UDC 347.628(497.11)UDC 347.62/63(497.11)”2011”DOI: 10.2298/ZMSDN1448421SORIGINAL SCIENTIFIC PAPER

CONSENSUAL UNIONS IN SERBIA: 2011 CENSUS RESULTS1

BILJANA STANKOVIĆInstitute of Social Sciences, Demographic Research Centre

Kraljice Natalije 45 (Narodnog fronta 45), 11000 Belgrade, Republic of SerbiaE-mail: demcent@eunet.rs; s.bilja@sezampro.rs

ABSTRACT: The rise of cohabitation is one of the most noticeable changes in partnership behavior in the past several decades, present throughout Europe, with great variation of prevalence across countries. Until now, the extent of consensual unions in Serbia has not been known due to the lack of data, except some very scarce information emanated from a very few surveys. The 2011 Census, for the first time, included the question on the de facto marital status. This enables insight into the prevalence of consensual unions, as well as on the characteristics of union members. The paper analyzes frequency of consensual unions, as well as characteristics of persons living in them, according to the sex, age, education, legal marital status, ethnicity, religious affiliation and type of set-tlement. Most of the consideration has been given to the regional level (NUTS 2).

The paper also analyzes families of cohabiting couples with and without children. This is possible because the data for the families of cohabiting couples without children and cohabiting couples with children were shown separately for the first time in the 2011 Census.

KEYWORDS: consensual unions, families of cohabiting couples, Serbia, 2011 Census

In the last forty years, the rise and spread of cohabitation has been one of the most noticeable changes in the partner and family behavior taking place across Europe. Research has shown that cohabitants are a heterogeneous group and that cohabitation has different meanings; thus, it should be viewed as a process, whereas the age of partners is a very important variable that deter-mines its meaning [Hiekel et al. 2012]. Three different groups of cohabitants have been identified. The first group sees their union as a stage in the marriage process, and can be divided into three subgroups (for the first subgroup, co-habitation is a prelude to marriage; in the second subgroup people see it as a

1 This paper is a result of the project ’Investigation of demographic phenomena in the function of public policies in Serbia’ (No. 47006), funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia.

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trial marriage, and for the third subgroup cohabitation is considered ’poor people’s marriage’, i.e. a solution for partners who, faced with persistent eco-nomic obstacles, are not yet ready to commit to marriage). The second group of cohabitants considers their union an alternative to marriage, and they are the people who reject conventional marriage or believe that marriage is irrel-evant. For the third, quite small group of cohabitants, cohabitation is an alter-native to solitary life. The first group is the largest, and for the majority of cohabitants in Europe, marriage is still a priority, and cohabitation is usually a stage in the marriage process and not an alternative to marriage [Hiekel et al. 2012]. Qualitative research has also shown different meanings of cohabita-tion but also different meanings ascribed to marriage and cohabitation – mar-riage is an ideal for long-term commitment of partners [Perelli et al. 2014].

Prevalence of cohabitation is very different. At present, the cohabitation rate, i.e. the proportion of people living in cohabitation in the total population over 18 is the largest in Sweden with 24%. According to this indicator, Euro-pean countries can be divided into three groups. The first group encompasses countries with a relatively high rate of cohabitation (over 10%), and besides Sweden it includes Finland, Norway, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands and France. The second group includes countries with the medium rate of cohabi-tation (6–10%), such as Austria, Great Britain, Switzerland, Hungary, Czech Republic, Belgium, Latvia and Slovenia. The third group includes countries with low rate of cohabitation (under 6%), such as Spain, Ireland, Portugal, Northern Ireland, Slovakia, Poland [Gubernskaya 2008].

The second indicator, the percentage share of couples living in cohabita-tion in relation to all couples who live in the union, also reflects large differ-ences among European countries [Gamundi et al. 2009]. It is the lowest in countries of Southern Europe, outside the circle of the Protestant religion; the prevalence of cohabitation is almost zero in Greece and very low (2.5%) in Spain, Italy and Ireland. In Austria, Germany, Luxembourg, Belgium and the Great Britain, the prevalence of cohabitation is assessed as medium (5–10%), whereas in the Scandinavian countries it is the highest (20–30%). The variables associated with higher probability of couples living in cohabitation rather than marriage are their age, presence of children, economic model, age difference, housing situation. The most important variable is age, cohabitation being by far the most common in the young age group, suggesting that it is mostly a ’trial marriage’. Furthermore, cohabitation is not an appropriate ’milieu’ for raising children, so among cohabitants many more couples are without children [Gamundi et al. 2009]. Marriage remains the dominant institution for raising children [Perelli-Harris et al. 2012]. Even in Sweden, where cohabitation is most widespread, and where more than half of children are born outside mar-riage, marriage is not an outdated institution. Couples rarely remain in co-habitation their entire life, especially when they have children [Bernhardt 2002].

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PREVALENCE OF COHABITATION IN SERBIA AND CHARACTERISTICS OF PERSONS LIVING IN IT

Low prevalence of cohabitation in Serbia has been pointed out by a num-ber of surveys. A more complete insight into the prevalence of cohabitation and characteristics of people living in it was enabled in the 2011 Census which, for the first time, contained the question of de facto marital status. According to the Census, 236,063 people live in cohabitation in Serbia, accounting for 3.8% of the population over 15 (Table 1). There are certain differences by sex, the percentage share of men being slightly higher (4.0%) than of women (3.7%), which applies to all regions.

Table 1. Persons aged 15 years or more living in consensual union, by sex and type of settlement. Serbia, 2011 (by region)

Type of settle-ment

SexSerbia Belgrade

regionVojvodina

regionŠumadija and

West Serbia regionSouth and East Serbia region

Number of persons living in consensual union

TotalTotal 236,063 60,029 78,240 42,938 54,856Males 117,893 30,023 39,082 21,395 27,393

Females 118,170 30,006 39,158 21,543 27,463

UrbanTotal 148,268 49,797 47,724 21,474 29,273Males 74,076 24,917 23,850 10,690 14,619

Females 74,192 24,880 23,874 10,784 14,654

OtherTotal 87,795 10,232 30,516 21,464 25,583Males 43,817 5,106 15,232 10,705 12,774

Females 43,978 5,126 15,284 10,759 12,809Share in total population aged 15 years or more (%)

TotalTotal 3.8 4.2 4.7 2.5 4.1Males 4.0 4.5 4.9 2.5 4.2

Females 3.7 4.0 4.6 2.4 4.0

UrbanTotal 4.1 4.3 4.9 2.6 4.2Males 4.3 4.7 5.2 2.8 4.4

Females 3.9 4.0 4.6 2.5 4.1

OtherTotal 3.5 3.9 4.5 2.3 3.9Males 3.5 3.9 4.6 2.3 3.9

Females 3.5 3.8 4.5 2.4 4.0Note: Persons with unknown marital status are not included

Low proportion of people in consensual unions is most prominent in the region of Šumadija and West Serbia (2.5%), while in other three the prevalence is above the average for the Republic of Serbia, the largest being in Vojvodina region (4.7%). This applies to both sexes. With respect to the settlement, the proportion of persons in consensual unions is higher in urban areas (4.1%) than in other areas (3.5%), for both sexes and in all regions. The differences between the two types of settlements are less pronounced in women than in men. The

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percentage share of men living in consensual unions is in urban settlements and in all regions higher than that of women, while in other settlements the shares of men and women are almost identical. The difference between the share of men and women is somewhat more pronounced in the urban settle-ments of Belgrade and Vojvodina region.

In the total population over 15 years of age, who are not legally married (never married, divorced and widowed) the share of persons living in consen-sual unions is 8.5% (Table 2). The difference in the share of men and women is slightly higher than in the overall population (9.2% of men and 7.9% of women). At the regional level, the share is the same as in the overall population, the lowest share being in Šumadija and West Serbia region (5.9 %) while in other regions it is above average, the highest being in Vojvodina region (10.0%). Differences based on the type of settlement are not high (8.8% in urban and 8.2% in others). The share of men in urban settlements is by one-fifth higher than that of women, while in other settlements, the percentage share of both sexes is equal. The biggest difference is in the urban areas of Belgrade region, where the share of men is by a quarter higher.

Table 2. Persons aged 15 years or more living in consensual union, by sex and type of settlement, and proportion in total number of not married persons,

Serbia, 2011 (by region)

Type of settle-ment

SexSerbia Belgrade

regionVojvodina

regionŠumadija and

West Serbia regionSouth and East Serbia region

Number of not married persons living in consensual union

TotalTotal 233,791 59,540 77,579 42,429 54,243Males 116,714 29,749 38,749 21,133 27,083

Females 117,077 29,791 38,830 21,296 27,160

UrbanTotal 146,960 49,405 47,360 21,240 28,955Males 73,364 24,692 23,650 10,567 14,455

Females 73,596 24,713 23,710 10,673 14,500

OtherTotal 86,831 10,135 30,219 21,189 25,288Males 43,350 5,057 15,099 10,566 12,628

Females 43,481 5,078 15,120 10,623 12,660Proportion in total number of not married persons aged 15 years or more (%)

TotalTotal 8.5 8.8 10.0 5.9 9.5Males 9.2 10.2 10.8 6.2 9.9

Females 7.9 7.8 9.3 5.6 9.2

UrbanTotal 8.8 8.8 10.2 6.1 9.6Males 9.9 10.4 11.4 6.8 10.4

Females 7.8 7.6 9.2 5.5 8.9

OtherTotal 8.2 9.0 9.8 5.7 9.5Males 8.2 9.1 10.0 5.7 9.5

Females 8.1 8.8 9.6 5.7 9.5Note: Persons living in consensual union who are legally married, but live separately from their spouse are not included.

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In the total population, the percentage share of persons living in consen-sual unions varies by age (Table 3). The share of persons from the youngest age group is low (1.4%), similar to the group of over 65. The largest share is in the group of 30–34 and amounts to 7.7%. As the age increases, the proportion of people living in consensual unions decreases and in the group of 70–74 it is 1.1%, and in the age group of over 75 it is only 0.6%. There are also differ-ences by sex. The share of persons from younger age groups living in consen-sual unions, in the total population, is higher among women: in the youngest age group by as much as four and a half times, and in the age group of 20–24 twice as high. The largest share of women is in the 25–29 age group and de-creases with increasing age. In the next age group of 30–34, with the highest share of men, the differences in terms of sex almost disappear. In the group of 35–39 and in each subsequent one, the share of men is always higher, mostly by half than that of women, except in the oldest group of over 75, where the difference is almost three times higher.

Table 3. Persons aged 15 years or more living in consensual union by sex and age, Serbia, 2011

AgeNumber of persons Share in total

population (%)Share in total number of not married persons* (%)

Total Males Females Total Males Females Total Males FemalesTotal 236,063 11,7893 11,8170 3.8 4.0 3.7 8.3 9.0 7.715–19 5,498 1,002 4,496 1.4 0.5 2.3 1.4 0.5 2.420–24 1,953,4 6,671 12,863 4.4 3.0 6.0 5.0 3.1 7.225–29 3,4658 15,443 19,215 7.2 6.3 8.2 10.7 8.2 14.330–34 3,8119 19,112 19,007 7.7 7.6 7.8 17.1 14.5 20.735–39 3,2544 16,843 15,701 6.6 6.8 6.4 19.6 18.0 21.640–44 2,6201 14,015 12,186 5.6 6.0 5.2 18.9 18.6 19.245–49 2,2101 12,018 10,083 4.6 5.0 4.1 16.5 17.3 15.650–54 1,8926 10,598 8,328 3.6 4.2 3.1 13.8 16.4 11.555–59 1,5693 9,053 6,640 2.6 3.1 2.2 9.9 14.1 7.060–64 1,0356 5,795 4,561 2.0 2.3 1.6 6.8 11.8 4.465–69 5,092 2,857 2,235 1.5 1.8 1.2 4.4 9.3 2.670–74 3,821 2,156 1,665 1.1 1.4 0.8 2.5 5.9 1.575 + 3,520 2,330 1,190 0.6 1.1 0.4 1.0 2.6 0.5

* Including legally married persons who live separately from their spouse.

In the total population of those who are not legally married, the largest percentage share is in the age group of 35–39, where every fifth person (19.6%) not legally married, cohabits (Table 3). Among women, the highest shares are in this age group and among men in the group of 40–44. From the age group of 45–49 onwards, the trend of greater participation of women changes and the shares of men are consistently higher.

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In the total population living in the union (both marital and consensual), the share of persons living in consensual union is 6.7% (Figure 1). The highest is in the youngest age group (57.5%), the only one in which it exceeds the percentage of people in marriage, then it abruptly decreases, and in the age group of 25–29 it is reduced to a third of the maximum value. In the age group of 55–59, the share is only 3.5% and in the group of over 70 it is twice less. The share is consistently higher among men, more pronounced in the younger age groups, and almost equal among the oldest population. In urban settlements, the share is higher (7.3%) than in others (5.9%). This applies to all age groups. The differences are largest in the two youngest age groups, especially among women, whose share is pro-nouncedly higher in urban settlements. With increasing age, the differences are smaller. Regional differences are pronounced, and the lowest share of per-sons cohabiting in the total population living in the union is in Šumadija and West Serbia region (4.2%), and twice as high, and at the same time the highest is in the region of Vojvodina (8.4%). In all age groups the share is consistently higher among men, being more pronounced in the younger age groups.

Figure 1. Share of persons living in consensual union in total number of persons in union, by age and sex, Serbia, 2011

Spatial assessment of the share of cohabitants in the total population liv-ing in the union provides an insight into large differences in the prevalence of consensual unions. In approximately half of the municipalities the share values are above or below the average for Serbia. The low and very low prevalence is observed in western Serbia, and medium and, in some municipalities high prevalence, in the east of the country and in Vojvodina. At the level of mu-

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nicipalities and towns, the shares are very different and vary in a wide range from 1.1% in Sjenica and Nova Varoš, to 16.7% in Kostolac. For example, among persons living in the union, only every hundredth in Sjenica and Nova Varoš live in consensual union, every fiftieth in Užice and Bajina Bašta, every twentieth in Doljevac and Bačka Palanka, every ninth in Bojnik and Subo tica, and every seventh in Majdanpek and Kovin. It is obvious that the origin of similarities and differences lies in the complex interaction of a number of socio-demographic impacts distinctive for a particular environment.

AGE STRUCTURE OF COHABITANTS

The age structure of cohabitants is characterized by a low percentage of persons from the youngest age group (2.3%), followed by an increase up to the age group of 30–34, when the share is the highest (16.1%), and then by a de-crease and a very low share among the oldest population (1.5%). The largest difference between men and women is in the youngest age groups; thus, in the 15–19 age group, the share of women is almost four times, and in the group of 20–24 two times higher. In other age groups, shares of men and women are generally equal. Only in the oldest age group (over 75) the share of men is twice as high as that of women.

In the age structure of people living in the union there are important dif-ferences according to whether it is a marital of consensual one. Two-thirds of people living in a consensual union are aged 15 to 44 and one-third are over 45. In a marital union, however, it is the opposite. One-third of people living in a marriage are aged 15 to 44 and two-thirds are over 45 years old.

LEGAL MARITAL STATUS

According to the legal marital status, among persons living in consen-sual union, the majority i.e. four-fifths have not been married, followed by the divorced (11.8%), and the widowed (2.8%). The smallest percentage is of the persons who are legally married, but live separately from their spouses (1.0%). The situation is similar for both sexes, except that the share of widows is by a half higher than the share of widowers. The difference between urban and other settlements exists in the share of the divorced, in urban settlements being by less than half higher than in other areas.

EDUCATIONAL STRUCTURE

Among cohabitants, the majority have completed high school or less, the least people having tertiary education, which is consistent with the educa-tional structure of the total population, as well as the total population living in some kind of union.

Regularity has been observed and regardless of sex or type of settlement – in the total number of persons living in the union, the highest share of cohabitation is among the least educated population, i.e. among persons without education

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or with only primary education completed (7.5%), and lowest in persons who have a college or university degree (5.6%). The same sequence of share is in both sexes, and differences between three major educational groups are much more pronounced in men. Specifically, among men without education or with only primary education, the proportion of those living in cohabitation is 8.2%, while in the group of the most educated, with college or university degrees, the proportion is significantly lower (4.9%). The same sequence is in women, but the differences between the groups according to educational level are mini-mal (6.9% and 6.4%, respectively). The same conclusion applies to the type of settlement, only the differences are more pronounced in urban population than in other settlements. Differences between the share of the least educated group and the group with the most education in the urban population is 4.4 percentage points (10.2% vs. 5.8%). Among the population of other settlements, the difference is only 1.6 percentage points (6.1% vs. 4.5%). The higher prevalence of con-sensual unions with the population of lower social status is also contributed by a large number of cohabitants in the population of Roma ethnic background, with by far the largest proportion of persons living in consensual union, and also with the most unfavorable educational structure.

ETHNICITY AND RELIGION

Among the members of certain ethnicities, there are pronounced differ-ences in the share of people in consensual unions caused by a variety of demo-graphic, socioeconomic and cultural characteristics of members of particular ethnicities. The Roma are distinguished by an extremely high share of persons living in consensual unions, with traditionally widespread customary marriages. A quarter (24.6%) of the total Roma population lives in consensual unions, or more than a third (36.3%) of all Roma living in the union. A high share of people in consensual unions in the overall population, as well as in the total population living in the union is recorded with the undefined and non-declared (5.7% and 11.1%, respectively), Muslims (5.7% and 9.2%, respectively) and Romanians (6.5% and 10.1%, respectively). On the other hand, the low share of people in consensual unions in the overall population, as well as in the total population living in the union, is the characteristic of members of the Bosniak (1.8% and 2.8%, respectively) and Slovak ethnicity (2.1% and 3.4%, respectively).

The share of persons in consensual unions higher than average, both in the overall population and in the total population living in the union, is ob-served with members of the Islamic (6.1% and 9.5%, respectively) and Catho-lic religion (5.0% and 8.5%, respectively). The high share is also among those who have not expressed their religious affiliation (5.9% and 11.4%, respec-tively) or have declared as atheist (5.1% and 9.6%, respectively).

All the above presented data obtained by the 2011 Census show that the prevalence of consensual unions in Serbia is low, compared to other European countries. According to the share and age of persons in consensual unions, as well as according to a very high share of never married persons, it can be as-sumed that consensual unions largely precede marriage, constitute a stage in

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the marriage process and not an alternative to marriage, which has been re-corded in the majority of European countries, too. Furthermore, the census results show that cohabitation is more present in the population of lower social status than in the persons of better educational level, which indicates that Serbia has not experienced a major modernization of marital relations.

FAMILIES OF COHABITING COUPLES

In the 2011 Census, for the first time, the data related to cohabiting couples with and without children were presented separately from the data of married couples, allowing access to a number of characteristics of families of cohabit-ing couples.

According to the Census, in Serbia there are 116,914 families of cohabit-ing couples, which is a share of 5.5% in the total number of families, while the share of members of these families in the total number of family members in Serbia is slightly higher (5.7%) (Table 4). The families of cohabiting couples without children are fewer, there are 48,943 of them and their share is 2.3%, while the total number of families with children is 67,971 and their share in the total number of families is 3.2%. Average number of children in families of cohabiting couples is 1.03, while in families of married couples it is 1.06. Aver-age number of children in families of cohabiting couples with children is 1.8 and it is slightly higher than that of married couples with children which is 1.7. It should be noted that children may be common, or of one or both partners.

Vojvodina region has the largest share of families of cohabiting couples (6.8%), almost two times higher than Šumadija and West Serbia region (3.5%) which has the lowest share. In three regions, the percentage share of families with children is higher at least by half, compared to the participation of fami-lies without children. In Belgrade region the representation of these two types of families is almost equal (3.0% without children and 3.2% with children), and the largest difference is in the South and East Serbia region, where the share of families with children is almost twice as high (2.0% without children and 3.7% with children). Consequently, in these two regions the average num-ber of children in families of cohabiting couples is both the smallest and the largest (0.90 in Belgrade region and 1.16 in the South and East Serbia region).

In urban settlements of Serbia, the share of families of cohabiting couples in the total number of families is higher (5.8%) than in other areas (5.0%). However, in other areas the share of families of cohabiting couples with chil-dren is significantly higher than those without children, and is equal to that of the urban areas. At the regional level, certain differences are observed by the type of settlement in the share of families of cohabiting couples without children. In the regions of Belgrade and Vojvodina, the share of families of cohabi ting couples without children is by about a half higher in urban settlements, while there are no differences by the type of settlement in the proportion of families with children. In Šumadija and Western Serbia region, and the South and East Serbia region, however, there are no differences by the type of settlement in any family type.

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The average number of children in families of cohabiting couples with children is slightly larger (1.8) in other than urban settlements (1.7). This applies to all regions, except for the South and East Serbia, where the average number of children in families of cohabiting couples is the same in urban and rural areas.

According to the number of children, the majority (48.8%) of the families of cohabiting couples are with one child. Slightly more than a third (34.9%) are families with two children, one in ten (10.6%) is with three children, and

Table 4. Families and number of family members of cohabiting couples with and without children, Serbia, 2011 (by region)

Number of fami-

lies

Number of family members

Number of children

(family members)

Average number of children

per family

Percentile share in total number of

families family members

Serbia Total 116,914 353,799 119,971 1.03 5.5 5.7

Cohabiting couples without children 48,943 97,886 – – 2.3 1.6

Cohabiting couple with children 67,971 255,913 119,971 1.77 3.2 4.1

Belgrade regionTotal 29,732 86,125 26,661 0.90 6.2 6.1

Cohabiting couples without children 14,330 28,660 – – 3.0 2.0

Cohabiting couple with children 15,402 57,465 26,661 1.73 3.2 4.1

Vojvodina regionTotal 38,867 117,525 39,791 1.02 6.8 7.1

Cohabiting couples without children 16,476 32,952 – – 2.9 2.0

Cohabiting couples with children 22,391 84,573 39,791 1.78 3.9 5.1

Šumadija and West Serbia region

Total 21,197 64,398 22,004 1.04 3.5 3.6Cohabiting couples

without children 8,523 17,046 – – 1.4 1.0

Cohabiting couples with children 12,674 47,352 22,004 1.74 2.1 2.7

South and East Serbia region

Total 27,118 85,751 31,515 1.16 5.7 6.3Cohabiting couples

without children 9,614 19,228 – – 2.0 1.4

Cohabiting couples with children 17,504 66,523 31,515 1.80 3.7 4.9

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the share of families with four children is 3.7%, and with five or more children is only every fiftieth family of cohabiting couples with children (2.0%). Bel-grade region leads by the share of families with one child and the lowest share is in South and East Serbia, with the highest proportion of families with two, three and four children. The share of cohabiting couple families with five or more children is the highest in Vojvodina region, and in Šumadija and West Serbia regions the share of families with four or five children is the lowest. The family structure of married and cohabiting couples according to the num-ber of children is different. The difference is especially pronounced in the proportion of families with three or more children – the share of families with four children is by three and a half times higher in cohabiting couples, and the share of families with five or more children is almost seven times higher.

In the families of cohabiting couples with children, the share of younger children is the highest and makes nearly three-quarters (36.0% of children under 5 and 37.7% between 6 and 14). A fifth of children (20.6%) belong to the age group of 15–24, and only one in seventeen children (5.7%) is over 25. The structure of children by age is changing with the increasing number of children in the family. The share of the youngest children aged 0 to 5 decreases and the share of children aged 6 to 14 increases, and the most significant decrease is in the share of children over 25. While in the family with one child, the share of the youngest children (under 5) is the highest (46.4%) in families with two or more children, the highest share is of children aged 6 to 14 (38.2%). In the family with one child, one in ten children (10.7%) is over 25, in the family with two children one in twenty (5.4%), and the family with four or five children only one in hundred (1.3% and 0.9% respectively). The structure of children by age in the family of cohabiting couples is similar in all regions. Only in the share of children over 25 the significant difference is observed between the highest share (6.8%) of families of Belgrade region and the lowest (4.4%) in the South and East Serbia region.

Compared with the families of married couples, in the families of cohabi-ting couples the share of younger children is considerably higher and the share of older children is lower. Thus, the share of children aged 0 to 5 is twice as high, the share of children aged 6 to 14 is higher by a third, while the share of children aged 15 to 24 is lower by a third. The difference between these two types of families is the largest in the prevalence of children over 25, which in the families of cohabiting couples is only slightly more than a quarter of the share of children that age in the families of married couples.

REFERENCES:

Bernhardt, E. (2002). Cohabitation and marriage among young adults in Sweden: Attitudes, expectations and plans (abstract) Scandinavian Population Studies, 13. Retrieved from http://gammelweb.demografi.no/arkiv/sps13-abstracts.html#bernhardt

Perelli-Harris, B., M. Kreyenfeld, W. Single-Rushton, R. Keizer, T. Lappegard, A. Jasilioniene, ... and P. Di Giulio (2012). Changes in union status during the transition to parenthood in eleven European countries, 1970s to early 2000s. Population studies, 66(2): 167–182.

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INTERNET SOURCES

Gamundi, P. M., M. J. González and R. C. Maruri (2009). Are Cohabiting and Being Married Different? Differences in the socio-demographic composition of partnerships in West-ern European countries. Paper presented on the XXVI IUSSP International Population Conference. Retrieved from: <http://iussp2009.princeton.edu/papers/90723>

Gubernskaya, Z. (2008). Attitudes toward Cohabitation in 28 Countries: Does Marital Status Matter?_Population Association of America, 2008 Annual Meeting, New Orleans, LA, April 17–19. Retrieved from <http://paa2008.princeton.edu/papers/80851>

Hiekel, Н., A. Liefbroer and A. R. Poortman (2012). The meaning of cohabitation across Europe. European Population Conference 2012, Stockholm, 13–16 June 2012. Retrieved from <http://epc2012.princeton.edu/papers/120762>

Perelli-Harris, B., M. Mynarska, A. Berrington, A. Evans, K. Fliegenschnee, O. Isupova ... T. Lappegård and D. Vignoli (2014). Towards a new understanding of cohabitation: Insights from focus group research across Europe and Australia. Retrieved from: <http://paa2014.princeton.edu/papers/141155>

ОРИГИНАЛНИ НАУЧНИ РАД

ВАНБРАЧНЕ ЗАЈЕДНИЦЕ У СРБИЈИ: РЕЗУЛТАТИ ПОПИСА ИЗ 2011. ГОДИНЕ

БИЉАНА СТАНКОВИЋИнститут друштвених наука, Центар за демографска истраживања

Краљице Наталије 45, 11000 Београд, Република СрбијаE-адреса: demcent@eunet.rs; s.bilja@sezampro.rs

САЖЕТАК: Пораст распрострањености кохабитација је једна од најуочљивијих промена у партнерском понашању у протеклих неколико деценија. Ширење ван брач-них заједница одвија се у свим европским земљама, али су присутне велике разлике у нивоу њихове заступљености. О раширености ванбрачних заједница у Србији зна ло се само на основу ретких анкетних истраживања. У садржај Пописа 2011. го дине први пут је укључено питање о de facto брачном статусу, што је омогућило увид у распрострањеност ванбрачних заједница и карактеристике њених чланова. У раду се анализира заступљеност ванбрачних заједница и карактеристике лица која живе у њима, према полу, образовању, брачном статусу, етничкој и верској припадности, типу насеља. Већина разматрања односи се и на регионални ниво (НСТЈ 2).

Рад такође садржи анализу карактеристика породица ванбрачних парова без деце и са децом. У Попису 2011. године су први пут подаци о породицама типа ван-брач ни пар без деце и ванбрачни пар са децом исказани посебно од података за по ро дице брачних парова.

КЉУЧНЕ РЕЧИ: ванбрачне заједнице, породице ванбрачних парова, Србија, Попис 2011