Quality Indicators: Number of teachers trained (by gender and level); Pupils’ cognitive achievement (measurable through tests and examination documents); Completion ratio (measurable through the annual Primary Education Survey [PES]); Interaction of students and teachers (measurable through school visits); Teaching and learning processes (measurable through school visits); Number of textbooks and instructional materials.

Strengthening Emergency Preparedness indicators: Number of stakeholders and education authorities trained and enabled to address and respond to emergency situations in the education sector; No of gender sensitive emergency preparedness plans developed; No of authorities trained in EMIS.

Monitoring

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Monitoring mechanisms of the sector response plan will be managed by the Education Sectoral Committee (ESC) of the Somalia Support Secretariat. Implementing agencies will monitor at field level and progress reports will be shared at the monthly educational forum. Data will be disaggregated by gender. Input from Somali authorities, including assessments and monitoring activities, will be coordinated through the SSS and implementing agencies.

Implications if the Plan is Not ImplementedThe sector response plan addresses the basic human right of ensuring educational opportunities to all the children in emergencies in line with the millennium development goals. If the response plan is not implemented displaced and vulnerable children in the south and central regions of Somalia may be denied the right to quality basic education.

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CROSS-CUTTING SECTORS

3.4.9. EARLY RECOVERY/CROSS-CUTTING

Analysis of needsRecognising that humanitarian aid is the first line of action in Somalia, supporting the resilience and coping mechanisms of households and communities under continual threat is critical, as recurrent conflicts and natural disasters jeopardise the capacities of people to protect their families and livelihoods. Recovery programming is needed to restore services, livelihood opportunities and governance capacity as well as to reduce vulnerability to future crises. The earlier in the humanitarian phase that planning and work on recovery begins, the sooner country institutions can move forward in providing basic services and assuming governance functions to stabilise affected areas. In humanitarian assistance programmes the focus is on the individuals in need; early recovery programming will focus on their support systems. Recognising the differential impact of conflict and disaster on women and men, boys and girls, Early Recovery actions will also seek to redress gender inequalities, support the spontaneous transformation of gender relationships in the recovery process, and raise the status of women in society.

The Early Recovery pillar of the CAP links to the Joint Needs Assessment and the initial stage of the Reconstruction and Development Plan33 by including some of the first-year priorities which are emerging from the RDP, and which can be undertaken in a humanitarian setting.

ObjectivesEarly Recovery is recovery that begins early in a humanitarian setting. It is a multi-dimensional process, guided by development principles. It aims to generate self-sustaining, nationally-owned, and resilient processes for post-crisis recovery. The main objectives for the CAP in 2007 are:

Ensure planning that aims at both saving lives and preserving livelihoods, by strengthening essential local governance capacities and ensuring broad-based participation in a framework for early recovery, and by protecting assets for sustainable livelihoods.

Address underlying causes of vulnerability, by strengthening mechanism for peace building and reconciliation and by addressing a range of root causes of natural disasters.

Create a conducive environment for stabilisation of vulnerable communities and the sustainable reintegration of displaced populations, by providing early access to social services and economic networks and strengthening the rule of law.

Where access permits, an integrated area-based approach will be implemented to help address the needs of populations affected by the crisis by enabling or reinforcing community capacities. The approach promotes increased security, economic recovery and social reconciliation at the local level using a human rights-based approach. The area-based approach targets well-defined geographical areas to serve the vulnerable population within these, and engages international and local institutions and actors.

PartnershipsThe early recovery coordination platform will bring together key partners around requirements for an integrated response, and provide a space to elaborate detailed area-based action plans. It will also ensure the joint monitoring of progress, funding allocation, and performance of key partners against commitments.

Early recovery programmes will work with local leaders and the civil society, ensuring representation and effective participation of women’s networks, through agreed upon mechanisms (e.g. district recovery committees) to define immediate priorities. While one result of the programme is the rehabilitation of infrastructure, and the short-term employment created to build it, the process importantly provides the space for local administration to build its own capacity in recovery planning and establish legitimacy, the space for reconciliation and dialogue and the initial delivery of peace dividends.

33 Early recovery also links up directly with the UNHCR initiated Comprehensive Plan of Action for Somali Refugees which aims at durable solutions for Somali refugees in the region, through creating in the country of origin conditions conducive for the return and reintegration of Somali refugees and IDPs.

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The restoration of government functions and responsibilities is critical to consolidate peace in Somalia. Early recovery programming must be driven by, and engage, country partners and institutions in all aspects of programming. Systems of decentralised responsibility and accountability will need to be developed early in the process.

Early recovery actors will help to increase the participation of NGOs and CBOs in planning and decision-making, under an overall local governance framework. Community-driven approaches will strengthen relationships between civil society and local government through partnerships, promoting the joint ownership of resources, and planning by local stakeholders. Deliberate measures to ensure the inclusion of women at all stages of early recovery will contribute to women’s empowerment and to addressing gender inequalities.

The ISFS is proposed as the principal channel for funding of Early Recovery activities, as an integrated and coherent approach can be better managed and coordinated through pooled funding channelled to the participating agencies. It is also critical to ensure that flexible funding is made available as soon as new areas open so that critical early recovery activities can be put in place in time to facilitate stabilisation efforts.

Criteria for Early Recovery Actions The conditions for implementing an area-based approach in support of Early Recovery

are: Access and security have been negotiated with legitimate or de facto authorities; Sustained reduction of armed conflict with initial conditions for peace building in place, so

that foundations for stabilisation and later development can be laid; Conditions for the emergence of nascent governance structures are present; Need for stabilising or consolidating emerging peace and continuing support to

communities and populations recovering from conflict, and for initiating strategic planning, coordination and capacity building for the rule of law and security;

Stable conditions for development have not yet emerged but planning for development is possible.

Project Selection ProcessA project validated under the pillar of Early Recovery present with all or most of the following criteria: Phasing out relief or addressing the next step after saving lives; Activities address underlying causes of disaster (drought, floods, or conflict); Immediate or basic capacities of communities to cope with crises strengthened; Potential or existing capacities of local authorities to plan, manage, and coordinate

crises as well as for subsequent recovery phase strengthened; Action undertaken with sustainability in mind; particularly inclusive of communities in

shaping and implementing the action and thus building capacity; Action will be planned and coordinated through an area-based framework; Mainstreams peace-building and reconciliation activities; Mainstreams gender and human rights based approaches and integrates protection

activities; Not longer term recovery/reconstruction/development in nature; Not emergency/relief in nature.

ActivitiesEarly Recovery activities will be concentrated to areas in South/Central Somalia as access conditions permit. The 2007 CAP includes Early Recovery activities in each of the Clusters within respective response plans; the build-up of country capacities for transition and recovery; support to the early stages of governance, peace building and conflict prevention; community-driven social and economic recovery; small scale recovery infrastructure; and coordination of Early Recovery. Consequently, the following main activities will be undertaken: Protection of productive assets in support of food security, and strengthening of

community capacities to cope with future shocks, incl. livelihood diversification; Capacities and mechanisms for sustainable social service delivery, notably water and

sanitation, education, and essential health services in early recovery areas; Support to nascent governance structures, in particular district-level local authorities’

coordination and advocacy of early recovery with emphasis on basic service delivery and capacities for civic participation;

Support to non-state actors community organisations, CBOs and NGOs in areas affected by disaster;

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Peace building and reconciliation; Rule of law, incl. law enforcement and access to justice in areas of early recovery; More sustainable reintegration of displaced population and demobilised militia; Natural disaster risk reduction and mitigation; Small infrastructures to enhance recovery, strengthen reintegration, improve security, or

remove bottlenecks to humanitarian assistance.

Monitoring and IndicatorsProgress on Early Recovery can be monitored, using inter-agency monitoring mechanisms as far as possible, with the following indicators: Access permitting an Early Recovery response; Capacity development and sustainability within the humanitarian emergency response; Country capacities for recovery coordination; Community physical capacity development; Disaster mitigation mechanisms; Sustained efforts and capacity built for inclusion and participation of women in early

recovery response.

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3.4.10. GENDER/CROSS-CUTTINGAnalysis of NeedsThe complex and prolonged emergency situation in Somalia is characterised by fragile governing structures dependent on clan-based militia systems that exclude women and minority groups that are not armed. The matrilineal clan social structures demand allegiance and material support; in return they provide protection and assistance to vulnerable groups. Although women are not part of the clan decision making structures they are involved in providing services such as health, food preparation and mobilisation of resources for the clan militia and leadership. The social costs of the clan-based civil war resulted in over displaced within and beyond the borders. Multiple disasters – conflict, drought, floods and poverty have taxed social structures to the extent that their traditional coping mechanisms and limited resources cannot sustain the pressure. The situation has generated dramatic changes in traditional structures such as disintegration of family and social networks, coupled with men’s inability to fend and provide for their families resulting in women taking the additional roles. The prolonged crisis has also led to a dramatic increase in the number of women heads of households with responsibilities and high demands for meeting the needs of households coping with stress. These activities expose women to risks and they are often physically and sexually abused, as men have developed a low self esteem and resentment of women’s roles as key providers of household incomes.

According to the socio-economic survey of Somalia 2002, an estimated 58% of female-headed households are widows while the remaining consists of women who have either been divorced or abandoned. There is therefore a need for gender analysis and identification of gender specific needs in the following humanitarian response sectors.

Livelihoods: Women have limited access to diverse livelihood options due to low levels of literacy and lack of access and control of land and other major productive resources this situation is made worse by recurrent drought and intermittent clan-conflicts.

Health: Access to health services during the on-going emergency is restricted, especially for women in rural and inaccessible areas, IDPs, returnees and the disabled. Poor public health infrastructure, absence of skilled health professionals and limited resources at household and state level has contributed to high maternal, and child mortality rates.

Nutrition: Household food security is the responsibility of women who have limited knowledge and income. Changing gender roles and heavy burden of generating income in a difficult environment has negatively impacted on the ability of women in poor households to sustain household food security and provide quality care for young and ageing members of the household.

Water and Sanitation: Traditional gender roles allocate the responsibility of providing water to the households to women on girls, while men and boys provide water for livestock. However, most water and sanitation programmes often do not build on the knowledge of women and girls and often, exclude them from planning and management of water and sanitation programmes. Limited information also exists on the cultural and biological water needs of women and girls.

Education: Somalia has the lowest primary enrolment in Africa and female enrolment rates are very poor with a gross enrolment rate of girls of 15% and female adult literacy rate 27% compared to 27% for boys and 50% male adult literacy rate. Limited information exists on drop out rates of both girls and boys during emergencies. Low literacy levels limits the ability of women in vulnerable communities to participate in public decision making processes and reduce their capabilities to fulfil their productive as well as reproductive roles.

Capacity building: Local capacities for coping with disaster and emergencies remain weak, especially among gender-based organisations and institutions. Exclusion, non-representation or unacceptably low representation of women in humanitarian response mechanisms and decision-making structure continue to prevail, therefore affecting the quality of outcome of humanitarian response. Coordination of a common gender response strategy will also need to be strengthened in order to ensure that the humanitarian response effectively addresses gender inequalities in its response.

Objectives The IASC Policy statement for the integration of a gender perspective in Humanitarian Assistance (1999), commits as priority the participation of women in planning, designing and monitoring of all emergency programmes. The focus on women is recognition that they have less access to decision

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makers due to their low representative in community leadership structures and other factors such as low literacy and limited mobility and time constraints. However in the context of the Somali clan-based patrilineal culture which has strict gender disaggregated roles it will be important to negotiate with community leaders for an integrated approach which expands participation to include all marginalised groups. The strategy will also have targeted support for capacity building for women’s organisation to enable them to participate as service provider in humanitarian and early recovery. The community-based approach should also include advocacy initiatives targeting community leaders and women’s group on the need to include gender equality and human rights needs in the humanitarian response. Targeted training should be provided for community leaders, women and youth groups on issues of protection and capabilities as rights holders and duty bearers. Promote and enhance gender mainstreaming in analysis, design, implementation,

monitoring evaluation of humanitarian recovery response. Indicators: gender disaggregated data; gender responsive programming tools; gender balanced teams;

Enhance equality of access to humanitarian assistance by marginalised groups (minorities, women, IDPs, returnees and disabled) Indicators: Representation of decision making committees engaged in management of humanitarian response;

Promote humanitarian recovery response that addresses specific needs of women and girls (Reproductive health, pregnant lactating women Female Genital Mutilation (FGM), SGBV). Indicators: Percentage of projects that specifically address needs of women and girls;

Establish a gender coordination mechanism and strengthen capacities of the ministries of women and family affairs, women and youth networks to better respond to emergencies and crises. Indicators: Percentage of women benefiting from capacity strengthening initiatives.

Enhanced gender mainstreaming of the humanitarian response in Somalia will result in a reduction of gender inequalities and ensures equal access to resources by women, men, boys and girls in vulnerable groups.

Partnerships CISS Gender working group members, UNIFEM, OCHA, UNDP UNICEF, UNFPA UNHCR, Heinrich Böll Foundation (HBF), NOVIB, WVI, and other INGOs.

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3.4.11. HIV/AIDS/CROSS-CUTTING

Analysis of NeedsThere are an estimated 40,000 Somalis living with HIV/AIDS. The number of women of 15 year old and over was estimated to be 23,000. The HIV/AIDS projects in the 2007 CAP were identified on the basis that the actions are targeting the most vulnerable, including women and children. By mainstreaming HIV/AIDS into CAP sectoral actions, access to HIV/AIDS services will be increased among Somalis. Increased and frequent movement of populations within and across borders due to the drought contributes to vulnerability to HIV infection. In addition, loss of livelihood is likely to be accompanied by a rise in commercial sex workers and other harmful coping mechanisms which leave women and children vulnerable to exploitation and HIV infection. For those infected poor nutritional status increases the risk of mortality and morbidity. In turn increased mortality deprives children of parents and households of income generators and contributes to long-term vulnerability. Provision of Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission (PMTCT) services and paediatric anti retroviral therapy will reduce HIV/AIDS mortality among children and ultimately prevent HIV infection in the next generation.

Cross-cutting Sector ObjectivesTo ensure that most vulnerable have equitable access to integrated prevention, treatment, care and support services especially orphans, women and children and people living with HIV/AIDS.

PartnershipsUNAIDS, UNICEF, UNFPA, Humanitarian Development Organisation (HDO), Family Empowerment and Relief Organisation (FERO) and IOM.

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SUPPORT SECTORS

3.4.12. LOGISTICS/SUPPORT SECTOR

Analysis of NeedsAs a support service to programme activities in Somalia, logistics plays a vital role in ensuring that relief items are delivered in the most time-efficient way in a volatile political and security environment. In March 2006 - in an effort to further improve the effectiveness and efficiency of emergency humanitarian actions in Somalia - the WFP-led Logistics Cluster was established as part of the introduction of the Cluster system to Somalia. A review of logistics activities by the Cluster in the first half of 2006 has revealed a need to step up efforts for service improvement in the following areas:

Trucking capacity both in Kenya and in Somalia; Various customs issues outside and inside Somalia; Preparedness for recurring seasonal emergencies, particularly in Middle and Lower Juba.

Consequently, the focus in 2007 will be for agencies individually as well as jointly to continue improvement in these three areas.

While agencies themselves will have to carry out internal reviews and where necessary make internal logistical adjustments to operations, improvement in these areas will need to be coordinated amongst agencies. Tackling the priority needs will include but are not exhaustive of the following activities: Relief strain on trucking capacity both in Kenya and in Somalia by increasing border

storage; shared shipments/time charters, and setting up strategic inter-agency storage points in Somalia;

Advocate with authorities on various customs issues in Mombasa, on the border, and in Somalia with the setting up of new customs systems;

Better prepare for recurring seasonal emergencies, particularly in Middle and Lower Juba, by preparing for alternative logistical routes; and pre-positioning of relief items and boats.

Moreover, insecurity, poor infrastructure, and adverse seasonal weather conditions - remain the key logistical obstacles to a timely aid delivery in Somalia, leading to some areas of humanitarian priority to be difficult or even at times impossible to reach. Finding solutions to larger obstacles goes beyond the scope of influence of the humanitarian community alone. Thus, linkages with development partners and advocacy efforts with key stakeholders will need to be continued to be pursued.

ObjectiveEnsuring a timely and sufficient pipeline that corresponds to programme needs and priorities through synchronised logistical support and, where possible, the use of common resources.

PartnershipsWFP, UNHCR, UNICEF, WHO, FAO, IOM, ACF, ADRA, AFREC, CARE Somalia, Oxfam, SC-UK, South West Relief Development Agency (SWRDA), WCI, WVI.

Indicators On-time delivery of relief items corresponding to programme priorities and timelines; Adequate storage in strategic locations; Relief goods and other supplies procured locally, where possible; Logistical obstacles resolved through advocacy, where possible; Emergency Response plan implemented; Number of resources pooled and cost shared; Number of trainings conducted and number of local staff trained, particularly on cargo

handling and storage.

Implications if the Response Plan is not ImplementedThe Logistics Cluster on a periodic basis will monitor meeting of the response objective. Considering the cost-intensive logistics operation for Somalia, continued efforts to improve the effectiveness and its efficiency of these life-saving operations are crucial. Failure to do so will not only risk resulting in the preventable loss of life but also keep the running costs of operation.

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3.4.13. COORDINATION/SUPPORT SECTOR

Needs AnalysisIn 2006, in collaboration with local authorities, UN agencies and NGO partners, OCHA Somalia has continued to conduct and lead inter-agency assessment missions, identify urgent priorities, and facilitate the planning of common responses to meet the needs of affected populations.

Working with partners, coordination activities in Somalia will be strengthened in 2007 through an increased field staff presence (both in the number and seniority of international and national staff), especially in the more difficult operating environments of southern and central Somalia. This increased staff presence will enhance the delivery of humanitarian assistance by improving access through negotiations with local authorities, promoting humanitarian principles at the local level, and supporting grass-roots reconciliation initiatives in collaboration with the local authority structures. OCHA will continue its coordination role to support UN agencies, NGOs, and other partners in their efforts to strengthen the protection of the most vulnerable in Somalia, including women and ethnic minorities. OCHA will also work to mobilise resources to improve the humanitarian community’s response capacity, and through coordination and information sharing, improve the timeliness of humanitarian response. OCHA and its UN and NGO partners will advocate at different levels, locally and internationally, on the dire humanitarian situation of a population in south and central region, which has been neglected and inaccessible for fifteen many years. OCHA will also support the two intricately linked pillars of the 2007 CAP, addressing both humanitarian needs and early recovery, working closely with the UNDP Resident Coordinator’s Office to ensure integrated coordination support.

In 2007 OCHA and UNDP, through the Resident Coordinator’s Office, will contribute to integrated UN coordination arrangements to support early recovery and peace building initiatives being undertaken in Somalia. The Resident Coordinator’s Office will establish a field presence in parts of Somalia where the conditions for early recovery programs are most conducive, and where OCHA has reduced its field presence as a result of diminishing humanitarian needs. Integrated coordination will help to support the dual pillars of the 2007 CAP: early recovery and humanitarian assistance.

Following the implementation of the Humanitarian Reform, Somalia is now one of four pilot countries to implement the cluster leadership approach aimed at improving the predictability, timeliness and effectiveness of a humanitarian response. In this regard, in early 2006, OCHA facilitated the establishment of eight clusters as well as the creation of a Somalia Inter-Agency Standing Committee to support the Humanitarian Coordinator. The Cluster Approach will continue to be strengthened in 2007.

ObjectiveTo provide timely, cost effective and will integrated humanitarian response as well as to advocate for increased access and increased operational capacity in south and central regions which have been neglected due to insecurity.

PartnershipsIASC members, Cluster leads, UNPOS, United Nations Country Team (UNCT), NGO Consortium, UNDSS, CISS, National, local and de facto authorities.

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4. STRATEGIC MONITORING PLAN

On a quarterly basis, the IASC for Somalia will hold meetings to discuss progress achieved against the CAP. The IASC will monitor the progress made in addressing the 2007 CAP strategic priorities using existing monitoring systems such as assessment missions, studies, reporting mechanisms, early warning systems, coordination mechanisms (in-country and Nairobi) and the yearly CAP planning workshop.

While agencies are responsible for monitoring progress in project implementation through regular reporting systems (annual, mid-year, monthly, weekly and ad-hoc reports), OCHA is tasked with the strategic monitoring of the overall humanitarian context, including progress in implementing activities related to the CAP and their repercussions on the humanitarian situation in general. At headquarters level, OCHA Geneva will continue to ensure regular reporting on funding status for projects in and outside the CAP framework through the FTS. This will help to highlight the implications of funding availability or constraints on humanitarian activities.

The mid-year review of the CAP will provide stakeholders with an opportunity to re-examine the context, the humanitarian consequences, the planning scenarios, the response priorities, the sector response strategies and the progress made in achieving the strategic priorities. In the event of significant changes in the context, consequences and scenarios, programmes will be reviewed and adjusted to accommodate the new realities. Similarly, the planning workshop for the 2008 CAP will allow partners to re-examine the context and related consequences, monitor progress achieved during 2007, identify lessons learned, and readjust programmes in the event of drastic changes in the context and consequences.

5. CRITERIA FOR PRIORITISATION OF PROJECTS

The number of projects in the 2007 CAP (128 project proposals) is more than the 92 projects in the Revised CAP 2006. There was enormous interest from organisations, which was reflected, in the average participation of 151 people a day at the two-day Nairobi CAP workshop. There was also increased interest by Somali partners in submitting project proposals into the CAP (also likely a result of CAP workshops held in the field) The early recovery pillar also hosted an additional 13 projects.

All project proposals went through a strict project selection process guided by the CAP Sector/Cross-cutting Lead and with emphasis during selection on how projects best met the immediate humanitarian requirements for the 1.8 million most vulnerable. At a CAP meeting chaired by the Humanitarian Coordinator and including representatives from NGOs (Oxfam and WVI). CAP leads presented their CAP sector and rationale behind their CAP sector objectives and project inclusion. From the original 148 project proposals received - 128 project proposals were finally selected.

All UN and NGOs projects in Somalia are guided by international humanitarian and human rights law and based on the respective agency mandates. When considering projects to include in the Appeal, participating agencies agreed that the projects should: Be realistic in terms of budget, duration and the implementing agency’s capacity; Clearly support the overall and sectoral goals of the CHAP; Target the priority vulnerable groups identified in the CHAP; Incorporate do-no-harm principles; Be complementary (i.e. no geographic duplication of projects); Demonstrate partnerships with local actors; Be based on demonstrable needs assessments; Demonstrate the comparative advantage of the implementing agency; Take into consideration the accessibility of the target areas; Be considered in light of the overall distribution of projects within the sector; Be developed and implemented in concert with local counterparts; Mainstream thematic issues such as gender and protection.

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6. SUMMARY: STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR HUMANITARIAN RESPONSE

STRATEGIC PRIORITY CORRESPONDING RESPONSE PLAN OBJECTIVE ASSOCIATED PROJECTS

1. Save lives and increase access to basic humanitarian services for 1.4 million people identified as being in a state of Humanitarian Emergency and Acute Food and Livelihood Crisis and strengthen the resiliency of Somali livelihoods to better withstand natural or conflict related disasters. 2. Alleviate the suffering and increase access to basic humanitarian services of the estimated 400,000 IDPs living in public buildings or settlements without clan-based protection including the 250,000 residing in Mogadishu

3. Enhance the protection of and respect for the human rights and dignity of affected populations

Access/Security Enhance and ensure the safety and security of humanitarian staff and operations (also relates to strategic priority two);

Establish and implement a humanitarian advocacy strategy with the objective of improving conditions for effective, efficient and timely delivery of humanitarian assistance (also relates to strategic priority two);

Develop a common access approach to better inform and sustain humanitarian actions in complex environments.

UNDSS: Enhancement of Security Environment and Accessibility.CARE International (on behalf of NGO Consortium): NGO Security and Preparedness and Support.WFP (on behalf of UNCAS): Airfield Security of the United Nations in Somalia.

Food and Livelihoods Protect and improve household food security, including asset base, through increasing access and availability to food and means of production.

OXFAM and Horn Relief: South Somalia Food Security and Livelihoods Programme (also relates to strategic priority 4).CARE: Rural Food Security Programme.FAO: Strengthen emergency coordination mechanisms and community capacity (also relates to strategic priority 3 and 4).FAO: Provision of emergency livelihood services to directly increase food access and means of productions.WFP: Protracted Relief and recovery operation, Food aid for relief and protection of livelihoods.Horn Relief: Pastoral Recovery Project – Targeted pack camel restocking in Sanaag.Horn Relief: Livelihood Diversification and improved resilience to Shocks in Afmadow and Badhaade districts of Lower Juba.PENHA: Speeding up recovery for drought affected pastoralists and destitute families (also relates to strategic priority 4).PENHA: Livelihood Support project for Gedo, Middle and Lower Juba Regions (also relates to strategic priority 4).SOLIDARITES: Food security and livelihood programme for vulnerable households in Gedo.FERO: Integrated Strategy for HIV vulnerable and infected persons in southern Somalia.

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STRATEGIC PRIORITY CORRESPONDING RESPONSE PLAN OBJECTIVE ASSOCIATED PROJECTS

Health Reduce excess mortality, morbidity and malnutrition of the Somali population with particular attention to the vulnerable populations.

WHO/UNICEF: six National Polio Immunisation Campaigns during 2007.UNFPA: Strengthening Reproductive Health Services through the provision of safe delivery and emergency obstetric care services for women, including IDPs.UNFPA: Provision of Family Planning Information and Services.WHO/UNICEF: Provision of life saving health services.WHO: Prevention and Control of Communicable Diseases in Somalia.WHO/UNFPA: Strengthening of sentinel surveillance sites and reporting systems in Somalia.WHO: Prevention and Control of Communicable Diseases From Animals to Humans.

Nutrition Support the intensive selective feeding programmes (ongoing and planned) to improve the coverage of the emergency nutrition activities of detecting and rehabilitating severely and moderately malnourished children

Foster linkages of the selective feeding response with medium term programmes addressing the underlying causes of malnutrition (including maternal and child care practices, food security and livelihood promotion, water and sanitation)

Strengthen and expand the regular public health and nutrition programmes through expansion of the primary health care (PHC) programmes and improvement of the quality of services in the PHC programmes in south and central Somalia

JCC – COSV – Livestock Re-distribution project to families with malnourished children in Sakow and Buaale Districts.FSAU/FSAU Nutritional SurveillanceIMC/Emergency Nutrition ProgrammeUNICEF/Nutrition care of the malnourished and nutrition promotion in affected populations.

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STRATEGIC PRIORITY CORRESPONDING RESPONSE PLAN OBJECTIVE ASSOCIATED PROJECTS

WATSAN Increase access to sustainable water and environmental sanitation services for 1,000,000 people, in particular women and children, experiencing a fast and onset emergency

World Concern Development Organisation: Improve access to water and sanitation for vulnerable communities in Middle and Lower Juba.ADRA: Provision of adequate fresh water and proper hygiene sanitation for the people of Bakol Regions.Solidarites: Access to water and sanitation facilities for vulnerable groups in Bardera District in Gedo Region.Norweigan Church Aid (NCA): Water Supply and Sanitation Project in Gedo and Puntland.World Vision International: Middle Juba Community Water and Sanitation Project.INTERSOS: Water Quality Monitoring in Middle Shabelle Region.WHO: Strengthening and enhancing water quality surveillance and monitoring programme in south Somalia.WHO: Promote appropriate sanitation.WHO: Emergency actions for cholera outbreaks in Somalia.Horn Relief: Water and Environmental Sanitation Project.Horn Relief: Emergency Action in water and sanitation in Lower Juba.ASEP: Community Based water conservation and supply for pastoral and agro pastoral communities in Gedo region.COSV: Improving water availability for pastoral communities and minimising outbreaks of waterborne diseases.World Concern: Emergency school feeding programme in Lower Juba.CARE: Southern Somalia Rehabilitation Project.

Coordination To provide timely, cost effective and well integrated humanitarian response as well as to advocate for increased access and increased operational capacity in south and central regions which have been neglected due to insecurity

OCHA: Coordination and support servicesUNICEF: Expanded operations support for recovery and development programmesOCHA: Humanitarian Response Fund for SomaliaUNDP for Resident Coordinator Office: Increased field presence and coordinationUNFPA: Mainstreaming Gender in Humanitarian Response for Somalia

Gender (Cross-cutting)

Promote and enhance gender mainstreaming in analysis, design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of humanitarian recovery response

All projects mainstreamed into sectors

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STRATEGIC PRIORITY CORRESPONDING RESPONSE PLAN OBJECTIVE ASSOCIATED PROJECTS

HIV/AIDS(Cross-cutting)

To ensure that the most vulnerable have equitable access to integrated prevention, treatment, care and support services especially orphans, women and children and people living with HIV/AIDS.

All projects mainstreamed into sectors.

Shelter To meet immediate shelter needs of newly displaced through provision of non-food items and emergency shelter supplies

To develop and implement temporary shelter solutions for the long term displaced in their current locations.

UNHCR: Provision of Emergency and temporary shelter to IDPs and improvement of living conditions in their major settlements.UNICEF: Rapid Emergency Response/Distribution of non food household items with associated transport and logistics.UNHABITAT/DRC/NRC: Improving living conditions of IDPs.ISLAMIC RELIEF: Provision of basic shelter needs to conflict and drought affected persons in Puntland.

Health Increase access to quality essential health services for vulnerable populations, with special focus on IDPs, in the areas of mother and child health care and response to disease outbreaks

WCI: To improve access to health services especially to leprosy sufferers and other people with disabilities in Middle and Lower Juba and the Bajuni islands during emergencies.WVI: Support to integrated PHC and sanitation programme in Puntland.CLHE: Support for Community Education on HIV/AIDS and improved environmental sanitation.ISLAMIC RELIEF: Improve the overall quality of Primary Health Services in IDP settlements in Puntland and Mogadishu.WCI: Delivery of Essential Health Care Services For Children in IDP settlements.WHO/UNFPA: Establish VCT centres and conducting HIV sero prevalence study in IDP camps.WHO/UNICEF: Delivery of life saving medical services through mobile outreach to drought affected populations including IDPs.WHO: Health Laboratory services for vulnerable groups in IDP camps.WHO: Provision of mental health services.

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STRATEGIC PRIORITY CORRESPONDING RESPONSE PLAN OBJECTIVE ASSOCIATED PROJECTS

WATSAN Strengthen local capacity for provision of safe drinking water and environmental sanitation services to 400,000 people especially women and children in vulnerable situations particularly IDPs.

UNICEF: Water and sanitation assistance to the most vulnerable groups in Somalia.COOPI: Emergency Water and Sanitation intervention targeting most vulnerable populations in southern Somalia.WHO: Safe water through disinfection and safe storage at the point of use in urban Somalia and Mogadishu to be pilot.ISLAMIC RELIEF: Development and improvement of water and sanitation facilities for IDP communities in Puntland and Mogadishu.NRC: Construction of 2,400 twin latrines in IDP and returnee settlements in Somalia.

Education To retain children and youth in formal and non formal education during emergencies and disseminate key survival messages through educational programmes.

NRC: Youth Pack Project involving literacy and skills training.UNESCO: Improve the livelihood of IDPs and militia youth through provision and application of vocational skills in south and central Somalia.UNESCO: Dissemination of survival skills through multi-media channel.UNICEF: Ensuring educational opportunities for displaced children and youth in Somalia.

Gender(Cross-cutting)

Enhance quality of access to humanitarian assistance by 56arginalized groups.

All projects mainstreamed into sectors.

Food and Livelihoods

Increasing participation and involvement of women in food security and livelihood actions.

COOPI: Women groups support for food storage processing, marketing and aid (Middle Juba and Bay Regions).

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STRATEGIC PRIORITY CORRESPONDING RESPONSE PLAN OBJECTIVE ASSOCIATED PROJECTS

Protection Strengthen the prevention of and response to violations of human rights and humanitarian law, at local and national levels, particularly for displace populations, women, minorities and children;

Improve the mainstreaming of human rights, humanitarian law and protections within de jure and de facto Somali governance structures for the practical development and application of protection policies and frameworks, incorporating early recovery concepts and criteria;

Advocate for the responsibility, accountability and action of local and regional authorities and CBOs, as well as the displaced and other vulnerable communities, with regard to human rights and humanitarian law, through the building of their capacity for an improved protective environment, particularly in south/Central Somalia;

Promote a rights based programming approach and protection focus within the objectives and indicators of all clusters, with respect to the most vulnerable in Somalia.

DRC: Develop traditional governance capacities for peace-building and respect for human rightsIOM: Capacity Building for Migration Management in NE Somalia.IOM: Protecting the Human Rights of Migrants/An Awareness Raising Initiative.UNDP: Mine Action Coordination and Explosive Ordnance Disposal Response.UNDP: Access to Justice and Human Rights in Northeast and south/central Somalia.UNDP/UNICEF: Law Enforcement South and Central Regions.UNDP/UNICEF: Explosive Ordnance Disposal Clearance of Mogadishu and National Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) Response in South and Central Regions.UNFPA: Preventing the spread of HIV/AIDS among Somali adolescent and youth in IDP camps in Somalia.UNHCR: Protection Cluster Coordination for the Protection of and Durable Solutions for IDPs and other vulnerable groups in Somalia.UNICEF: Protection of women from sexual violence, abuse, exploitation and HIV infection in south and central regions.UNICEF/IOM: Access to HIV prevention, care and support for vulnerable women in North east and northwest Somalia.UNICEF/UNIFEM/UNFPA: Addressing sexual and gender based violence including in IDP settings.WVI/NRC/UNHCR: Advocacy and Capacity Building toward the Protection of IDPs and other vulnerable populations in Somalia.NRC/UNAIDS/UNICEF/UNIFEM/WVI/ UNHCR: Community Based protection and psychosocial support for IDPs, returnee and urban poor populations.DRC/NRC/OCHA/UNICEF/UNAIDS/ UNDP/UNHCR: IDP Profiling, Operational Data Management and Durable Solutions.NRC/UNICEF/WVI/UNIFEM/UNHCR/ OXFAM-NOVIB: Protection Monitoring and Operational Data Management For Response.

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STRATEGIC PRIORITY CORRESPONDING RESPONSE PLAN OBJECTIVE ASSOCIATED PROJECTS

Shelter To identify durable living space solutions and secure land tenure for the displaced in their current locations and/or in their original places of abode;

To assist the displaced to construct their permanent shelter in identified locations of permanent settlement.

UNHABITAT/DRC/NRC: Sustainable shelter solutions for IDPs and other displaced.

Education To increase sustainable access to quality education amongst vulnerable groups, children and youth in emergencies.

NRC: Alternative Approach to Basic Education for displaced children.INTERSOS: Primary Education in Bay and Middle Shabelle Regions.WVI: The Girl Child Education Project for Bakool and Middle Juba.SAFE: Primary Education for vulnerable children in Middle and Lower Juba Regions of Somalia.

Gender(Cross-cutting)

Promote humanitarian recovery response that address the specific needs of women and girls.

All projects mainstreamed into sectors.

Coordination To provide timely, cost effective and well integrated humanitarian response as well as to advocate for increased access and increased operational capacity in south and central regions which have been neglected due to insecurity.

UNFPA: Expanding the system of population data for reproductive health and gender emergency response programmes.IRIN: To engage Somali communities on discussion on recovery issues and provide support to peace building, good governance, human rights and general reconstruction.

UNICEF: Strengthen regional coordination mechanisms to respond HIV/AIDS in areas affected in south and central regions.

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SOMALIA

STRATEGIC PRIORITY CORRESPONDING RESPONSE PLAN OBJECTIVE ASSOCIATED PROJECTS

4. Through local partners strengthen capacity for social service delivery and response to natural or conflict related disaster.

Access/Security Enhance engagement with local communities and consolidate emerging peace building initiatives and local reconciliation efforts to facilitate implementation of early recovery and livelihood support;

Enhance emergency preparedness through thematic and geographically based inter-agency contingency plans including the participation of local partners taking into account prioritised vulnerabilities of the Somali population.

UNDP: Rule of Law and Security – Special Protection Unit.

Ensure that resource allocation for food security and livelihood support is proportional to the Integrated Phase Classification or IPC;

WCI/HDO: Alternative livelihood project for destitute pastoralists.CARE: The Gedo Livelihood Recovery Action Project.WVI: Community Managed Disaster Risk Reduction Project.FAO: Strengthen Community Capacity To Cope With Future Shocks.COSV: River embankment activities in order to reduce the risks of seasonal

Food and Livelihoods

Strengthen local institutional and community capacity in order to maximise response for most vulnerable areas/groups;

Strengthen community capacity to cope with future shocks.

flooding in Buaale and Saakow districts, Middle Juba Region.ASEP: Construction of sand dams for water conservation to pastoral and agro-pastoral communities in Gedo Region.UNDP: Livelihood Recovery Through Flood Prevention and drought mitigation in selected regions of Somalia.CLHE: Livelihood Support to Pastoral – Agro-Pastoral HouseholdsVSF Suisse: Sustaining Livelihoods in Southern Somalia.ASEP: Flood Water Diversion for Crop Cultivation in Gedo Region.

Health Strengthen emergency preparedness and response capacity of communities including health needs assessment, coordination, gap filling and capacity building.

WHO/UNESCO: Strengthen health education in primary schools in south and central regions.WHO/UNESCO: Training of trainers for health workers in Somalia.WHO: Establishing three zonal basic emergency environmental public health laboratories.

Nutrition Strengthen technical capacity for local NGOs/CBOs and national staff on emergency and long term strategies addressing malnutrition.

UNICEF: Nutrition care of the malnourished and nutrition promotion in affected populations.

Education To create awareness and build the capacity on emergency preparedness at levels (Ministry of Education, teachers etc).

UNDP/UNICEF: Local govt pilot service delivery primary education in Bay/Bakool.UNESCO/HISAN-WEPO: building local capacity through support to visually

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handicapped in central and south Somalia.

STRATEGIC PRIORITY CORRESPONDING RESPONSE PLAN OBJECTIVE ASSOCIATED PROJECTS

Gender

(Cross-cutting)

Establish a gender coordination mechanism and strengthen capacities of the ministries of women and family affairs, women, youth networks to better respond to emergency crises.

All projects mainstreamed into sectors.

Early Recovery

(Cross-cutting)

Ensure planning that aims at both saving lives and preserving livelihoods by strengthening essential local governance capacities and ensuring broad-based participation in a framework for early recovery and by protecting assets for sustainable livelihoods;

Address underlying causes of vulnerability by strengthening mechanism for peace building and reconciliation and by addressing a range of root causes of natural disasters;

Create a conducive environment for stabilisation of vulnerable communities and the sustainable reintegration of displaced populations.

UNDP: Area based Early Recovery in Central South (five components).UNICEF: Community Driven Recovery.UNDP: Civil Society Capacity for Early Recovery.UNDP: To support district based peace building and reconciliation project.UNDP/UNICEF/FAO/UNHABITAT: Hargeisa Flood Control and Management.UNDP: Settlement level information system to support early warning and disaster management.UNICEF: Early Warning and Disaster Preparedness in Somaliland.ILO/FAO: Employment and Livelihood Programme in support of peace in Bay and Bakool regions of Somalia.UNDP/UNICEF: Support to political inclusion and participation of women, minority groups and youth.

MULTI-SECTOR Protection/Livelihoods/Early Recovery. UNHCR: Voluntary Repatriation and Reintegration of Somali Refugees and Protection of and Assistance to Refugees in Somalia.UNDP: Reintegration of IDPs and vulnerable host communities in south and central and north east Somalia.

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Table II: List of Project – By Sector

1

SOMALIA

2

SOMALIA

3

SOMALIA

4

SOMALIA

5

SOMALIA

6

SOMALIA

7

SOMALIA

8

SOMALIA

9

SOMALIA

10

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ANNEX I. INTEGRATED FOOD SECURITY AND HUMANITARIAN PHASE CLASSIFICATION REFERENCE TABLE

PhaseClassification

Key Reference Characteristics Strategic Response Framework

(current or imminent outcomes on lives and livelihoods; based on convergence of evidence)

(mitigate immediate outcomes, support livelihoods, and address

underlying/structural causes)

5

Gen

eral

lyFo

od S

ecur

e

Crude Mortality Rate < 0.5 / 10,000 / day

Wasting <3 % (w/h <-2 z-scores) Strategic assistance to pockets of food insecure groups

Stunting <20% (w/age <-2 z-scores) Investment in food and economic production systems

Food Access/ Availability

Usually adequate (> 2,100 kcal ppp day), stable

Enable development of livelihood systems based on principles

Dietary Diversity Consistent quality and quantity of diversity

of sustainability, justice, and equity

Water Access/Avail. Usually adequate (> 15 litres ppp day), stable

Prevent emergence of structural hindrances to food security

Hazards Moderate to low probability and vulnerability

Advocacy

Civil Security Prevailing and structural peace

Livelihood Assets Generally sustainable utilisation (of 5 capitals)

 

4

Chr

onic

ally

Food

Inse

cure

Crude Mortality Rate 0.5-1/10,000/day; U5MR<= 2/10,000/day

Wasting >3% but <10 % (w/h <-2 z-score), usual range, stable

Design & implement strategies to increase stability, resistance

Stunting 20-40% (w/age <-2 z-scores) and resilience of livelihood systems, thus reducing risk

Food Access/ Availability

Borderline adequate (2,100 kcal ppp day); unstable

Provision of ‘safety nets’ to high risk groups

Dietary Diversity Chronic dietary diversity deficit Interventions for optimal and sustainable use of livelihood assets

Water Access/Avail. Borderline adequate (15 litres ppp day); unstable

Create contingency plan

Hazards Recurrent, with high livelihood vulnerability

Redress structural hindrances to food security

Civil Security Unstable; disruptive tension Close monitoring of relevant outcome and process indicators

Coping ‘Insurance strategies’ Advocacy

Livelihood Assets Stressed and unsustainable utilisation (of 5 capitals)

Structural Pronounced underlying hindrances to food security

3

Acu

te F

ood

and

Live

lihoo

d C

risis

Crude Mortality Rate 1-2 /10,000/day, >2x reference rate; U5MR 2-4/10,000/dy

Support livelihoods and protect vulnerable groups

Wasting 10-15 % (w/h <-2 z-score), > than usual, increasing

Strategic and complimentary interventions to immediately ↑ food

Disease Endemic outbreak; increasing access/availability AND support livelihoods

Food Access/ Availability

Lack of entitlement; 2,100 kcal ppp day via asset stripping

Selected provision of complimentary sectoral support (e.g.,

Dietary Diversity Acute dietary diversity deficit water, shelter, sanitation, health, etc.)

Water Access/Avail. 15 litres ppp day accessed via asset stripping,

Strategic interventions at community to national levels to create,

Destitution/Displacement Emerging; diffuse stabilize, rehabilitate, or protect priority

livelihood assets

Civil Security Limited spread, low intensity conflict

Create or implement contingency plan

Coping ‘Crisis strategies’; CSI > than reference; increasing

Close monitoring of relevant outcome and process indicators

Livelihood Assets Accelerated and critical depletion or loss of access

Use ‘crisis as opportunity’ to redress underlying structural causesAdvocacy

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PhaseClassification

Key Reference Characteristics Strategic Response Framework

(current or imminent outcomes on lives and livelihoods; based on convergence of evidence)

(mitigate immediate outcomes, support livelihoods, and address

underlying/structural causes)

2

Hum

anita

rian

Emer

genc

y

Crude Mortality Rate 2-4 / 10,000 / day, increasing; U5MR > 4/10,000/day

Wasting >15 % (w/h <-2 z-score), > than usual, increasing Urgent protection of vulnerable groups

Disease Pandemic outbreak Urgently ↑ food access through complimentary interventions

Food Access/ Availability

Severe entitlement gap; unable to meet 2,100 kcal ppp day

Selected provision of complimentary sectoral support (e.g.,

Dietary Diversity Regularly 2-3 or fewer main food groups consumed water, shelter, sanitation, health, etc.)

Water Access/Avail. < 7.5 litres ppp day (human usage only)

Protection against complete livelihood asset loss and/or

Destitution/Displacement Concentrated; increasing advocacy for access

Civil Security Widespread, high intensity conflict Close monitoring of relevant outcome and process indicators

Coping ‘Distress strategies’; CSI significantly > than reference

Use ‘crisis as opportunity’ to redress underlying structural causes

Livelihood Assets Near complete & irreversible depletion or loss of access Advocacy

1

Fam

ine

/ Hum

anita

rian

Cat

astr

ophe

Crude Mortality Rate > 4 /10,000 /day (example: 6,000/500,000/30 days)

Critically urgent protection of human lives and vulnerable groups

Wasting > 30 % (w/h <-2 z-score) Comprehensive assistance with basic needs (e.g. food, water,

Disease Pandemic outbreak shelter, sanitation, health, etc.)Food Access/

AvailabilityExtreme entitlement gap; much below 2,100 kcal ppp day

Immediate policy/legal revisions where necessary

Water Access/Avail. < 4 litres ppp day (human usage only)

Negotiations with varied political-economic interests

Destitution/Displacement Large scale, concentrated Use ‘crisis as opportunity’ to redress

underlying structural causesCivil Security Widespread, high intensity conflict Advocacy

Livelihood Assets Effectively complete loss; collapse  

Early Warning Levels

Probability / Likelihood of Worsening

PhaseSeverity Key Reference Characteristics Implications for

Action

WatchAs yet unclear Not applicable

Hazard: occurrence of, or predicted event stressing livelihoods; with low or uncertain vulnerability

Close monitoring and analysis

Process Indicators: small negative change from normal

Moderate Risk

Elevated probability / likelihood Color of diagonal

lines on map match predicted

Phase Class

Hazard: occurrence of, or predicted event stressing livelihoods;

Close monitoring and analysis

with moderate vulnerability Contingency planningProcess Indicators: large negative change from normal

Step-up current Phase interventions

High Risk

High probability; ‘more likely

than not’

Hazard: occurrence of, or strongly predicted major event stressing livelihoods; with high vulnerability

Preventative interventions--with increased urgency for High Risk populations

Process Indicators: large and compounding negative changes

Advocacy

Source: FAO/FSAU

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ANNEX II. ESTIMATED POPULATION BY REGION IN HUMANITARIAN EMERGENCY AND ACUTE FOOD AND LIVELIHOOD CRISIS

13

Affected RegionsEstimated

Pop. Of Affected

Regions (1)

Assessed and Contingency Population in AFLC and HE

Acute Food & Livelihood

Crisis (AFLC) (2)

Humanitarian Emergency

(HE) (2)

Total in AFLC or HE as % of

Region Population

North(3)Bari 387,969 30,000 0 8Nugal 125,010 10,000 0 8Sanag 270,367 25,000 0 9Sool 150,277 25,000 0 17Togdheer 402,295 20,000 0 5Coastal (Fishing) 20,000Sub-Total 1,335,918 130,000 0 10CentralGalgadud 330,057 40,000 0 13Mudug 350,099 30,000 0 10Sub-Total 680,156 70,000 0 12SouthBakool 310,627 145,000 25,000 55Bay 620,562 285,000 46Gedo 328,378 70,000 160,000 70Hiran 329,811 95,000 30,000 38Lower Juba 385,790 45,000 90,000 35Middle Juba 238,877 40,000 120,000 67Sub Total 2,214,045 680,000 425,000 50Total 4,230,119 880,000 425,000 37Assessed and Contingency Pop. Nos in AFLC or HE

1,305,000 17

Urban Pop. In Crisis Areas in South 40,000 1

SOMALIA

ANNEX III. LONG TERM NUTRITION TRENDS (1999 - 2005)

This map represents the ‘long term’ nutrition trend observed over time. It indicates the estimate of ranges within which malnutrition rates typically fall in particular areas of Somalia. The map depicts that virtually the whole of Somalia has unacceptable levels of acute malnutrition of 5% or above, according to international standards, and that some areas are consistently and substantially worse than others.

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SOMALIA

ANNEX IV. NUMBER OF ORGANISATIONS CONSULTED DURING CAP CONSULTATION PROCESS 2007

ORGANIZATION BAIDOA GAROWE HARGEISA MOGADISHU NAIROBI

Somali Local NGOs 14 12 11 - 29

UN Agencies 7 9 12 9 15

International NGOs 7 3 7 3 28

Red Cross/SCRS 1 - - - 1TOTAL 29 24 28 12 73

NUMBER OF CAP PARTICIPANTS

NO OF PARTICIPANTS MOGADISHU BAIDOA GAROWE HARGEISA NAIROBI TOTAL

TOTAL 14 60 56 56

Day One = 168

Day Two= 135

331

(1) Total Number of UN Agencies Consulted: 16

1.UNICEF, 2.OCHA, 3.ILO, 4.UNDSS, 5.UN HABITAT, 6.FAO, 7.WHO, 8.WFP, 9.UNHCR, 10.UNIFEM, 11.UNAIDS, 12.UNPOS, 13.UNESCO, 14.UNDP, 15.UNFPA 16.UNPOS

(2) Major International Non Governmental Organizations consulted: 30

1. African Education Trust (AET), 2. Swiss Caritas, 3. Concern, 4. CRD, 5. Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC), 6. Concern Worldwide, 7. World Vision, 8. IUCN, 9. Diakonia, 10. CARE, 11. IAS, 12. Intersol-Denmark, 13. Handicap 14. Save The Children UK and Denmark 15. Danish Refugee Council (DRC) 16.Oxfam 17. ACF 18. AGROSPHERE 19. ADRA 20.Creative Associates International 21. FEWS-Net 22. Gedo Health Consortium (GHC) 23. Horn Relief 24. HDO (Human Development Organization) 25. INTERSOS 26. Solidarites 27. WSP 28. IOM 29. COOPI 30. Intel-Denmark

(3) Red Cross Movement : 2

1.Somali Red Crescent Society; 2.ICRC

(4) Total Number of Somali NGOs: 40

Baidoa : BWOU, Baidoa Intellectuals, Community Care Centre Baidoa, DMO Bay, GREDO, Greenhope, IHRO, IRRDA, LORDO, SACOD, TRDA, Taqwa, Fahrd Kismayo, Wajid Intellectuals Garowe : Dan Dor Bossaso; PASWEN, SOHDO Galkayo, RMCO Bossaso Office, KAALO, NUUDAN, NEESHA, MUDAN, SRWU, TAAKULO, DAVYEEH, SORERDOHargeisa : Agriculture Development Organization (ADO), Academy For Peace, NAGAAD, Havoyoco, Candlelight, Samotalis (Human Rights), Somali Rights Watch, Gashan IDPs, Community Based Reintegration of Human Rights (CCBRS), VOSOMWO (Minority women’s group), Somaliland National Disability Forum (SNDF), EDC (Education Development Communication), PENHA

(5) Authorities

Authorities were represented in Hargeisa, Garowe and Baidoa and in Nairobi where the Minister of Foreign Affairs was present.

(6) Others: Inter-agency team from the Real Time Evaluation – Somalia

15

SOMALIA

ANNEX V. CISS (FORMER SACB) AND IASC ORGANIGRAMME

16

ANNEX VI. GENERIC MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING WITH AUTHORITIES IN SOMALIA

Office of the United Nations Resident & Humanitarian Coordinator for Somalia

Agreed Working Arrangement between the United Nations System Organizations and the

__________________________________________________

WHEREAS the _________________________________agree that the Charter of the United Nations, Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations, the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations Specialized Agencies, the various host country agreements with Somalia, international human rights and humanitarian law, and the various international instruments and conventions which provide privileges, immunities and facilities for appropriate personnel are the principal documents that govern the relations between the United Nations and the ______________________________

WHEREAS the _____________________________ undertake to continue abiding by the above referenced principal documents;

WHEREAS it is the desire of the United Nations and the _________________________________ without prejudice to the above referenced principal documents, to establish practical working arrangements embodying the terms and conditions under which the United Nations system organizations shall, within the framework and mandate carry out their operational activities in _______________________

WHEREAS the ___________________________including the local authorities shall assume the primary responsibility under international law to ensure the protection of the human rights of persons under their area of control and in particular to secure their safety and access to basic necessities of life such as food, shelter, water, health and education;

WHEREAS the role of the United Nations system organizations in Somalia is to support local authorities in assisting and protecting the human rights of civilian populations in order to effectively carry out those responsibilities;

WHEREAS General Assembly Resolution 9A/47/160 of September 1993 urges, inter alia, relevant inter-governmental and non-governmental organizations to assist in the rehabilitation of basic social and economic services in SomaliaWHEREAS the observing of local customs, laws, traditions of Somalia, the Somalia Aid Coordination Body (SACB) Guiding Principles of Operation and the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement has greatly enhanced the relations between the international aid community and _________________________

1. Therefore, the United Nations and the _____________________________hereinafter referred to as “Parties” in their desire to establish practical working arrangements in a spirit of friendly cooperation and partnership agree as follows: GENERAL ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES

1.1 The Parties agree to support and uphold all the relevant international legal instruments, in particular the following: The Geneva Conventions of 1949 and the 1977 Protocols. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948. The International Covenants on Civil and Political Rights and Social and Economic Rights of 1966. The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women of 1979. The Convention on the Rights of the Child of 1989. The Convention relating to the Status of Refugees of 1951, and its 1967 Protocol; OAU Convention of 1969 governing the specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa.

1.2 Nothing in this Memorandum of Understanding shall undermine the rules and standards outlined in international law.

2. COORDINATION

The ___________________________ is designated as the counterpart through which the UN would communicate with the entire region of under control through their designated Focal Point. The designated Focal Point for the UN is the UN Resident and Humanitarian Coordinator.

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UNITED NATIONS NATIONS UNIES

3. ROLE OF THE _______________________________

3.1 It shall be the primary role of the ___________________________to assist and protect civilian populations under their control and to ensure the realisation of their fundamental rights and freedoms.

3.2 The United Nations system organizations operating in Somalia agree that because the ______________________________may lack sufficient resources to fulfil this role, the United Nations will endeavour to support the efforts of the __________________________ in that respect, especially to assist and protect vulnerable populations.

3.3 The full responsibility for the safety and protection of the United Nations, its staff, property and assets, in areas under their control shall rest with _____________________________. Such responsibilities include the following: ensure the safety and security of agencies of the United Nations system organizations their personnel and

assets; ensure the free and unimpeded access of the United Nations system organizations operating in Somalia to

vulnerable populations in order to assess needs, identify and reach beneficiaries and monitor the delivery of assistance in a proper and effective manner;

Ensure that all international aid supplies are utilised for their intended purpose, particularly to assist and protect vulnerable populations.

4. ROLE OF THE UNITED NATIONS IN SOMALIA

4.1 The primary role of the United Nations system organizations operating in Somalia is to provide assistance and protection to vulnerable populations. Such assistance shall seek to save lives, reduce human suffering and to promote self-reliance and sustainable livelihoods for all populations in Somalia within an environment of peace and stability.

4.2 The principles of humanitarian action including impartiality, proportionality, neutrality, accountability, transparency, participation, peace and reconciliation, coordination and unity of purpose shall govern the actions and responsibilities the United Nations system organizations.

5. PRIVILEGES AND IMMUNITIES

5.1 The United Nations system organizations shall continue to enjoy the status, privileges and immunities contained in the principal documents mentioned herein, in particular the relevant Conventions. These provisions shall apply to the property, funds and assets of the United Nations system organizations used in __________________________in connection with their operational activities. ____________________________recognizes the right of the United Nations in particular:a) to import without delay, clear of ex customs and excise warehouse, free of duty or other restrictions, equipment,

provisions, supplies and other goods which are for the exclusive and official use of the agencies of the United Nations;

b) to re-export or otherwise dispose of such equipment, as far as it is still usable, all unconsumed provisions, supplies and other goods so imported or cleared ex customs and excise warehouse which are not transferred, or otherwise disposed of, on terms and conditions to be agreed upon, to ____________________________or to an entity nominated by ____________________________It being understood that such disposal shall be at the exclusive decision of the various United Nations system organizations.

5.2 In circumstances where such information, clearances, transfer or exportation may be faced with undue delay, a mutual satisfactory procedure, including documentation, shall be agreed upon between the United Nations system organizations and _____________________________at the earliest possible date.

6. RECRUITMENT OF PERSONNEL

6.1 In accordance with the Charter of the United Nations the United Nations system organizations will recruit locally or internationally such personnel, as the various organizations may require.

7. STATUS OF THE PERSONNEL OF THE UNITED NATIONS

7.1 _____________________________guarantee that the officials of the United Nations system organizations shall have the status specified in the relevant sections of the relevant Conventions mentioned herein, provided that in this particular case the privileges and immunities herein shall not be less than those accorded to diplomatic envoys under international law.

7.2 Experts on Mission for the United Nations system organizations assigned to serve in Somalia shall be entitled to the privileges and immunities similar to those specified in the Convention referred to herein.

7.3 Officials and Experts of the United Nations system organizations shall in accordance with the relevant Conventions be exempt from taxation on their salaries, and emoluments received from the organizations including any income received by them outside Somalia. They shall also be exempt from all other direct taxes including from all registration fees and charges, except charges for services.

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UNITED NATIONS NATIONS UNIES

8. INFORMATION SHARING

8.1 The United Nations shall share basic operational and project information with ____________________________and local communities. As a standard procedure all United Nations system organizations shall ensure the widest consultation with ___________________________________and local communities before embarking on any new project activity.

8.2 Such sharing of information shall include the following: aims and objectives of the organization, country of origin, location of headquarters, administrative structure and level of staff, outline of selected project areas and duration of projects, anticipated annual budget of the project, and a list of agency assets brought into the country.

9. SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES

9.1 Wherever possible disputes between the authority and the United Nations shall be decided and resolved by negotiation. The steps for negotiation should include:

a) Contact with the relevant representatives from the Administration and the representative of the UN Resident and Humanitarian Coordinator.

b) Contact with the relevant UN Agency in Nairobi and the UN Resident and Humanitarian Coordinator’s Office.

9.2 Disputes concerning the terms of employment and conditions of service of locally recruited personnel shall be settled by the administrative procedures established by the respective organizations of the United Nations system.

10. ENTRY INTO FORCE

10.1 The present Memorandum of Understanding shall enter into force immediately upon signature by the Parties.

11. AMENDMENTS

11.1 The present Memorandum of Understanding may be modified or amended only by written agreement between the Parties hereto.

12. TERMINATION

12.1 The present Memorandum of Understanding shall cease to be in force six months after either of the Parties gives notice in writing to the other of its decision to terminate the Memorandum of Understanding. The Memorandum of Understanding shall, however, remain in force for such an additional period as might be necessary for the orderly cessation of the United Nations activities, and the resolution of any disputes between the Parties. It being understood that any such termination shall not affect the privileges and immunities of the United Nations and its officials referred to in the principal documents mentioned herein.

IN WITNESS THEREOF, the undersigned, being duly authorized representative of and duly appointed representatives of the United Nations, have on behalf of the Parties signed the present Memorandum of Understanding, in English.

Done at_______________________, this________day of___________________, Two Thousand and Six.

FOR THE UNITED NATIONS FOR _________________________

Name:_________________________________________________Name:_________________________________________

Title:__________________________________________________Title:___________________________________________

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UNITED NATIONS NATIONS UNIES

ANNEX VII. UNITED NATIONS AGENCIES IN SOMALIA

81

ANNEX VIII. INTERNATIONAL NGOS IN SOMALIA

82

ANNEX IX: DONOR RESPONSE TO THE 2006 APPEAL

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

ANNEX X. ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

3W Who, Where, What?

ACF Action Contre la FaimADRA Adventist Development and Relief AgencyAET Africa Educational TrustAFLC Acute Food and Livelihood CrisisAFREC African Rescue CommitteeAIDS Acquired Immuno-Deficiency SyndromeAMA African Muslim Agency ASEP Advancement for Small Enterprise ProgrammeAU African Union

CAP Consolidated Appeal ProcessCAS Child Aid SomaliaCBO Community Based OrganisationCCBRS Comprehensive Community Based Rehabilitation in SomaliaCEC Community Education CommitteeCERF Central Emergency Response Fund CfBT Centre for British TeachersCHAP Common Humanitarian Action PlanCISP Comitato Internazionale per lo Sviluppo dei PopoliCISS Coordination of International Support to SomaliaCLHE Candlelight for Health and EducationCMC Coordination and Monitoring CommitteeCMR Crude Mortality RateCOOPI Cooperazione InternazionaleCOSV Comitato di Coordinamento delle Organizzazioni per il Servizio VolontarioCPA Comprehensive Plan of Action

DEB District Education Board DMO Deeg-Roor Medical OrganisationDPT Diphteria/Pertussis/TetanusDRC Danish Refugee Council

EDC Education Development CentreEMIS Education Management Information System EmOC Emergency Obstetric CareEOD Explosive Ordnance Disposal EPI Expanded Programme of ImmunisationESC Education Sectoral CommitteeEXCOM CISS’ Executive Committee

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsFERO Family Empowerment and Relief OrganisationFEWS-Net Famine Early Warning System NetworkFGM Female Genital MutilationFSAU Food Security Analysis UnitFTS Financial Tracking Service

GAM Global Acute MalnutritionGHC Gedo Health ConsortiumGRADA Not an Acronym - Full name

HARDO Horn of Africa Relief and Development OrganizationHBF Heinrich Böll FoundationHDO Humanitarian Development OrganisationHE Humanitarian EmergencyHI Handicap InternationalHISAN-WEPA Not an Acronym – Full name

108

HIV Human Immuno-Deficiency VirusHRF Humanitarian Response FundHRG Humanitarian Response GroupHSC Health Sectoral CommitteeHUMEDICA Full name of a German NGO (Health sector)

IAS International Aid ServiceIASC Inter-Agency Standing Committee CountryICRC International Committee of the Red CrossICU Islamic Courts UnionICVA International Council of Voluntary AgenciesIDP Internally Displaced PersonIFRC International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent SocietiesIGAD Inter-Governmental Authority on DevelopmentILO International Labour Organization OrganizationIMC International Medical CorpsIOM International Organization for MigrationIPAC IGAD Climate Prediction and Applications CentreIPC Integrated Food Security and Humanitarian Phase Classification IRIN Integrated Regional Information NetworksISFS Interim Support Fund for SomaliaISRA International Somalia Rehabilitation Association

JCC Jubaland Charity CentreJNA Joint Needs AssessmentJPC Joint Planning Committee

LNGO Local Non-Governmental Organisation

MERLIN Medical Emergency Relief InternationalMICS Multiple Indicator Cluster SurveyMoE Ministry of EducationMoH Ministry of HealthMoU Memorandum of UnderstandingMSEE Minimum Standards in Education Emergencies MSF Médecins Sans FrontièresMT Metric Tonne

NCA Norwegian Church AidNGO Non-Governmental OrganisationNOVIB Nederlandse Organisatie voor Internationale Bijstand NRC Norwegian Refugee Council

OCHA Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs

PENHA Pastoral and Environmental Network in the Horn of AfricaPES Primary Education SurveyPHC Primary Health CarePMTCT Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission

RDP Reconstruction and Development ProgrammeREO Regional Education OfficerRTE Real Time Evaluation

SACB Somalia Aid Coordination Body/SecretariatSADO Social-Life and Agricultural Development Organisation SAF Somalia Aid FoundationSAFE Southern African Fund for EducationSC Save the Children SCHR Steering Committee for Humanitarian ResponseSCIC Supreme Council of the Islamic CourtsSCOTT Strengthening Capacity of Teacher Training

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SGBV Sexual and Gender-Based ViolenceSPHERE Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Disaster ResponseSRCS Somali Red Crescent SocietySST Sea Surface TemperaturesSTI Sexually Transmitted InfectionSWRDA South West Relief Development Agency

TFG Transitional Federal GovernmentTFI Transitional Federal InstitutionTROCAIRE Means "Compassion" in the Irish language

UIC Union of Islamic CourtsUN United NationsUNAIDS Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS UNCAS United Nations Common Air ServicesUNCT United Nations Country TeamUNDP United Nations Development ProgrammeUNDSS United Nations Department of Safety & SecurityUNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural OrganizationUNFPA United Nations Population FundUNHABITAT United Nations Human Settlements ProgrammeUNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for RefugeesUNICEF United Nations Children's FundUNIFEM United Nations Development Fund for WomenUNPOS United Nations Political Office for SomaliaUSAID U.S. Agency for International Development

VCT Voluntary Counselling and TestingVETAID Veterinary AidVSF-S Vétérinaires Sans Frontières-Switzerland

WatSan Water and SanitationWCI World Concern InternationalWFL Water For LifeWFP World Food ProgrammeWHO World Health OrganizationWVI World Vision International

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NOTES:

Consolidated Appeal Feedback Sheet

If you would like to comment on this document please do so below and fax this sheet to + 41–22–917–0368 (Attn: CAP Section) or scan it and email us: CAP@ReliefWeb.int Comments reaching us before 28 February 2007 will help us improve the CAP in time for 2007. Thank you very much for your time.

Consolidated Appeals Process (CAP) Section, OCHA

Please write the name of the Consolidated Appeal on which you are commenting:

1. What did you think of the review of 2006?How could it be improved?

2. Is the context and prioritised humanitarian need clearly presented?How could it be improved?

3. To what extent do response plans address humanitarian needs?How could it be improved?

4. To what extent are roles and coordination mechanisms clearly presented?How could it be improved?

5. To what extent are budgets realistic and in line with the proposed actions?How could it be improved?

6. Is the presentation of the document lay-out and format clear and well written?How could it be improved?

Please make any additional comments on another sheet or by email.

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OFFICE FOR THE COORDINATION OF HUMANITARIAN AFFAIRS(OCHA)

UNITED NATIONS PALAIS DES NATIONSNEW YORK, N.Y. 10017 1211 GENEVA 10

USA SWITZERLAND