Ch.8 Ancient Greece

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Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Chapter 8

World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance

Geography and the Early Greeks

The Big IdeaGreece’s geography and its nearness to the sea strongly influenced the development of trade and the growth of city-states.

Main Ideas

•Geography helped shape early Greek civilizations.

•Trading cultures developed in the Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations.

•The Greeks created city-states for protection and security.


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Main Idea 1: Geography helped shape early Greek civilizations.

• Mountains cover much of Greece, so contact with other villages was difficult.

• People created their own governments and ways of life.

• People settled in the flat areas along the coast and in river valleys.

• Because travel was so difficult inland, Greeks turned to the seas on all sides.

• They became skilled shipbuilders and sailors.

• The sea became a source of food as well as a way of trading with other communities.


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Main Idea 2: Trading cultures developed in the Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations.

Mycenaeans

•They were the first people to be considered Greek.•They lived inland and built fortresses. •They took over Crete and became the major traders in the eastern Mediterranean. •They developed colonies in northern Greece and Italy, from which they shipped goods around the Mediterranean and the Black Sea.

Minoans• They spent much of their time

at sea, trading in the Mediterranean.

• Ships carried goods such as wood, olive oil, and pottery all around the eastern Mediterranean.


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Chapter 8


Main Idea 3: The Greeks created city-states for protection and security.

• During the Dark Ages, the Greeks started joining together in small groups for protection.

• These groups set up independent city-states. The Greek word for city-state is polis.


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Life in a City-State

• A city-state was usually built around a strong fortress on top of a high hill called an acropolis.

• The town around the acropolis was surrounded by walls for protection.

• The city-state became the foundation for Greek civilization and gave the Greeks an identity.


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City-States and Colonization

• groups from city-states around Greece began setting up colonies in distant lands.

• They spread all around the Mediterranean and the Black Sea.


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Patterns of Trade

• Although the colonies were independent, they often traded with city-states on the mainland.

• Trade made the city-states much richer.


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Government in Athens

The Big Idea

The people of Athens tried many different forms of government before creating a democracy.

Main Ideas

•Aristocrats and tyrants ruled early Athens.

•Athens created the world’s first democracy.

•Ancient democracy was different than modern democracy.


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Main Idea 1: Aristocrats and tyrants ruled early Athens.

• Athens was the city where democracy was born, but it started out as an oligarchy, a government in which only a few people hold power.

• A man named Solon created a set of laws allowing all free men to be citizens, people who had the right to participate in government.

• Peisistratus overthrew the oligarchy, however, and became the ruler of Athens. He was called a tyrant, a leader who held power through the use of force. Tyrants were usually good, not harsh, leaders in ancient Greece.


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Main Idea 2: Athens created the world’s first democracy.

• A leader named Cleisthenes, a member of one of the most powerful families in Athens, overthrew the aristocracy and established the world’s first democracy.

• For this reason, he is considered the father of democracy.


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Democracy under Cleisthenes

• Under Cleisthenes, all citizens in Athens had the right to participate in the assembly, or gathering of citizens, that created the city’s laws.


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Changes in Athenian Democracy

•As time passed, citizens got more power, such as serving on juries.

•Pericles also began to pay people who served in public office or on juries.


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The End of Democracy in Athens

• Athens was conquered by the Macedonians and fell under their influence.

• The king ruled like a dictator. No one could make decisions without his approval.

• The assembly still met to make laws, but it had to be careful not to upset the king.

• Eventually, a new king took over and ended Athenian democracy altogether.


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Main Idea 3: Ancient democracy was different than modern democracy.

• All citizens in Athens could participate directly in the government, which was called a direct democracy.

• Each vote counted, and the majority ruled.


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Chapter 8


Greek Mythology and Literature

The Big Idea

The ancient Greeks created great myths and works of literature that influence the way we speak and write today.

Main Ideas

•The Greeks created myths to explain the world.

•Ancient Greek literature provides some of the world’s greatest poems and stories.

•Greek literature lives on and influences our world even today.


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Main Idea 1: The Greeks created myths to explain the world.

• Instead of scientific explanations, the Greeks used mythology to explain things.

• Mythology is a body of stories about gods and heroes that try to explain how the world works.

• They believed gods caused things like volcanic eruptions and the changing seasons.

• To keep the gods happy, they built great temples. The Greeks expected help when they needed it in return.


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Heroes in Mythology

•Many Greek myths told about the adventures of great heroes.

•Some heroes were real, while others were not.

•Some of the major heroes were Theseus, Jason, and Hercules.


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Main Idea 2: Ancient Greek literature provides some of the world’s greatest poems and stories.

• Among the earliest Greek writings are two epic poems, the Iliad and the Odyssey by Homer.

• The Iliad tells the story of the last years of the Trojan War.

• The Odyssey describes the challenges that Odysseus faced on his way home from the war.


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Lyric Poetry and Fables

• Other Greeks told short stories that taught the reader lessons about life or gave advice on how to live. These stories were called fables.

• Aesop is famous for fables such as “The Tortoise and the Hare” and “The Boy Who Cried Wolf.”


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Main Idea 3: Greek literature lives on and influences our world even today.

• The most obvious way we see the influence of the Greeks is in our language.

• Many English words and expressions come from mythology, such as “odyssey” and “titanic.”

Ch.8 Ancient Greece

Education

Transcript of Ch.8 Ancient Greece