Ch.14 northern europe

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Chapter 14

World Geography

Physical Geography

The Big Idea

Northern Europe is a region of unique physical features, rich resources, and diverse climates.

Main Ideas

•The physical features of Northern Europe include low mountain ranges and jagged coastlines.

•Northern Europe’s natural resources include energy sources, soils, and seas.

•The climates of Northern Europe range from a mild coastal climate to a freezing ice cap climate.


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Chapter 14

World Geography

Main Idea 1: The physical features of Northern Europe include low mountain ranges and jagged coastlines.

• Physical geography of Northern Europe changes greatly from one location to another.

• Two regions make up Northern Europe.

– British Isles—a group of islands located across the English Channel from the rest of Europe

– Scandinavia—a region of islands and peninsulas in far northern Europe, including Iceland to the west


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Chapter 14

World Geography

Main Idea 2: Northern Europe’s natural resources include energy sources, soils, and seas.

Energy

Forests and Soils

•Large areas of timber-producing forests stretch across Finland and Scandinavian Peninsula.•Fertile soils provide rich farmland for crops.•Livestock like sheep and dairy cattle are common.

Seas and Oceans

• North Sea, Norwegian Sea, and the Atlantic Ocean provide rich stocks of fish.

• Fishing is key industry in Norway, Denmark, and Iceland. Next

• Oil and natural gas deposits under the North Sea

• Hydroelectric energy produced by lakes and rivers

• Geothermal energy, or energy from the heat of Earth’s interior, from Iceland’s hot springs


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Chapter 14

World Geography

Main Idea 3: The climates of Northern Europe range from a mild coastal climate to a freezing ice cap climate.• Much of Northern Europe lies near Arctic Circle.

• North Atlantic Drift, an ocean current that brings warm, moist air across the Atlantic Ocean, results in Northern Europe’s mild climates.

• Much of Northern Europe has a marine west coast climate.

–Denmark, the British Isles, and western Norway

• Other parts have a humid continental climate.

–Central Norway, Sweden, and southern Finland

• Far north are colder climates.

–Northern Scandinavia has a subarctic climate.

–Iceland has tundra and ice cap climates.


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Chapter 14

World Geography

The British Isles

Main Ideas

•Invaders and a global empire have shaped the history of the British Isles.

•British culture, such as government and music, has influenced much of the world.

•Efforts to bring peace to Northern Ireland and maintain strong economies are important issues in the British Isles today.

The Big Idea Close cultural and historical ties link the people of the British Isles today.


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Chapter 14

World Geography

Main Idea 1: Invaders and a global empire have shaped the history of the British Isles.• Two independent countries make up the British Isles.

– Republic of Ireland

– United Kingdom, which is a union of four small countries

•England

•Scotland

•Wales

•Northern Ireland

• Throughout their history, the people of the British Isles have been linked together.


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World Geography

Main Idea 2: British culture, such as government and music, has influenced much of the world.

• United Kingdom

– Constitutional monarchy—a type of democracy in which a king or queen serves as head of state but a legislature makes the laws

– Magna Carta, a document drawn up in the Middle Ages, limited the powers of kings.

– Prime minister leads British government.

–Most members of Parliament, Britain’s legislative body, are elected.

• Republic of Ireland

– President as head of state

– Prime minister, appointed by the president, runs the government with the Irish parliament.


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Chapter 14

World Geography

People and Culture

People

•The science of making maps

•Develop accurate maps on almost any scale and keep them up to date.

• Sports such as soccer and rugby are a shared trait among people of Britain.

• Immigrants from all corners of the world have settled in Britain, adding to the rich culture of the region.


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World Geography

• Conflict in Northern Ireland

– Catholics believe they have not been treated fairly by Protestants, who are in the majority.

– Bitter and violent struggle lasted for many years.

– Cease-fire in 1990s, but some groups refused to disarm, or give up all weapons

– Still working toward long-lasting peace

• Economies are strong.

– London, the capital of the United Kingdom, is a center for world trade and industry.

– In Dublin, Ireland’s capital, computer equipment and software have become major industries.

Main Idea 3: Efforts to bring peace to Northern Ireland and maintain strong economies are important issues in the British Isles today.


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Chapter 14

World Geography

Scandinavia

The Big Idea

Scandinavia has developed into one of the most stable and prosperous regions in Europe.

Main Ideas

•The history of Scandinavia dates back to the time of the Vikings.

•Scandinavia today is known for its peaceful and prosperous countries.


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Chapter 14

World Geography

Main Idea 1: The history of Scandinavia dates back to the time of the Vikings.

Vikings

• Vikings were Scandinavian warriors who raided Europe and the Mediterranean in the early Middle Ages.

–Excellent sailors

–Conquered the British Isles, Finland, and parts of France, Germany, and Russia

• Great explorers

–Established settlements in Iceland and Greenland

–First Europeans to reach North America


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World Geography

Main Idea 2: Scandinavia today is known for its peaceful and prosperous countries.

• Today, the countries of Scandinavia have much in common

–Similar political views, languages, and religion

–Large, wealthy cities, strong economies, and well-educated workers

–High standards of living


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World Geography

Denmark•Smallest Scandinavian country and most densely populated

•About 50 percent of land is used for farming.

•Farm goods are important exports.

Scandinavia Today

Greenland

•Geographically part of North America, but is a territory of Denmark

•Thick ice sheet covers about 80 percent of the land.

•Much of island is uninhabitable

•Most live on southwest coast where climate is warmest.

Sweden

•Largest and most populous Scandinavian country

•More than 80 percent live in urban areas

• Stockholm, capital and largest city,

•Sweden has been a neutral country for more than 200 years, meaning that it has chosen not to take sides in international conflicts.


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World Geography

Norway

•One of the longest coastlines in the world

•Oslo, capital city

•Highest per capita GDP in Scandinavia

Finland

•Helsinki is the capital and the largest city.

•Paper and forest products are important exports.

•Shipbuilding and electronics are important industries.

Iceland

•Fertile farmland along the island’s coast produces crops and supports cattle and sheep.

•Fish account for about 70 percent of Iceland’s exports.

•Tourists come to see the geysers, volcanoes, and glaciers.

Scandinavia Today {continued}

Ch.14 northern europe

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