Chapter 19

Political Reform and the

Progressive Era

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Ch 19 Sec 1The Gilded Age and Progressive

Reform

I can understand how reformers tried to end government corruption and limit the influence of big business

The Gilded Age

• Things looked good after Civil War but underneath, rotten

2 PROBLEMS1.Industrialists getting rich at

peoples expense2.Government corruption

SPOILS SYSTEM• You get elected, you

give your friends government jobs

• 1881 James Garfield didn’t and got killed

• 1883 Civil Service Law

Charles Guiteau - 1882

Big Business

•Congressmen bribed•Police paid off

GO TO PG 645

RESULTS• 1887 – Pres. Cleveland signed Interstate

Commerce Act. Stopped rebates• Set up Interstate Commerce

Commission• 1890 – Pres. Harrison signed Sherman

Anti Trust Act. (not completely effective)

Corruption in Cities

• Cities need sewers, other services• Political bosses gave jobs to

friends• City politicians and bosses

befriended immigrants – WHY?

Boss Tweed• One of the worst• 20 years cheated N.Y. City out of $100 mil

Relate to civil service

Progressive Reforms

• Wisconsin Plan – Commissions to solve problems – Railroad Commission lowered prices

• Primary Elections instead of Party picks

• Recall• Initiatives

Progressive Reforms

• 16th Amendment – 1913 – Income Tax

• 17th Amendment – Direct election of senators

• The Press – Muckrakers – Exposed problems in government, business and industry

Examples

Upton Sinclair – 1878 – 1968The Jungle Ida Tarbell – 1857 – 1944

Standard Oil ExposeLincoln biographer

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Ch 19 Sec 2The Progressive Presidents

I CAN UNDERSTAND HOW THE PROGRESSIVE PRESIDENTS EXTENDED REFORMS

PROGRESSIVES

What is a Progressive?• Someone who wants to move

ahead, beyond what we have.• Early 1900’s, series of

Progressive Presidents

#1

1.William McKinley2.Assassinated Sept. 6, 1901

#2• McKinley’s

V.P. takes over

• Theodore Roosevelt

T.R. do not copy

1.At 42 – Youngest American President

2.From New York – Alive when Lincoln was assassinated

T.R. Public Service1. Age 23 – New York Legislature2. Civil Service Commission3. Commissioner of New York Police4. Assistant Secretary of the Navy5. Cavalry hero in Spanish American

War

Elected as V.P. for McKinley

T.R. as PresidentTake Notes

• Trustbuster1. Broke up Northern Securities

Trust (RR’s)2. Broke up Standard Oil3. Broke up American Tobacco4. Sided with Unions in a mine

strike (1902)

T.R. Accomplishments• 1904 – Ran for President – SQUARE DEAL• Said everyone has opportunity to

succeed• Conservation President• Set aside land for National Parks• Created National Park Service• Consumer protections – Health & Safety

William Taft – 1908• Quiet & Cautious• Broke up more trusts• Graduated income tax• Safety laws for miners• 8 hour work day• Controlled child labor

Taft• Favored

protective tariffs

• Lost Progressive support

Bath tub – baseball – milk cow – first car

The Next Election - 1912

• Roosevelt wanted back in• Taft controlled Republican PartyREMEMBER SPLITTING THE VOTE?

WHAT HAPPENS?• Democrat Woodrow Wilson wins

Wilson

• Brilliant, scholar, cautious, rigid

• Plan – The New Freedom• Encouraged fair

competition

Wilson• Created Federal

Trade Commission

• Signed Clayton Anti-Trust Act

• Passed Federal Reserve Act

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Ch 19 Sec 3The Rights of Women

•I can understand how women gained new rights

Progressives• Wanted reform of

GovernmentBusinessQuality of Life

• Not concerned about women’s suffrage

Suffrage

• Senaca Falls Convention - 1848, birth of Women’s suffrage

• After Civil war, National Women’s Suffrage Association

Susan B. AnthonyElizabeth Cady Stanton

Western States• WY – UT – CO – ID, allowed women to

vote• Early 1900’s, 5 mil women worked

outside the home, but paid less• Stanton and Anthony died• New leader – Carrie Chapman Catt• Campaigned for vote

Alice Paul

19th Amendment

•Passed Congress in 1919

•Ratified by ¾ of states 1920

Opportunities

• Education – 1877 – First female Ph.D – Boston College

• 1900 – 1,000- female lawyers, 7,000 female doctors

Women’s Clubs

• First, just social• Many reformers came from

clubs

Other causes• Florence Kelley – Child labor• Frances Willard – Women’s Christian

Temperance Union• Carrie Nation – Temperance

movement• 18th Amendment, 1917 – Ratified

1919

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Ch 19 Sec 4

•I can understand the challenges faced by minority groups.

Struggles for Justice

• Progressives not concerned about minority rights1. Jim Crow laws2. Violence against blacks3. Similar problems for Mexicans,

Asians and religious minorities

African Americans

•Discrimination in both north and south

•Housing discrimination•Discrimination in jobs

Booker T. Washington

• Born a slave• Taught self to read and

write• Worked his way through

school and college• Became a teacher• Promoted job training at

Tuskegee Institute

B.T. Washington

• Supported by Carnegie & Rockefeller• Advisor to Progressive Presidents• Said with jobs and training, blacks

could earn money and gain power and demand equality

• Criticized by W.E.B. Du Bois

W.E.B. Du Bois

• Ph.D. from Harvard• Agreed that blacks must

be thrifty, patient and get training

• Activist about discrimination

• Founded N.A.A.C.P. 1909

Lynching• 1890’s, over

1,000 lynched• Imagined

insults and crimes

• Carried out by angry whites

Setbacks / Successes• Pres. Wilson

ordered segregation of Federal workers

BUT• Successes like

George Washington Carver

• Sarah Walker

Mexican Americans

• Revolution in Mexico, 1910• Many fled Mexico• 90% settled in S.W.

Mexican Americans

• Many did manual labor• Some worked in factories• Paid less than whites

Mexican Americans

• Seeking to preserve culture – came together in barrios

• Self help groups• Immigrant aid societies• Insurance & legal advice

Asians

• No more Chinese immigration – 1882

• Japanese came to work

• Most to Hawaii

Asians• When U.S. took over

Hawaii (1898) many came to mainland

• Hard workers, produced large amount of CA fruit and vegetables

Asians• 1906 – San Francisco – forced ALL

Asian students into separate schools• Japan protests• Pressure on t. Roosevelt to limit

Japanese immigration• TR did not want to anger Japan

A Deal• SF ends segregation• TR will restrict Japanese

immigration• Japan agrees to not let others

immigrate• U.S. agrees to let wives join

husbandsBUT

• CA bans non citizen Asians from owning land

Religious MinoritiesANTI CATHOLIC

• Anti-Catholic American Protective Association

• Anti-Catholic text books and teachers

• Catholics set up own school – Parochial

Religious Minorities

ANTI JEWISH• Leo Frank falsely accused

and convicted of murder• When Georgia Governor

reduced sentence, a mob lynched him

• Jewish Anti-Defamation League founded

1913 – Georgia - murder