Ch26 COLD WAR 55 Slides

8/3/2019 Ch26 COLD WAR 55 Slides

1/57

America: A Concise History

Fourth Edition

CHAPTER 26

Cold War America19451960

Copyright 2010 by Bedford/St. Martins

James A. Henretta David Brody


2/57

Introduction Truman Warns Japs To Give Up

1945/06/07

In 1945, defense plants were shutting down,

war workers were being laid off and 12 millionjob-seeking veterans were on the way home.

Home building picked up.

The economy was heading into the strongestboom in American history.

They had exchanged the fear of economichard times for the fear of communism.

(p.766)
http://youtu.be/InTPC6oylK8http://youtu.be/InTPC6oylK8http://youtu.be/InTPC6oylK8http://youtu.be/InTPC6oylK8


3/57

Introduction

The conflict between the Soviet Union andthe United States inaugurated a long twilight

era of international tension called a Cold Warduring which either side, armed with nuclearweapons might have tipped the world intooblivion.

At home the Cold War fostered a climate ofsuspicion of subversives in government,

edacation, and the media.

(p.766)


4/57

The Perils of theCold War

In this detail of a 1948Pulitzer Prize-winningcartoon, Rube Goldbergdepicts the perilous

nature of America'spostwar peace one thatwas based largely onatomic supremacy andthe threat of nuclearannihilation. University of

California at Berkeley,Bancroft Library.


5/57

The Cold War

Descent into Cold War, 19451946

The Containment Strategy

Containment in Asia


6/57

The Cold War

The Cold War began in 1946.

It ended in 1989.

45 years later with the collapse of the SovietUnion.

Both the Soviet Union and the United States

were partly to blame for starting the ColdWar.

(p.768)


7/57

Descent into Cold War,

19451946 WWII set the conditions for the Cold War.

Germany and Japan were defeated.

Britain and France were exhausted. This left the U.S. and the Soviet Union as the

only remaining superpowers.

The U.S. and the Soviet Union were dividedby Ideology.

(p.768)


8/57

Yalta (1.14)

The main problem was Eastern Europe. At Yalta, Roosevelt and Churchill agreed to allow

Poland and its neighbors fall under the Sovietsphere of influence.

Yalta called for free and unfetteredelections The principle of self determination.

Yalta also called for an international forum to

discuss issues of mutual importance. And permanent seats with veto rights for the

United States and Soviet Union on theSecurity Council.

(p.768)
http://youtu.be/JrbcO2FoiDohttp://youtu.be/JrbcO2FoiDo


9/57

Poland Poland would not consent.

1939, Stalin agreed with Hitlerto divide Poland.

Stalin ordered the execution of

the entire Polish officer corps inKatyn Forest.

(p.769)

http://youtu.be/J4Nl_Q-EjbAStalin betrayed the Poles of Warsaw late in the

war. When they rose against the Germans, the RedArmy halted on the outskirts to give the Germanstime to kill off any anti-communist leadership.
http://youtu.be/J4Nl_Q-EjbAhttp://youtu.be/J4Nl_Q-EjbAhttp://youtu.be/J4Nl_Q-EjbAhttp://youtu.be/J4Nl_Q-EjbA


10/57

Harry Truman and Potsdam

Truman was the new Presidentand was inexperienced inforeign policy. His instinct wasto stand up to Stalin.

Truman used what he calledtough methods at the Potsdam

conference in July.

With the threat of nuclearweapons, Truman bossed themtgs and told Stalin where to

get off.

(p.769)


11/57

The Containment Strategy 1946, George F. Kennan warned that the

Soviet Union was embarked on atrajectory of expansionism.

The only recourse, according to Kennan, wasto meet the Soviets with unalterable counter-force at every point where they show signs ofencroaching upon the interests of a peaceful

and stable world.

Kennan called for long term containment.

(p.770)


12/57

The Truman Doctrine

Britain was exhausted and informed the U.S.that it could no longer afford to support theanti-communists in Greece.

March 12, 1946, Truman announced in aspeech that the U.S. would support freepeoples who are resisting subjugation byarmed minorities or by outside pressures.

Congress approved 300 million for aid toGreece and 100 million of aid to Turkey.

(p.771)
http://youtu.be/wmQD_W8Pcxghttp://youtu.be/wmQD_W8Pcxg


13/57

The Marshall Plan 1947, Europe slid into economic chaos with

people starving.

Secretary of State, George C. Marshall

developed a plan to help get the Europeaneconomy back on its feet.

June 1947, Marshall gave a speech atHarvard encouraging Europe to work out aneconomic plan and promising American aid.

The Marshall Plan was criticized byRepublicans in Congress.

(p.771)


14/57

The Marshall Plan

Feb. 25, 1948, the Communists took over inCzechoslovakia.

The coup rallied support for the Plan in

Congress. March 1948, Congress voted overwhelmingly

to pass the Marshall Plan (6min 40sec).

The Soviets were invited to participate butwithdrew, receiving the blame for dividingEurope.

Germany was the flashpoint for conflict.

(p.771)
http://youtu.be/lUd2W6aMng4http://youtu.be/pUt7Lr3lubchttp://youtu.be/pUt7Lr3lubchttp://youtu.be/lUd2W6aMng4


15/57


16/57

Occupied Germany

It was agreed at Yalta that Germany would bepermanently demilitarized and payreparations.

Germany was divided into four zones ofoccupation controlled by the Soviet Union,Great Britain, the United States and France.

The three allies consolidated their zones andprepared to form an independent federalGerman republic.

(p.772)


17/57

The Berlin Crisis

June 1948, Stalin halted all Allied traffic toWest Berlin.

Truman and the British surprised Stalin bytaking quick action to develop an airlift.

Berlin Airlift - The Story Of A Great Achievement (1949)

For almost one year, American and Britishpilots flew in 2.5 million tons of food and fuel.

The Berlin crisis was the closest the two sidescame to actual war and the closest the U.S.came to using the atomic bomb against theSoviet Union.

(p.774)
http://youtu.be/_nHdB1vJNsghttp://youtu.be/_nHdB1vJNsghttp://youtu.be/_nHdB1vJNsghttp://youtu.be/_nHdB1vJNsghttp://youtu.be/_nHdB1vJNsg


18/57

Formation of NATO

May 12, 1949, Stalin back down.

April 1949, The U.S. joined NATO (NorthAtlantic Treaty Organization) composed of

12 nations: U.S., Canada, Britain, France,Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg,Denmark, Norway, Portugal and Iceland.

May 1949, NATO agreed to the formation of

West Germany which joined NATO in 1955.

In response, the Soviets formed the GermanDemocratic Republic (East Germany).

(p.774)


19/57

Balance of Terror

September, 1949, the final stage in theprocess came when American militaryintelligence detected a rise in the radioactivity

of the atmosphere. The Soviet Union had detonated its own

atomic bomb.

Truman turned to the National Security

Council (NSC).

April 1950, NSC-68 full of alarming rhetoric.Urged a crash program to maintain nuclear

superiority. (p.774)


20/57

November 1,1951.

The development ofnuclear weapons wenton, requiring frequenttesting

This photographshows members of the11th Airborne Divisionwatching themushroom cloud fromone A-bomb test at the

Atomic Energymissions provinggrounds at Yucca Flatsin Nevada

Testing the Bomb


21/57

Thermonuclear Bomb

Nov. 1952, The Americans developed thefirst hydrogen bomb, a 1000 times moredestructive than the atomic bombs.

1953, the Soviets tested their first hydrogenbomb.

Truman accepted NCS-68 but withmisgivings. He turned control of nuclear

weapons over to civilians, not military.

The Balance of Terror now prevailed.

(p.775)


22/57

Containment in Asia

tensions began to build in Asia. A civil war was raging in China

since the 1930s.

The communist forces under MaoZedong triumphed in 1949.

The remnants of the opposition fledto Taiwan.

Mao aligned himself with the SovietUnion, partly out of fear of the U.S.

Korea was the next trouble spot.

(p.778)


23/57

War in Korea

In Korea as in Germany, confrontation grewout of interim postwar arrangements.

Both the U.S. and the Soviets had troops inKorea. The line of demarcation was the 38th

parallel. The line hardened into a permanentdivision.

June 25, 1950, the North Koreans launcheda surprise attack across the 38th parallel.Truman immediately asked UN securitycouncil to authorize a police action

Animated map of Korea

(p.778)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Korean_war_1950-1953.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Korean_war_1950-1953.gif


24/57

MacArthur counterattacks.

14 nations provided troopscommanded by General DouglasMacArthur.

North Koreans occupied the entire

peninsula accept the southeastcorner.

Sept. 15, MacArthur launched asurprise amphibious attack atInchon behind N. Korean lines.

In two weeks the U.N. forcescontrolled Seoul and land up to the

38th parallel. (p.778)


25/57


26/57

China and MacArthur

Truman And The Korean War (clip)

MacArthur ignored Chinese warnings andcrossed the 38th parallel and reached theChinese border on Oct. 9.

There was a massive Chinese counterattack with300,000 Chinese volunteers which recaptured

Seoul in Jan. 1951.

American forces again counterattacked andgained the 38th parallel where a stalemate set in.

MacArthur denounced the stalemate and wantedtotal victory.

(p.778)
http://youtu.be/3yVq8odJAGshttp://youtu.be/3yVq8odJAGs


27/57

Insubordination

MacArthur wrote a highly critical letter to theRepublican House minority leader.

On April 11, 1951, Truman relievedMacArthur of command for insubordination.

Douglas MacArthur Farewell Speech to Congress

MacArthur failed to win the Republicanpresidential nomination in 1952 and faded

from public view. The war dragged on for 2 more years and an

armistice was signed in July 1953.

(p.778)
http://youtu.be/Tuagi9kZe8Ahttp://youtu.be/Tuagi9kZe8A


28/57


29/57

The Truman Era

Reconversion

The Fair Deal

The Great Fear


30/57

The Truman Era

Sept. 16, 1945, 14 days after Japanesesurrender, Truman called for an expansion ofthe New Deal. Truman affirmed Roosevelt's

1944 Economic Bill of Rights. The right to a useful job,

Good housing

Adequate medical care

Old age pensionand

A good education.

Harry S. Truman: President of the United States

(p.779)
http://youtu.be/LPwrwjVeJhghttp://youtu.be/LPwrwjVeJhg


31/57

Reconversion

Truman was beset by the problems overconverting the wartime economy to peacetime.

Truman was worried by runaway inflation. Organized labor was stronger than ever.

General strikes brought life to a halt in 1946.

Trumans response was erratic. Sometimes hegave in, but often he got tough.

.

(p.780)


32/57

Taft-Hartley

Republicans gained control of both houses ofCongress in 1946.

In alliance with Southern Democrats they passedthe Taft-Hartley Act (1947) which limited legal

protections of labors right to organize and engagein collective bargaining through a a sweepingoverhaul of the 1935 National Labor RelationsAct.

Although Truman attempted to veto the bill,Congress overrode his veto.

Truman became very unpopular.

(p.780)


33/57

1948 Presidential elections

The left wing of the Democratic split andsupported Henry A. Wallace an avid New Dealer.

The right-wing Democrats supported GovernorStrom Thurmond of South Carolina.

The Republicans nominated Thomas E. Dewey,a political moderate governor of New York.

Truman surprised everyone.

At his rallies listeners shouted, Give em hell,Harry!

Truman won 49.6 % of the vote to Deweys

45.1%. (p.780)
http://youtu.be/C4WnpgAzvpYhttp://youtu.be/C4WnpgAzvpYhttp://youtu.be/C4WnpgAzvpYhttp://youtu.be/C4WnpgAzvpY


34/57

President Truman 1949 Inauguration Harry S. Truman: President of the United

States - Color Footage (Part 1) 10 mins.

President Truman's farewell address
http://youtu.be/PXE-u4WanMIhttp://youtu.be/PXE-u4WanMIhttp://youtu.be/LPwrwjVeJhghttp://youtu.be/LPwrwjVeJhghttp://youtu.be/sGlkj95qi_8http://youtu.be/sGlkj95qi_8http://youtu.be/LPwrwjVeJhghttp://youtu.be/LPwrwjVeJhghttp://youtu.be/LPwrwjVeJhghttp://youtu.be/LPwrwjVeJhghttp://youtu.be/LPwrwjVeJhghttp://youtu.be/PXE-u4WanMIhttp://youtu.be/PXE-u4WanMIhttp://youtu.be/PXE-u4WanMI


35/57

The Fair Deal

1949 State of the Union, Truman called hisprogram the Fair Deal.

National health insurance.

Aid to Education.

Housing program.

Expansion of Social Security

Higher minimum wage. Civil rights for African Americans.

(p.781)


36/57

Socialized Medicine

The idea of national health insurance wasstrongly supported by organized labor but

was denounced as socialized medicine bythe American Medical Association and theinsurance industry.

Despite Democratic majorities, Congress was

a stumbling block. The Korean War in 1950 diverted national

attention from the Fair Deal.

(p.782)


37/57

The Great Fear

Was there any significant Soviet penetration ofthe American government?

Recent intelligence files reveal that there was.

FDRs Assistant secretary of the Treasury FDRs administrative aide

A midlevel group in the State department (Alger

Hiss) And several hundred more identified by code

name.

(p.782)


38/57

Communist subversion

Alger Hiss was serving as the head of theCarnegie Endowment for International Peacewhen he was accused by WhittakerChambers of spying.

The House Un-American Activities Committee(HUAC) was launched in 1938.

A group of 10 writers and directors went to jail

for refusing to disclose the past associations.

A blacklist was developed for the movieindustry.

(p.783)
http://youtu.be/3nublLQDGbUhttp://youtu.be/3nublLQDGbU


39/57

Sen. Joseph McCarthy

Senator Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin rose toa position of influence near the end of the GreatFear.

Feb. 1950, McCarthy delivered a bombshellsaying that he had a list of had a list ofCommunists in the State Department.

1954, McCarthy launched an investigation into

subversion in the U.S. army. He was censuredby the Senate and died an alcoholic.

Edward R. Murrow, March 9 1954

(p.783)
http://youtu.be/anNEJJYLU8Mhttp://youtu.be/anNEJJYLU8M


40/57

The Great Fear

(p.783)


41/57

Modern Republicanism

The Liked Ike

The Hidden-Hand Presidency

Eisenhower and the Cold War

Containment in the Postcolonial World

Eisenhowers Farewell Address


42/57

Modern Republicanism

Election Day 1952: Americawas ready for change.

Dwight D. Eisenhowermoderated but did not attemptto dismantle the New Deal.

Like Truman, Eisenhower saw

the world in Cold Warpolarities. His adminembraced defense buildup.

(p.785)


43/57

They Liked Ike

The Republicans were the minority party after20 years of Democratic rule.

Only 1/3 of registered voters were Republican Sen. Robert A. Taft of Ohio was popular with

Repubs but more conservative.

Eisenhower was popular with the generalpublic and independent voters.

The Truman admin was discredited due toKorea and corruption.

(p.786)


44/57

1952 Elections The Democrats nominated Gov. Adlai

Stevenson of Illinois.

Stevenson advocated New Deal-Fair Dealpolicies with literary eloquence.

Eisenhower gave simple and unpretentiousspeeches that were effective with the voters.

Eisenhower attacked democrats with Korea,

Communism, and Corruption. He picked anti-communist Richard Nixon as his

V.P. running mate.

(p.786)
http://youtu.be/cgqoPxjsGBMhttp://youtu.be/gsDASAMWKLwhttp://youtu.be/gsDASAMWKLwhttp://youtu.be/cgqoPxjsGBM


45/57

The Hidden-Hand Presidency

Eisenhower was confident as an internationalleader but was a novice on domestic affairs.

He did not like confrontation and avoidedspeaking out against Joe McCarthy.

He practiced hidden hand presidency byworking behind the scenes.

Although he sometimes seemed inarticulate,he ran a tight ship and was in full control.

(p.787)


46/57

Accomplishments

Eisenhower allowed Congress to promote socialwelfare, including the creation of theDepartment of Health Education and Welfare.

He cautiously used deficit spending to boostemployment.

He initiated the Federal Highway system.

He formed NASA to catch up in the space race.

He invested funds in college scholarships andeducation.

(p.787)


47/57

Eisenhower and the Cold War

Eisenhower appointed John Foster DullesSecretary of State.

Stalin died in March 1953 and was replacedby Nikita S. Khrushchev who called forpeaceful coexistence.

1956, Hungary rose in revolt, in part

encouraged by Dulles empty talk about rollingback the Iron Curtain.

Despite Khrushchev's tolerant rhetoric, Soviettanks brutally crushed the Hungarians.

(p.788)


48/57

Nuclear proliferation

There was no end in sight to the Cold War.

Eisenhower focused on limiting the costs ofcontainment. He hoped to economize byrelying on the nuclear arsenal.

Eisenhower accelerated the construction ofnuclear bombs, developed the Strategic Air

Command and the Distant Early Warning lineof radar.

The Soviets matched the U.S. bomb forbomb.

(p.788)


49/57

MAD

The reigning strategic policy was calledMutually Assured Destruction or MAD.

MAD was based on the premise that the

threat of mutual annihilation wouldprevent the use of nuclear weapons.

Eisenhower had second thoughts about MADand proposed an arms limitation agreement.

Negotiations were ended on May 5, 1960when an American U-2 plane was shot down.

(p.788)
http://youtu.be/3pxCqUcYT_chttp://youtu.be/3pxCqUcYT_chttp://youtu.be/3pxCqUcYT_chttp://youtu.be/3pxCqUcYT_c


50/57

the Postcolonial World

Between 1947 and 1962, British, French,Dutch and Belgian colonial empires began todisintegrate.

Both Truman and Eisenhower failed torecognize that that indigenous nationalist orsocialist movements of the Third World hadtheir own goals and were not necessarily

pawns of the Soviet Union.

The U.S. believed that these emergingnations must choose sides.

(p.789)


51/57

the Postcolonial World

The Eisenhower admin was less concernedabout democracy than stability.

The U.S. supported governments that were

anti-communist. Some were dictatorships. Dulles often resorted to covert operations.

1953, CIA helped to topple the leader of Iran.

1954, CIA engineered a coup in Guatemala. 1945, the Vietminh, led by Ho Chi Minh,

seized control from the Japanese.

(p.789)


52/57


53/57

Vietnam

The next year, France moved in to restore itscontrol over Vietnam.

Eisenhower rejected Hos plea for Americansupport against the French because he was a

communist.

The domino theory that one communisttakeover would lead to others.

1954, the French were defeated at Dienbienphu. The Geneva accords called for elections in

Vietnam.

(p.789)


54/57

The Eisenhower Doctrine

1956, Britain and France in alliance with Israelinvaded Egypt in order to regain control of theSuez Canal. Eisenhower opposed them.

1957, The president announced the

Eisenhower Doctrine which stated thatAmerican forces would assist any nation inthe middle east that required aid aqainstarmed aggression by communists.

Eisenhower sent the U.S. Sixth Fleet to help KingHussein of Jordan.

(p.789)


55/57

Eisenhowers Farewell Address

In his final address to the nation, Eisenhowerspoke about the power of the military-industrial complex (2.31) which employed 3.5

million Americans. Even though Eisenhower contributed to the

growth of this complex, he feared its implicationfor a democratic people.

We must never let the weight of thiscombination endanger our liberties ordemocratic process.

(p.792)
http://youtu.be/jnaM8TqAzzohttp://youtu.be/8y06NSBBRtYhttp://youtu.be/8y06NSBBRtYhttp://youtu.be/8y06NSBBRtYhttp://youtu.be/8y06NSBBRtYhttp://youtu.be/8y06NSBBRtYhttp://youtu.be/jnaM8TqAzzo


56/57

Summary

(p.792)


57/57

Chapter 26Cold War America

19451960

Map 26.1 Cold War in Europe, 1955 (p. 773)

Map 26.2 The Korean War, 19501953 (p. 777)

Map 26.3 American Global Defense Treaties in the Cold War Era (p. 790)

The Korean War (p. 779)

Ch26 COLD WAR 55 Slides

Documents

Transcript of Ch26 COLD WAR 55 Slides