CHEM12_C0200_SWBT

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Lesson 2.1 Reading and Study Workbook Copyright Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.13

Matter and Change

CHEMISTRY AS THE CENTRAL SCIENCE

2.1 Properties of MatterEssential Understanding All matter has certain characteristics, or properties, that can be

used to classify and identify it.

Lesson SummaryDescribing Matter All properties used to identify matter are either extensive or intensive properties.

Extensive properties, such as mass and volume, depend on the amount of matter in a sample.An intensive property, such as density, depends not on the amount of matter in a sample, but on the type of matter.A substance is a type of matter that has a definite composition and can be identified by its unique set of properties.A physical property can be observed without changing a substances composition.

States of Matter The three most common states of matter on Earth are solid, liquid, and gas.A solid has a definite shape and a definite volume. A liquid has a definite volume, but it takes the shape of its container.A gas takes both the shape and the volume of its container.A vapor is the gaseous state of a substance that is usually a solid or a liquid at room temperature.

Physical Changes The identity of a material does not change during a physical change. Some physical changes, such as melting or boiling, are reversible.Some physical changes, such as breaking or cutting, are irreversible.

For students using the Foundation edition, assign problems 122.

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BUILD Math Skills

Negative Numbers Negative numbers are numbers that are less than zero and are indicated with a minus sign in front of the number. Negative numbers lie to the left of zero on a number line.

3 2 1 0 1 2 3On a number line, the number to the left is less than the number to the right.

Since 3 is to the left of 2, 3 is less than 2.When adding numbers of the same sign, you add the absolute value of the numbers and give the result the same sign as the numbers.If you are adding numbers of different signs, you treat the negative sign as a minus sign and subtract the negative number from the positive number.When subtracting a number, you can think of it as adding its opposite. For instance, if you have 2 (3), you would take the opposite of 3, which is 3, and add it to 2, so: 2 (3) = 2 + 3 = 1.If you multiply a positive number by a negative number, the result will be negative. If you multiply a negative number by a negative number, the result will be positive. The same rules that apply to multiplication also apply to division.

Sample Problem What is the answer to 6 (3)?

The opposite of 3 is 3.

6 + 3 = 3

First, determine the opposite of 3 to follow the subtraction rule.

Apply the rule of add the opposite to find the answer.

Hint: Remember, as you go farther left of zero, the numbers have less and less value, but their absolute values increase.

Now its your turn to practice dealing with negative numbers. Remember the guidelines stated above when dealing with mathematical properties.

1. Which number is larger, 234 or 250? 2. What is the result of 7 + 10 (3)? 3. What is the result of 8 2? 4. What is the result of 4 4?

234

14

4

16


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After reading Lesson 2.1, answer the following questions.

Describing Matter 5. The of an object is a measure of the amount of matter the object

contains. 6. How does an extensive property differ from an intensive property?

7. Matter that has a uniform and definite composition is called a . 8. Is the following sentence true or false? All samples of a substance have different physical

properties. 9. A physical property is a quality or condition of a substance that can be

or without changing the substances composition.

10. Circle the letter of the term that is NOT a physical property. a. hardness b. color c. boiling point d. melting 11. Look at Table 2.1. What is the melting point of bromine? 12. Look at Table 2.1. Circle the letter of the substance that is a yellow solid and melts at 115C. a. sulfur b. chlorine c. gold d. copper 13. Is the following sentence true or false? Physical properties can help a chemist identify a

substance.

States of Matter 14. Circle the letter of the term that is NOT a physical state of matter. a. water b. gas c. liquid d. solid

substance

false

observed measured

7C

true

mass

An extensive property depends on the amount of matter, while an intensive property

depends on the type of matter.


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15. Complete the table about the properties of the three states of matter. Use these terms: definite, indefinite, easily, and not easily.

Properties of the States of Matter

Property Solid Liquid Gas or Vapor

Shape indefinite

Volume definite indefinite

Can be compressed not easily

16. Match each arrangement of the particles in matter with a physical state.Physical State Arrangement

gas a. packed tightly together

liquid b. close, but free to flow

solid c. spaced relatively far apart

17. Is the following sentence true or false? The words gas and vapor describe the same thing.

18. The term gas is limited to those substances that exist in the gaseous state at . 19. What does vapor describe?

Physical Changes 20. A physical change alters a given material without changing its chemical

. 21. What are some words that describe physical changes?

22. What is true about all physical changes that involve a change of state?

false

composition

room temperature

Vapor describes the gaseous state of a substance that is generally a liquid or solid at

room temperature.

Sample answers: boil, freeze, dissolve, melt, condense, break, split, crack, grind, cut,

crush

All physical changes that involve a change of state are reversible.

definite

not easily

definite

easily

indefinite

c

b

a

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2.2 MixturesEssential Understanding A mixture is a physical blend of two or more components that can

be separated by physical means.

Lesson SummaryClassifying Mixtures Mixtures can be classified according to how their components are distributed.

In a heterogeneous mixture, the components are not evenly distributed.In a homogeneous mixture, or solution, the components are evenly distributed.A heterogeneous mixture consists of at least two phases, but a homogeneous mixture contains exactly one phase.

Separating Mixtures The physical properties of the components of a mixture can be used to separate the mixture.

A solid and a liquid can be separated by filtration because of the difference in the physical properties of the two components.A liquid solution might be separated by distillation, during which the component with the lowest boiling point is boiled off, and the resulting vapors are then condensed.


Classifying Mixtures 1. Is the following sentence true or false? Most samples of matter are mixtures.

2. What is a mixture?

3. Is the following sentence true or false? A heterogeneous mixture is one that has a completely uniform composition.

4. What is another name for a homogeneous mixture? 5. Circle the letter of the term that describes a part of a sample having uniform

composition and properties. a. solution b. mixture c. state d. phase 6. How many phases exist in these types of mixtures? a. Homogeneous b. Heterogeneous

true

A mixture is a physical blend of two or more components.

one

two or more

false

a solution



CA

Coldwater

in

Cold water

out

D

E

Receiverflask

Distillationflask

B

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Separating Mixtures 7. In general, what is used to separate mixtures?

8. The process that separates a solid from a liquid in a heterogeneous mixture is called .

9. What happens during distillation?

Match each term with its location in the diagram.

10. condenser

11. heat source

12. thermometer

13. tap water

14. distilled water

D

C

A

B

E

filtration

differences in physical properties

A liquid is boiled to produce a vapor that is then condensed into a liquid.


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2.3 Elements and Compounds

Essential Understanding Elements and compounds are both types of substances because both types of materials have definite and uniform composition.

Reading StrategyCluster Diagram Cluster diagrams help you show how concepts are related. To create a cluster diagram, write the main idea or topic in the center circle. Draw lines branching off the main idea, connected to circles that contain concepts related to the main concept. Continue adding facts and details to the branches.

As you read Lesson 2.3, use the cluster diagram below. Complete the cluster diagram to show how the main idea of the periodic table relates to details about the periodic table.

ExtEnSion Add details to the cluster diagram showing how groups and periods are identified.


It shows information about

.

Elements are placed on the table

by increasing

.

The Periodic Table

A vertical column is a(n)

.

A horizontal row is a(n)

.

Each element is represented by a(n)

.

Information should reflect that periods are identified by a number, and groups are identified by a number and a letter.

elements

groupatomic number

period chemical symbol


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Lesson SummaryDistinguishing Elements and Compounds While both elements and compounds are substances, they have distinct differences.

An element is the simplest form of matter that has its own unique set of properties.A compound is made up of two or more elements chemically combined in a definite proportion.A compound can be broken down into its component elements by a chemical change.A chemical change produces a new kind of matter that has a composition different from the original matter. Usually, the properties of a compound are quite different from the properties of the elements the compound contains.

Distinguishing Substances and Mixtures Substances and mixtures can appear the same, but they differ in their general characteristics.

In a substance, the composition is fixed and cannot vary.The composition of a mixture might vary; the components in a mixture do not have to be in definite ratios.

Symbols and Formulas Chemical symbols represent elements, and chemical formulas represent compounds.

Each element is represented by a one- or two-letter symbol that is unique to that element.The chemical formula of a compound consists of the chemical symbols of each element in the compound, along with subscripts that show how many atoms of each element are present.

The Periodic TableA Preview The periodic table is used to organize elements according to atomic number and repeating properties.

The periodic table is arranged according to rows, or periods, and columns, or groups.Elements in a group have similar physical and chemical properties.From top to bottom and left to right, elements are arranged on the periodic table according to increasing atomic number.


Distinguishing Elements and Compounds 1. Each has a unique set of properties. 2. Into what two groups can substances be classified?

element

Substances can be classified as elements and compounds.


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3. Is the following sentence true or false? Elements can be easily separated into simpler substances.

4. Compounds are substances that can be separated into simpler substances only by means.

5. Is the following sentence true or false? The properties of compounds are different from those of their component elements.

6. Complete this sentence. Sodium chloride (table salt) is a of sodium, which is a soft

, and chlorine, which is a pale yellow .

Distinguishing Substances and Mixtures 7. Describe one way to decide whether a sample of matter is a substance or a mixture.

8. Complete the labels in the diagram below.

Definite composition(homogeneous)

Mixture ofsubstances

Variable composition

(Examples: water, sodium chloride)

Can be separatedchemically

Can be separatedphysically

Uniform;also called a solution

a. _________

b. _________

(Examples: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen)

d. __________c. __________

Nonuniform;distinct phases

e. __________ f. __________

Matter

Substance

Compound Element Heterogeneous Homogeneous

false

chemical

true

compoundmetal gas

If the composition of a sample is fixed, the sample is a substance. If the composition

of a sample might vary, the sample is a mixture.


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Symbols and Formulas 9. What is used to represent an element?

10. What are chemical symbols used for?

11. Subscripts in chemical formulas are used to indicate the relative proportions of the elements in a .

12. Is the following sentence true or false? The elements that make up a compound are always present in the same proportions.

13. Use Table 2.2 to answer the following questions. a. Pb is the symbol for what element? b. What is the symbol for gold? c. Stibium is the Latin name for which element?

2.4 Chemical ReactionsEssential Understanding Chemical reactions involve chemical changes and the

conservation of mass.

Lesson SummaryChemical Changes During a chemical change, the composition of matter changes.

A chemical change must occur for a chemical property to be observed.The substances at the beginning of a reaction are called reactants. The substances produced by the reaction are called products. Reactants and products differ in composition.

Recognizing Chemical Changes Although a change in composition is the only way to confirm a chemical change, several clues might indicate that a chemical change occurred.

One clue is a transfer of energy.Other clues include a change in color and the production of a gas.The formation of a precipitate, a solid that forms and settles out of a liquid, is another clue.

Conservation of Mass The law of conservation of mass says that mass is neither created nor destroyed during a normal chemical reaction or physical change.

During chemical reactions, the total mass of the reactants equals the total mass of the products.Mass is also conserved during physical changes, such as a change of state.


compound

true

lead

Au

antimony

An element is represented by a one- or two-letter chemical symbol.

Chemical symbols are used to write the chemical formulas of compounds.


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Chemical Changes 1. What is a chemical property?

2. Is the following sentence true or false? Chemical properties are observed only when a substance undergoes a chemical change.

3. What happens during a chemical reaction?

4. In chemical reactions, the substances present at the start of the reaction are called , and the substances produced are called .

5. Circle the letter of the term that best completes the sentence. A change in the composition of matter occurs during a chemical reaction.

a. sometimes b. rarely c. always d. never 6. Which representation of a chemical reaction is correct? a. products reactants b. reactants products

Recognizing Chemical Changes 7. List four possible clues to a chemical change.

8. Is the following statement true or false? If you observe a clue for chemical change, you can be certain that a chemical change has taken place.

9. Define a precipitate.

A chemical property is the ability of a substance to undergo a specific chemical

change.

One or more substances change into one or more new substances.

true

reactants products

transfer of energy

a change in color

the production of a gas

the formation of a precipitate

A precipitate is a solid that forms and settles out of a liquid mixture.

false


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Conservation of Mass 10. During a chemical reaction, the mass of the products is always equal to the mass of the

. 11. The law of conservation of mass states that in any physical change or chemical reaction,

mass is neither nor . 12. Look at Figure 2.16. How do you know that mass was conserved?

A camper burned a piece of paper to start a campfire. Answer these questions about burning the paper. a. Is burning paper a physical change or a chemical change? How do you know?

b. If you said the change was chemical, what are the reactants? What are the products?

c. The ash produced by the burning paper has much less mass than the mass of the original paper. Was mass conserved during this change? Explain your answer.

It is a chemical change. The identity of the paper changes.

Mass was conserved. In addition to the ash, gases were produced, and they also have

mass. The total mass of the paper and oxygen equals the total mass of the ash and

gases produced.

Reactants: paper, oxygen; products: ash, gases

The mass of the product is the same as the mass of the reactants.

reactants

created destroyed


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Self-Check Reading and Study Workbook Copyright Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.25

For Questions 112, complete each statement by writing the correct word or words. If you need help, you can go online.

2.1 Properties of Matter 1. For a specific substance, every sample has the same properties.

2. Solid, , and gas are all states of matter.

3. A change of state is an example of a(n) physical change.

2.2 Mixtures 4. Depending on the distribution of components, mixtures are either heterogeneous or

.

5. Mixtures can be separated by differences in the of their components.

2.3 Elements and Compounds 6. can be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means.

7. If the composition of a material is not fixed, the material is a(n) .

8. represent compounds, and represent elements.

9. The can be used to easily compare properties of different elements.

2.4 Chemical Reactions 10. When a change occurs, the composition of matter changes.

11. A chemical change might have occurred if energy transfers, color changes, a gas forms, or a(n) forms.

12. In a chemical reaction, the mass of the reactants the mass of the products.

If You Have Trouble With

Question 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

See Page 34 36 37 39 40 42 44 45 46 48 49 50

2 Self-Check Activity

intensive

liquid

reversible

homogeneous

Compounds

mixture

physical properties

Chemical formulaschemical symbols

periodic table

chemical

equals

precipitate


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Self-Check Reading and Study Workbook Copyright Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.26

Review VocabularyComplete this puzzle using the vocabulary terms and the clues below.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

Clues Terms

1. any part of a sample with uniform composition and properties volume 2. the simplest type of substance substance 3. matter that has a uniform and definite composition gas 4. the type of change that results in a change in identity solution 5. the results of a chemical reaction phase 6. a row across the periodic table element 7. a column down the periodic table compound 8. a solid formed by a chemical reaction between two liquids chemical 9. a substance that can be broken down into simpler substances

by chemical meansperiod

10. the substances present before a chemical reaction occursgroup

11. the amount of space something takes upproducts

12. another name for a homogeneous mixtureprecipitate

13. the state of matter that has no definite shape or volumereactants

Write and define the term found in the outlined boxes.heterogeneous: the type of mixture that has a composition that is not uniform

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