ProgressivesProgressives

Social ReformSocial Reform– EducationEducation– Women’s right to voteWomen’s right to vote– ProhibitionProhibition– MinoritiesMinorities

John Dewey (1859-1952).John Dewey (1859-1952). John Dewey John Dewey -- important American important American

philosopher and philosopher and educatoreducator,,

-- Rejected rote learningRejected rote learning-- “learn by doing” rather “learn by doing” rather

than just by reading.than just by reading.

Rural one-room sod school house, Rural one-room sod school house, Decatur, Kansas.Decatur, Kansas.

Schoolhouses such Schoolhouses such as this Decatur, as this Decatur, Kansas, rural one-Kansas, rural one-room sod school room sod school were were replaced by replaced by consolidated school consolidated school districts and graded districts and graded classesclasses as John as John Dewey’s educational Dewey’s educational ideas took hold. ideas took hold. 1907 photo by 1907 photo by Joseph H. Young.Joseph H. Young.

Carrie Nation Carrie Nation (1848-1911), (1848-1911),

on shipboard.on shipboard.

Carrie NationCarrie Nation - evils of alcoholevils of alcohol , , one of the worst causes of one of the worst causes of

povertypoverty- Became famous in 1900 when she attacked Became famous in 1900 when she attacked

saloons with a hatchetsaloons with a hatchet- She was arrested more than 30 timesShe was arrested more than 30 times in her in her

prohibition campaign.prohibition campaign.

Prohibition:Prohibition:laws outlawing the laws outlawing the

manufacture and sale of manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages alcoholic beverages altogetheraltogether

““Temperance” movementTemperance” movement1818thth Amendment to the US Amendment to the US

Constitution was passed Constitution was passed in 1919, effective 1920in 1919, effective 1920

Governor Peter Norbeck (1870-1936) of Governor Peter Norbeck (1870-1936) of South Dakota signs his state's "bone South Dakota signs his state's "bone dry law," February 21, 1917dry law," February 21, 1917

Women’s Women’s SuffrageSuffrage

The demand for suffrage had been growing steadily since the first women's The demand for suffrage had been growing steadily since the first women's rights meeting at Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848. Conflict between two rights meeting at Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848. Conflict between two rival organizations, the National Woman Suffrage Association and the rival organizations, the National Woman Suffrage Association and the American Woman Suffrage Association, had ended when they merged to American Woman Suffrage Association, had ended when they merged to become the become the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA). . Between 1904 and 1915, the NAWSA undertook a highly successful state Between 1904 and 1915, the NAWSA undertook a highly successful state and local organizational campaign that first sought change in individual state and local organizational campaign that first sought change in individual state laws, then the adoption of an amendment to the Constitution to win suffrage laws, then the adoption of an amendment to the Constitution to win suffrage at the national level.at the national level.

Suffrage:Suffrage:

women should have women should have the right to votethe right to vote

Opponents of suffrage for women also organized Opponents of suffrage for women also organized nationally. This headquarters of the National nationally. This headquarters of the National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage was in Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage was in Washington, D.C., 191-.Washington, D.C., 191-.

Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt

(1859-1947).(1859-1947). Carrie Chapman CattCarrie Chapman Catt, a , a

respected educator and long-respected educator and long-time suffrage leader, became time suffrage leader, became the the president of the NAWSA in president of the NAWSA in 19151915 and led it into a new and led it into a new period of growth. Determined period of growth. Determined to implement her "Winning to implement her "Winning Plan," she hired lobbyists in Plan," she hired lobbyists in Washington, Washington, paid women paid women organizers to travel throughout organizers to travel throughout the nation setting up the nation setting up suffragesuffrage groupsgroups, and introduced new , and introduced new tactics in the struggle such as tactics in the struggle such as open-air meetings, widespread open-air meetings, widespread distribution of suffrage distribution of suffrage leafletsleaflets, and suffrage , and suffrage paradesparades..

March 3, 1913 suffragists parade, Washington, DC.March 3, 1913 suffragists parade, Washington, DC.

This parade of suffragists, held the day before the inauguration This parade of suffragists, held the day before the inauguration of Woodrow Wilson, of Woodrow Wilson, created a national shock whencreated a national shock when hostile hostile onlookers, unopposed by local police, attacked the marchersonlookers, unopposed by local police, attacked the marchers. In . In the ensuing uproar, the ensuing uproar, the vocal and physical attacks on the the vocal and physical attacks on the women brought many who were previously neutral into the women brought many who were previously neutral into the cause for women's suffrage.cause for women's suffrage.

Alice PaulAlice Paul (1885-1977), the (1885-1977), the organizer of the March 1913 organizer of the March 1913 parade, parade, advocated a more advocated a more militant approachmilitant approach to the to the campaign for votes for women campaign for votes for women than did the NAWSAthan did the NAWSA. . In 1913 she organized the In 1913 she organized the Congressional Union. Congressional Union. After the outbreak of WWI, with After the outbreak of WWI, with the cooperation of women the cooperation of women workers whose participation in workers whose participation in the war effort was increasingly the war effort was increasingly being sought by President being sought by President Wilson, she organized the Wilson, she organized the Woman's Party.Woman's Party.

1918 photo1918 photo

In 1917, the members of the In 1917, the members of the Women’s Party began 24-hour Women’s Party began 24-hour picketing of the White Housepicketing of the White House, calling on Wilson to support , calling on Wilson to support the vote for women, with picket signs that read the vote for women, with picket signs that read "Democracy "Democracy Should Begin at Home."Should Begin at Home." Paul and her followers were Paul and her followers were

arrested, then force-fed in prison arrested, then force-fed in prison when they went on hunger when they went on hunger strikesstrikes to protest their treatment. to protest their treatment. Although many of the more Although many of the more moderate supporters of the moderate supporters of the NAWSA were opposed to such NAWSA were opposed to such tactics, revulsion against the tactics, revulsion against the harsh treatment given them did harsh treatment given them did combine with the lobbying and combine with the lobbying and organizing tactics of Catt and organizing tactics of Catt and her followers to change Wilson's her followers to change Wilson's opinion.opinion. In January 1918 he In January 1918 he capitulated, and allowed the capitulated, and allowed the Democratic leadership in Democratic leadership in Congress to vote in favor of the Congress to vote in favor of the 19th Amendment.19th Amendment.

Representative Jeanette Representative Jeanette RankinRankin (1880-1973). (1880-1973).

1915 Harris & Ewing photo.1915 Harris & Ewing photo.

Jeanette Rankin, Jeanette Rankin, who in 1916 was who in 1916 was the first woman to be elected to the first woman to be elected to CongressCongress, introduced the 19th , introduced the 19th Amendment on the floor of the Amendment on the floor of the House of Representatives on House of Representatives on January 10, 1918 before galleries January 10, 1918 before galleries packed with watching women.packed with watching women. The House passed it by 274 to 136, The House passed it by 274 to 136, one vote over the necessary two-one vote over the necessary two-thirds majority, but Senate thirds majority, but Senate passage took another year and a passage took another year and a half. half. Submitted to the states in June of Submitted to the states in June of 1919, the constitutional 1919, the constitutional amendment granting women the amendment granting women the right to vote achieved the required right to vote achieved the required ratification by 36 states in August ratification by 36 states in August 19201920 with a vote in the Tennessee with a vote in the Tennessee House, where it passed after House, where it passed after intense lobbying by suffragist intense lobbying by suffragist organizations. organizations.

The The 19th Amendment19th Amendment goes to the states for goes to the states for ratification on May 19, ratification on May 19, 19191919, as Speaker of the , as Speaker of the House of Representatives Frederick H. Gillette House of Representatives Frederick H. Gillette (1851-1935) signs the joint resolution proposing to (1851-1935) signs the joint resolution proposing to change the constitutionchange the constitution to read that " to read that "the right of the right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any denied or abridged by the United States or any State on account of sexState on account of sex."." The Amendment The Amendment became a part of the Constitution when it was became a part of the Constitution when it was ratifiedratified by the 36th state, Tennessee, in by the 36th state, Tennessee, in August August 1920 women get the right to vote.1920 women get the right to vote.

Minority Problems: Minority Problems: attempts at reformattempts at reform

African AmericansAfrican Americans still lived in rural areas of the South still lived in rural areas of the South. . sharecroppersharecropper disenfranchised by poll taxes and "grandfather clauses," disenfranchised by poll taxes and "grandfather clauses," and rigidly segregated by "Jim Crow" lawsand rigidly segregated by "Jim Crow" laws in schools, in schools, hotels, hospitals, and other public facilities.hotels, hospitals, and other public facilities.

An African-American couple photographed in their An African-American couple photographed in their Virginia home in 1900. The newspapers on the walls Virginia home in 1900. The newspapers on the walls were pasted there to serve as insulation.were pasted there to serve as insulation.

African Americans faced African Americans faced increasing violence, increasing violence, particularly in the South.particularly in the South. LynchingsLynchings such as this one such as this one (in Florida, 1928) (in Florida, 1928) were made were made possible in part because the possible in part because the tensions of economic tensions of economic competition between poor competition between poor whites and African whites and African Americans occurred at a Americans occurred at a time when the latter had lost time when the latter had lost the protective power of the the protective power of the vote.vote. Between 1900 and Between 1900 and 1914, white mobs murdered 1914, white mobs murdered more than 1,000 African-more than 1,000 African-American men and womenAmerican men and women in barbaric executions that in barbaric executions that became public spectacles.became public spectacles. Outraged African-American Outraged African-American organizations organizations unsuccessfully appealed to unsuccessfully appealed to Congress for federal laws Congress for federal laws against lynching.against lynching.

Booker T. WashingtonBooker T. Washington was the foremost was the foremost black educator of the late 19th and early 20th black educator of the late 19th and early 20th centuriescenturies. He also had a major influence on . He also had a major influence on southern race relations and was the southern race relations and was the dominant figure in black public affairs from dominant figure in black public affairs from 1895 until his death in 1915. 1895 until his death in 1915.

Washington called for Negroes to Washington called for Negroes to give up give up higher education and politics in order to higher education and politics in order to concentrate on gaining industrial wealth.concentrate on gaining industrial wealth. Though Washington offered little that was Though Washington offered little that was innovative in industrial education, which both innovative in industrial education, which both northern philanthropic foundations and northern philanthropic foundations and southern leaders were already promoting, he southern leaders were already promoting, he became its chief black exemplar and became its chief black exemplar and spokesman. In his advocacy of spokesman. In his advocacy of Tuskegee Tuskegee InstituteInstitute and its educational method, and its educational method, Washington revealed the political adroitness Washington revealed the political adroitness and accomodationist philosophy that were to and accomodationist philosophy that were to characterize his career in the wider arena of characterize his career in the wider arena of race leadership. race leadership.

He convinced southern white employers and governors He convinced southern white employers and governors that Tuskegee offered an education that would keep blacks that Tuskegee offered an education that would keep blacks "down on the farm" and in the trades. "down on the farm" and in the trades. To prospective northern donors and particularly the new To prospective northern donors and particularly the new self- made millionaires such as Rockefeller and Carnegie self- made millionaires such as Rockefeller and Carnegie he promised the inculcation of the Protestant work ethic.he promised the inculcation of the Protestant work ethic. To blacks living within the limited horizons of the post- To blacks living within the limited horizons of the post- Reconstruction South, Washington held out industrial Reconstruction South, Washington held out industrial education as the means of escape from the web of education as the means of escape from the web of sharecropping and debt and the achievement of attainable, sharecropping and debt and the achievement of attainable, goals of self-employment, land-ownership, and small goals of self-employment, land-ownership, and small business.business.Washington cultivated local white approval and secured a Washington cultivated local white approval and secured a small state appropriation, but it was northern donations small state appropriation, but it was northern donations that made Tuskegee Institute by 1900 the best-supported that made Tuskegee Institute by 1900 the best-supported black educational institution in the countryblack educational institution in the country..

One of Theodore Roosevelt's first controversial actions as president was to One of Theodore Roosevelt's first controversial actions as president was to invite African-American leader Booker T. Washington to dine with him privately invite African-American leader Booker T. Washington to dine with him privately

at the White House in October 1901. This recognition solidified Booker T. at the White House in October 1901. This recognition solidified Booker T. Washington's control over the limited political patronage given to African Washington's control over the limited political patronage given to African Americans, and raised an outcry among southern Democrats. Roosevelt Americans, and raised an outcry among southern Democrats. Roosevelt

defended his actions, but did not again openly socialize with Washington or any defended his actions, but did not again openly socialize with Washington or any other African-American leader.other African-American leader.

DuBoisDuBois (1868-1963) had a different (1868-1963) had a different prescription for curing the ills of the black prescription for curing the ills of the black community. community. He believed that only though He believed that only though education could blacks gain status and that education could blacks gain status and that Washington's idea promoted black Washington's idea promoted black submission to whites.submission to whites. DuBois' wrote many DuBois' wrote many books and essays expressing his beliefs books and essays expressing his beliefs about racial assimilation, cooperation, and about racial assimilation, cooperation, and the the use of education to end prejudiceuse of education to end prejudice. . DuBois openly broke with the stance of DuBois openly broke with the stance of Booker T. Washington in 1903 with the Booker T. Washington in 1903 with the publication of publication of The Souls of Black FolkThe Souls of Black Folk. . The The Souls of Black Folk was a very popular Souls of Black Folk was a very popular analysis of the conflicts blacks were analysis of the conflicts blacks were subjected to in society.subjected to in society.

Another great achievement was that of the formation of the Another great achievement was that of the formation of the National National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) which he which he founded along with a number of other founded along with a number of other black and white leadersblack and white leaders who who shared his beliefs in 1909. He served as director of publicity from 1919-shared his beliefs in 1909. He served as director of publicity from 1919-1934. He was also a consultant to the United Nations and edited his 1934. He was also a consultant to the United Nations and edited his magazine, magazine, CrisisCrisis, from 1910 -1932. , from 1910 -1932. By 1914, the NAACP had grown to 50 By 1914, the NAACP had grown to 50 branches with 6,000 members. branches with 6,000 members.

African Americans were not the only minority to be ignored by the African Americans were not the only minority to be ignored by the reformers of the Progressive movement. reformers of the Progressive movement. These These rural Mexican-rural Mexican-AmericansAmericans, photographed on the Texas border, , photographed on the Texas border, lived in poverty much lived in poverty much like that of rural African Americanslike that of rural African Americans. A series of conflicts between . A series of conflicts between Hispanic and Anglo residents on both sides of the Texas/Mexican Hispanic and Anglo residents on both sides of the Texas/Mexican border in the late 19th century - the "Cart Wars" and the "Salt War" - border in the late 19th century - the "Cart Wars" and the "Salt War" - had left a legacy of bitterness and racism that exploded against had left a legacy of bitterness and racism that exploded against Mexican-Americans just before WWIMexican-Americans just before WWI. . Between Between 1915 and 19171915 and 1917, vigilante , vigilante groups lynched about 300 Mexicansgroups lynched about 300 Mexicans in the border area. in the border area.

The racism that led to the The racism that led to the lynchingslynchings had another had another dimension in dimension in anti-Semitismanti-Semitism. The . The Leo FrankLeo Frank case illustrated the case illustrated the violence that underlay much of violence that underlay much of the optimism and change of the the optimism and change of the Progressive era. Progressive era. Frank, a Frank, a wealthy Cornell University wealthy Cornell University graduate, was tried and graduate, was tried and convicted in 1914 for the murder convicted in 1914 for the murder of an employee of the Georgia of an employee of the Georgia pencil factory which he pencil factory which he managedmanaged. . When the governor of When the governor of Georgia became convinced that Georgia became convinced that the evidence against him was the evidence against him was inconclusive and changed his inconclusive and changed his death sentence to life death sentence to life imprisonment, a mob dragged imprisonment, a mob dragged Frank fromFrank from the state prison and the state prison and hanged himhanged him. . New evidence in New evidence in the 1980s conclusively proved the 1980s conclusively proved Frank's innocence, and he was Frank's innocence, and he was posthumously pardoned.posthumously pardoned.

Leo FrankLeo Frank

African Americans were African Americans were important originators of new important originators of new directions in the evolution of directions in the evolution of American culture in the early American culture in the early 20th century, particularly in 20th century, particularly in music. Willie "Bunk" Johnson music. Willie "Bunk" Johnson (standing, second from left) (standing, second from left) and his Original Superior and his Original Superior Orchestra, a leading Orchestra, a leading jazz jazz band from New Orleansband from New Orleans, , inspired the young trumpeter inspired the young trumpeter Louis ArmstrongLouis Armstrong with his with his playing in the Storyville "red playing in the Storyville "red light" district of New Orleans. light" district of New Orleans. The phonograph helped The phonograph helped spread the popularity of the spread the popularity of the faster rhythms of ragtime, faster rhythms of ragtime, and the syncopation of jazz.and the syncopation of jazz.

Louis ArmstrongLouis Armstrong (1900-1971), shown here on the (1900-1971), shown here on the riverboat S.S. riverboat S.S. CapitalCapital in 1919 with Marable's Capital in 1919 with Marable's Capital Revue, helped make the Revue, helped make the improvizational innovation of improvizational innovation of jazzjazz a national phenomenon when he moved to a national phenomenon when he moved to Chicago in the 1920s.Chicago in the 1920s.

Ragtime and jazz were not Ragtime and jazz were not the only kinds of music to the only kinds of music to originate in segregated originate in segregated African-American clubs and African-American clubs and communities, and then communities, and then spread to become part of spread to become part of mass entertainment. William mass entertainment. William Christopher Handy (1893-Christopher Handy (1893-1958), shown here being 1958), shown here being recognized for his recognized for his contributions in the 1940s, contributions in the 1940s, brought the rural southern brought the rural southern folk music of the "blues" to folk music of the "blues" to northern cities, playing at the northern cities, playing at the Chicago World's Columbian Chicago World's Columbian Exposition in 1893. He then Exposition in 1893. He then drifted eventually to drifted eventually to Memphis, which he helped Memphis, which he helped make the mecca for the make the mecca for the blues.blues.