The Progressive Reform The Progressive Reform EraEra

Ch 18 Skele NotesCh 18 Skele Notes

18.1 The Origins of 18.1 The Origins of ProgressivismProgressivism

Progressive Era: 1890-1920, a lot of Progressive Era: 1890-1920, a lot of reform going onreform going on Outgrowth of earlier reform in the Northeast, Outgrowth of earlier reform in the Northeast,

Midwest, and West CoastMidwest, and West Coast Roots of Reform (reacting to)Roots of Reform (reacting to)

ImmigrationImmigration Urbanization: low pay, poor housingUrbanization: low pay, poor housing Work environmentsWork environments Corruption in the govCorruption in the gov

Included people from all political partiesIncluded people from all political parties Most were of average wealth/middle classMost were of average wealth/middle class

GoalsGoals

Didn’t share same viewsDidn’t share same viewsGoals fell into 4 categoriesGoals fell into 4 categories

SocialSocialMoralMoralEconomicEconomicPoliticalPolitical

Some overlappedSome overlappedSome conflictedSome conflicted

BeliefsBeliefs

Gov should be more accountable to its Gov should be more accountable to its citizenscitizens

Gov should curb power and influence of Gov should curb power and influence of wealthy interestswealthy interests

Gov should be given expanded powers so Gov should be given expanded powers so it could become more active in improving it could become more active in improving lives of its citizenslives of its citizens

Gov should become more efficient and less Gov should become more efficient and less corrupt so they could competently handle corrupt so they could competently handle an expanding rolean expanding role

Key WritersKey Writers

Henry George: wrote Henry George: wrote Progress and Poverty Progress and Poverty in effort to explain why poverty plagued in effort to explain why poverty plagued such an advanced civilizationsuch an advanced civilization Proposed a single tax on the value of landProposed a single tax on the value of land

Edward Bellamy published Edward Bellamy published Looking Looking BackwardBackward where a man wakes up in 2000 where a man wakes up in 2000 and finds the US transformed into a and finds the US transformed into a utopian countryutopian country

Clubs formed supporting both men’s worksClubs formed supporting both men’s works

More on WritersMore on Writers

Many became scientific in their work and Many became scientific in their work and published their findings about our societypublished their findings about our society Hoped the public would push legislators to Hoped the public would push legislators to

make and enforce new lawsmake and enforce new laws Muckrakers: journalists who uncovered Muckrakers: journalists who uncovered

information in an area of social reform and information in an area of social reform and published their findingspublished their findings Ex: Upton Sinclair’s Ex: Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle The Jungle (meat packing (meat packing

ind)ind), , Lincoln Steffens Lincoln Steffens The Shame of the Cities The Shame of the Cities (corruption in cities), Ida Tarbell about (corruption in cities), Ida Tarbell about Standard Oil Trust’s abusesStandard Oil Trust’s abuses

Reform OrganizationsReform Organizations

Union Movement: 1890s Union Movement: 1890s If unions succeeded in forming, business leaders If unions succeeded in forming, business leaders

often used court to issue injunctions (court order often used court to issue injunctions (court order prohibiting something) preventing strikeprohibiting something) preventing strike

Did have success with collective bargainingDid have success with collective bargaining Socialists: public/gov control of property and Socialists: public/gov control of property and

incomeincome Elect leaders to do this, not through revolutionElect leaders to do this, not through revolution Most progressives didn’t support such huge Most progressives didn’t support such huge

changeschanges Wanted to get rid of corruption and help the poorWanted to get rid of corruption and help the poor

Women’s GroupsWomen’s Groups

National Consumers’ League (NCL)National Consumers’ League (NCL) Investigated conditions in which goods were Investigated conditions in which goods were

made and soldmade and sold Insisted factories obey state inspection laws Insisted factories obey state inspection laws

and pay minimum wageand pay minimum wage Women believed they needed the right to Women believed they needed the right to

vote to get gov to create services essential vote to get gov to create services essential to a family’s healthto a family’s health Focused on liquor, workplace conditions, and Focused on liquor, workplace conditions, and

commercialized vicecommercialized vice Powerless without the right to votePowerless without the right to vote

Important WomenImportant Women

Florence Kelley: Florence Kelley: Hull HouseHull House Enforcer of law Enforcer of law

prohibiting child prohibiting child labor, limiting work labor, limiting work hours for women, hours for women, and regulating and regulating sweatshop sweatshop conditions in ILconditions in IL

Earned a law Earned a law degreedegree

Involved in NCL – Involved in NCL – general secretarygeneral secretary

““Mother Jones” Mother Jones” Mary Harris JonesMary Harris Jones Worked with Worked with

Knights of LaborKnights of Labor Organized unions Organized unions

for workers (men for workers (men and women)and women)

Became national Became national speaker on unions speaker on unions and child labor lawsand child labor laws

1905 helped form 1905 helped form IWWIWW

18.2 Progressive Legislation18.2 Progressive Legislation

Social Welfare ProgramsSocial Welfare Programs Ensure minimum standard of living for peopleEnsure minimum standard of living for people

Ex: minimum wage, unemployment benefits, accident Ex: minimum wage, unemployment benefits, accident and health insurance, social security systemand health insurance, social security system

Municipal level reforms: city levelMunicipal level reforms: city level Most early reformsMost early reforms Pushed for home rule: system that gives cities Pushed for home rule: system that gives cities

and limited degree of self ruleand limited degree of self rule Allowed them to escape rule of state level Allowed them to escape rule of state level

political machinespolitical machines Dealt with ending corruption (political Dealt with ending corruption (political

machines)machines)Some political machines worked with reformersSome political machines worked with reformers

Why did people want municipal Why did people want municipal reforms?reforms?

Many tragic events made people Many tragic events made people want these reformswant these reformsGalveston: model of managementGalveston: model of management

Commission (5) ran things, not just one Commission (5) ran things, not just one personperson

Dayton: first big city to do a council-Dayton: first big city to do a council-management govmanagement govElected city council which sets laws and Elected city council which sets laws and

appointed a professional city manager to appointed a professional city manager to run city servicesrun city services

City ReformsCity Reforms

Take over UtilitiesTake over UtilitiesMade efforts to regulate or dislodge Made efforts to regulate or dislodge

monopolies that provided city utilities monopolies that provided city utilities like water, gas, and electricitylike water, gas, and electricity

By 1915 nearly 2 of 3 cities had some By 1915 nearly 2 of 3 cities had some city-owned utilitiescity-owned utilities

Provide Welfare ServicesProvide Welfare ServicesSome reform mayors led movements for Some reform mayors led movements for

city-supported welfare servicescity-supported welfare services

State ReformsState Reforms

First worked to oust political bosses then First worked to oust political bosses then change thingschange things

Robert La Follette (Wis.) began Robert La Follette (Wis.) began direct direct primaryprimary: voters choose who should run : voters choose who should run for officefor office

InitiativeInitiative: citizens can propose new law : citizens can propose new law through petition signatures and get it on through petition signatures and get it on the ballotthe ballot

ReferendumReferendum: citizens can approve/reject : citizens can approve/reject a law passed by the legislaturea law passed by the legislature

RecallRecall: voters can remove person from : voters can remove person from office before the next electionoffice before the next election

Workplace ReformsWorkplace Reforms

Labor depts: provide information and dispute-Labor depts: provide information and dispute-resolution services to employers and employees resolution services to employers and employees

Went to court with business owners saying gov Went to court with business owners saying gov shouldn’t get involved in businessshouldn’t get involved in business LochnerLochner v. v. New YorkNew York (1905), the Supreme Court struck (1905), the Supreme Court struck

down a law setting maximum hours for bakers down a law setting maximum hours for bakers MullerMuller v. v. OregonOregon the Court upheld an Oregon law that the Court upheld an Oregon law that

limited hours for female laundry workers to 10 hours a limited hours for female laundry workers to 10 hours a day day

Health issuesHealth issues By 1907, nearly two thirds of the states had By 1907, nearly two thirds of the states had

abolished child labor abolished child labor Minimum wage laws for women and children also Minimum wage laws for women and children also

made headway made headway

Fighting Bob La FolletteFighting Bob La Follette

Ousted party bosses and brought about Ousted party bosses and brought about structural changes such as a direct structural changes such as a direct primary and civil service reform primary and civil service reform

““Wisconsin Idea” called on academic Wisconsin Idea” called on academic experts to help draft reform legislation. experts to help draft reform legislation. To get it passed, he had the voting roll To get it passed, he had the voting roll call read publicly in the districts of call read publicly in the districts of legislators who opposed reform.legislators who opposed reform.

Served in Senate after governor Served in Senate after governor

Federal ReformsFederal Reforms

Theodore Roosevelt was a Theodore Roosevelt was a powerhouse for reform as presidentpowerhouse for reform as president

““Square Deal” arbitration in mining Square Deal” arbitration in mining strike; TR felt was fair to both sides strike; TR felt was fair to both sides (check book for details)(check book for details)““Square Deal” became slogan for his Square Deal” became slogan for his

presidencypresidency

Progressive Reform Progressive Reform LegislationLegislation

18.3 Taft’s Presidency18.3 Taft’s Presidency

Taft chosen by TR, but disappointed Taft chosen by TR, but disappointed manymany

Payne-Aldrich Tariff: a protective Payne-Aldrich Tariff: a protective tariff, not supported by Progressivestariff, not supported by Progressives

Ballinger-Pinchot Affair: dispute over Ballinger-Pinchot Affair: dispute over lands in Alaska and their being sold lands in Alaska and their being sold for business purposes (coal), ended for business purposes (coal), ended in Taft looking bad againin Taft looking bad again

New NationalismNew Nationalism

TR campaigned for Progressives in TR campaigned for Progressives in the interim elections of 1910the interim elections of 1910

Called for business regulation, Called for business regulation, welfare laws, workplace protection welfare laws, workplace protection for women and children, income and for women and children, income and inheritance taxes, and voting reform inheritance taxes, and voting reform

Progressive Democrats won many Progressive Democrats won many seats in Congressseats in Congress

Election of 1912Election of 1912

Republicans: TaftRepublicans: Taft Progressives formed own party: “Bull Moose Progressives formed own party: “Bull Moose

Party” with TR as candidateParty” with TR as candidate tariff reduction, women's suffrage, more regulation tariff reduction, women's suffrage, more regulation

of business, a child labor ban, an eight-hour of business, a child labor ban, an eight-hour workday, a federal workers' compensation system, workday, a federal workers' compensation system, and the direct election of senators and the direct election of senators

Democrats: Woodrow Wilson and “New Democrats: Woodrow Wilson and “New Freedom” policy- promised to enforce antitrust Freedom” policy- promised to enforce antitrust laws without threatening economic competition laws without threatening economic competition

Wilson won because Republican vote was splitWilson won because Republican vote was split

Wilson’s PresidencyWilson’s Presidency

Underwood Tariff Act of 1913 Underwood Tariff Act of 1913 reduced average tariff rates from 40 reduced average tariff rates from 40 percent to 25 percent percent to 25 percent

October 1913 Wilson signed into law October 1913 Wilson signed into law a federal income tax, made legal a federal income tax, made legal with ratification of the Sixteenth with ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment (to make up for loss in Amendment (to make up for loss in revenue)revenue)

““Trust Busting”Trust Busting”

Clayton Antitrust ActClayton Antitrust Act (1914): spelled (1914): spelled out specific activities that big businesses out specific activities that big businesses could not do could not do Companies could not prevent their buyers from Companies could not prevent their buyers from

purchasing goods from competitors purchasing goods from competitors Some types of holding companies used to Some types of holding companies used to

create monopolies were banned create monopolies were banned Price cutting in local markets to squeeze out Price cutting in local markets to squeeze out

competitors was forbidden, as were some competitors was forbidden, as were some rebates. rebates.

Legalized unions as well as their key weapons: Legalized unions as well as their key weapons: strikes, peaceful picketing, and boycotts strikes, peaceful picketing, and boycotts

Federal Trade CommissionFederal Trade Commission

Created in 1914Created in 1914To enforce the Clayton Act and set To enforce the Clayton Act and set

up fair-trade lawsup fair-trade lawsGiven the power to order firms to Given the power to order firms to

“cease and desist” the practice of “cease and desist” the practice of business tactics found to be unfair business tactics found to be unfair

Later court rulings weakened the Later court rulings weakened the Clayton Act Clayton Act

Federal Reserve Act of 1913 Federal Reserve Act of 1913

Created the Created the Federal Reserve SystemFederal Reserve System Divided the country into 12 districts, each with a Divided the country into 12 districts, each with a

Federal Reserve bank owned by its member Federal Reserve bank owned by its member banks banks

Supervised by a Federal Reserve Board appointed Supervised by a Federal Reserve Board appointed by the Presidentby the President

Fed. Reserve banks were “bankers’ banks” that Fed. Reserve banks were “bankers’ banks” that collected and loaned money to member banks collected and loaned money to member banks (helpful in times of crisis)(helpful in times of crisis)

Created Federal Reserve Notes (new currency)Created Federal Reserve Notes (new currency) Federal Farm Loan Board in 1916 that made loans Federal Farm Loan Board in 1916 that made loans

available to farmersavailable to farmers

Brandeis Appointed to the Brandeis Appointed to the Supreme CourtSupreme Court

1916 in middle of many reforms 1916 in middle of many reforms Wilson made to attract progressive Wilson made to attract progressive votersvoters

Controversial because some thought Controversial because some thought he was too radical, others didn’t like he was too radical, others didn’t like him because he was Jewishhim because he was JewishAppointed and served until 1939Appointed and served until 1939

Marked the peak of federal Marked the peak of federal progressive reforms progressive reforms

Wilson’s Re-ElectedWilson’s Re-Elected

TR didn’t run againTR didn’t run againProgressives supported WilsonProgressives supported WilsonWilson was re-elected in 1916 Wilson was re-elected in 1916

running on a slogan of keeping the running on a slogan of keeping the US out of WWI which had broken out US out of WWI which had broken out in Europe in 1914in Europe in 1914

Limits of ProgressivismLimits of Progressivism

Redefined and enlarged the role of govRedefined and enlarged the role of govLittle action to make social justice Little action to make social justice

reformsreformsImmigrant issues, race and segregation Immigrant issues, race and segregation

issues, even women’s rights (although issues, even women’s rights (although women gained the right to vote under women gained the right to vote under Wilson)Wilson)

Progressivism died down with concern Progressivism died down with concern over WWIover WWIWomen’s right to vote was only issue that Women’s right to vote was only issue that

still lived onstill lived on

18.4 Suffrage at Last18.4 Suffrage at Last

Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton: important women in suffrage Stanton: important women in suffrage movement (split in movement)movement (split in movement) National Woman Suffrage Association worked National Woman Suffrage Association worked

toward a constitutional amendmenttoward a constitutional amendment American Woman Suffrage Association American Woman Suffrage Association

worked toward state level suffrageworked toward state level suffrage Wyoming (1890) was 1Wyoming (1890) was 1stst state to grant state to grant

women’s suffragewomen’s suffrage Easier to attain in west because women Easier to attain in west because women

worked just as hard as men and were treated worked just as hard as men and were treated more as =more as =

Suffragist StrategiesSuffragist Strategies

Constitutional amendmentConstitutional amendmentMore difficultMore difficultBrought up regularly but stalled, until Brought up regularly but stalled, until

19131913Convince each state to grant women Convince each state to grant women

the right to votethe right to voteEasier at first, especially in the westEasier at first, especially in the west

National American Woman National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) - Suffrage Association (NAWSA) -

18901890Anthony served as president from Anthony served as president from

1892-19001892-1900By this time women had gained many By this time women had gained many

rights and were demanding right to rights and were demanding right to votevote

Stanton died (1902) and Anthony died Stanton died (1902) and Anthony died (1906)(1906)New leaders emergedNew leaders emergedCarrie Chapman Catt and Alice PaulCarrie Chapman Catt and Alice Paul

Congressional Union (CU)Congressional Union (CU)

Created by PaulCreated by PaulTended to be more forceful in it’s Tended to be more forceful in it’s

demonstrationsdemonstrationsAggressive, militant campaign for the Aggressive, militant campaign for the

constitutional amendment constitutional amendment CU expelled from NAWSA in 1914 CU expelled from NAWSA in 1914

because so militantbecause so militant

Catt’s “Winning Plan”Catt’s “Winning Plan”

Develop a large group of full-time Develop a large group of full-time leaders to work in “red-hot” leaders to work in “red-hot” campaigns for six years campaigns for six years

Focus on getting Congress to re-Focus on getting Congress to re-introduce the federal suffrage introduce the federal suffrage amendment amendment

WWI’s Effect on SuffrageWWI’s Effect on Suffrage

1918 US involved in WWI1918 US involved in WWIWomen stepped into many traditionally Women stepped into many traditionally

men’s roles to help outmen’s roles to help out1818thth Amendment (prohibition) ended Amendment (prohibition) ended

liquor industry’s objections to women’s liquor industry’s objections to women’s suffragesuffrage

In August of 1920 the 19In August of 1920 the 19thth Amendment Amendment allowing women’s suffrage was ratifiedallowing women’s suffrage was ratifiedLast major reform of Progressive eraLast major reform of Progressive era