Chapter 10Chapter 10

The Middle AgesThe Middle Ages

500 – 1400s500 – 1400s

Technically…Technically…

Early Middle AgesEarly Middle Ages 500-1000s500-1000s

High Middle AgesHigh Middle Ages 1000-1400s1000-1400s

The Early Middle AgesThe Early Middle Ages Sparsely populated, dense Sparsely populated, dense

forests, rich soil, etc.forests, rich soil, etc. From 400-700 Germanic tribes From 400-700 Germanic tribes

carved Western Europe into carved Western Europe into small kingdomssmall kingdoms

Franks – strongest kingdomFranks – strongest kingdom Clovis, king of the FranksClovis, king of the Franks

Conquers GaulConquers Gaul Ruled lands like the Ruled lands like the

Franks, but preserves Franks, but preserves Roman legacyRoman legacy

Converted to Converted to Christianity (religion of Christianity (religion of people in Gaul)people in Gaul)

Earns support AND Earns support AND gains the Christian gains the Christian Church of Rome as Church of Rome as an allyan ally

Painting of Clovis being baptizedPainting of Clovis being baptized

Battle of Tours - 732Battle of Tours - 732 Islam appears in 622Islam appears in 622 Muslim armies overrun Muslim armies overrun

Christian lands Christian lands Palestine – N. Africa – Palestine – N. Africa –

Spain Spain When Muslim enter When Muslim enter

France, Charles Martel France, Charles Martel rallies Frankish warriorsrallies Frankish warriors Christians triumph – sign Christians triumph – sign

that “God is on their side”that “God is on their side” Muslims are stopped and Muslims are stopped and

only overrun Spainonly overrun Spain Christians view Muslim Christians view Muslim

world with hostilityworld with hostility

CharlemagneCharlemagne

Grandson of Charles Grandson of Charles MartelMartel

Built an empire across Built an empire across France, Germany, and France, Germany, and part of Italypart of Italy

Loved battleLoved battle Muslims in Spain, Saxons Muslims in Spain, Saxons

in the North, Avars and in the North, Avars and Slavs in the east, Slavs in the east, Lombards in ItalyLombards in Italy

Conquests reunite much Conquests reunite much of the old Roman Empireof the old Roman Empire

Pope Leo III asks Pope Leo III asks Charlemagne to help Charlemagne to help against rebellious nobles in against rebellious nobles in RomeRome

Frankish armies crush the Frankish armies crush the rebellionrebellion

Pope crowns Charlemagne Pope crowns Charlemagne on Christmas day, 800, to on Christmas day, 800, to show his gratitudeshow his gratitude Declares Charlemagne – Declares Charlemagne –

Emperor of the Romans Emperor of the Romans (why is this so significant?)(why is this so significant?)

**Christian Pope crowns a **Christian Pope crowns a German king successor to German king successor to the Roman emperorsthe Roman emperors

Also sets up conflicts Also sets up conflicts between Roman Catholic between Roman Catholic popes and German popes and German emperorsemperors

•Eastern Empire is Furious

•Ruler of the Eastern Roman Empire saw himself as the Roman ruler

**Furthers division between the eastern and western regions of the old Roman empire

Uses officials to make sure people are Uses officials to make sure people are happy (roads, complaints, justice, etc)happy (roads, complaints, justice, etc) Missi dominici Missi dominici

Charlemagne can read, but can’t writeCharlemagne can read, but can’t write Alcuin creates curriculum based on Alcuin creates curriculum based on

Latin learning Latin learning becomes the model educational system for becomes the model educational system for

Medieval EuropeMedieval Europe Extends Christian civilization to Extends Christian civilization to

Northern EuropeNorthern Europe

Roaming threatsRoaming threats Muslim forces Muslim forces

threaten thru 900sthreaten thru 900s Magyars Magyars

settle in Hungary and settle in Hungary and plunder Germany, ½ plunder Germany, ½ France, and Italy France, and Italy (eventually pushed (eventually pushed back to Hungary)back to Hungary)

VikingsVikings stretch out from stretch out from

Scandinavia and attack Scandinavia and attack England, Ireland, N. England, Ireland, N. France, Russia, N. France, Russia, N. America, etc.America, etc.

Feudalism and Feudalism and ManorialismManorialism

Feudalism – Feudalism – political and political and militarymilitary

Manorialism - Manorialism - economiceconomic

Vassals – pledge Vassals – pledge service and loyalty service and loyalty to greater lordto greater lord

Happenings in the Kingdom of EnglandHappenings in the Kingdom of England

King Edward (Anglo-Sax) diesKing Edward (Anglo-Sax) dies Harold (weak guy) put in chargeHarold (weak guy) put in charge William of Normandy (strong leader, of William of Normandy (strong leader, of

Viking descent) Viking descent) Raises an army and gets pope’s supportRaises an army and gets pope’s support William triumphs and defeats HaroldWilliam triumphs and defeats Harold William the Conqueror! William the Conqueror! Norman (French) influence Norman (French) influence Battle of Hastings Battle of Hastings Bayeux TapestryBayeux Tapestry

King William (the Conqueror)King William (the Conqueror)

Required feudal allegianceRequired feudal allegiance Domesday Book – listed every castle, Domesday Book – listed every castle,

field and pigpen in Englandfield and pigpen in England Helped with efficient tax collectionHelped with efficient tax collection

Royal exchequer – royal treasury Royal exchequer – royal treasury

Unified Legal SystemUnified Legal System

King Henry II King Henry II 1154 – common law – legal system 1154 – common law – legal system

based on custom and court rulings and based on custom and court rulings and applied to all of Englandapplied to all of England

Created a jury – group of men sworn to Created a jury – group of men sworn to speak the truthspeak the truth

King Henry and Thomas BecketKing Henry and Thomas Becket

King Henry – claimed the right to try clergy in King Henry – claimed the right to try clergy in royal courtsroyal courts

Thomas Becket – Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Becket – Archbishop of Canterbury, fiercely disagreed with the kingfiercely disagreed with the king

““what a pack of fools and cowards I have what a pack of fools and cowards I have nourished, that not one of them will avenge nourished, that not one of them will avenge me of this turbulent priest”me of this turbulent priest”

4 knights kill Thomas Becket for King Henry4 knights kill Thomas Becket for King Henry Becket’s honored as a martyr and saint, Becket’s honored as a martyr and saint,

pilgrimage destinationpilgrimage destination

King John the SoftKing John the Soft

King John – clever, greedy, cruel, King John – clever, greedy, cruel, untrustworthyuntrustworthy

Not a people personNot a people person War with Philip II – loses French landsWar with Philip II – loses French lands Gives into Innocent III to avoid Gives into Innocent III to avoid

kingdom wide excommunication, has kingdom wide excommunication, has to recognize England as a fief to to recognize England as a fief to Rome. Rome.

Magna CartaMagna Carta

1215 at Runnymeade, 63 demands 1215 at Runnymeade, 63 demands Magna Carta – Great CharterMagna Carta – Great Charter Due Process of LawDue Process of Law

Free men are protected from arbitrary Free men are protected from arbitrary arrest and imprisonmentarrest and imprisonment

TaxationTaxation King can’t raise taxes without consulting King can’t raise taxes without consulting

the Great Councilthe Great Council No taxation without representationNo taxation without representation

MC’s significanceMC’s significance

1. nobles now 1. nobles now have certain have certain rights (later rights (later extended to all extended to all citizens)citizens)

2. monarch 2. monarch must obey the must obey the law (and the law (and the charter)charter)

Great CouncilGreat Council

House of Commons (2 knights from House of Commons (2 knights from each county)each county)

House of LordsHouse of Lords King summons this parliament for his King summons this parliament for his

own purpose own purpose Serve as a checks and balanceServe as a checks and balance

Onto France!Onto France!

Capetians – Capetians – Hugh Capet – 987 – Count Hugh Capet – 987 – Count

of Paris, voted to the of Paris, voted to the thronethrone

300+ years Capets rule – 300+ years Capets rule – “Capetians” “Capetians”

Gains support from Gains support from ChurchChurch

Philip Augustus (Philip II)Philip Augustus (Philip II)

Shrewd, able, bald, red-face, big drinkerShrewd, able, bald, red-face, big drinker Pays middle class officials to fill Pays middle class officials to fill

government officials (buys their support)government officials (buys their support) Normandy and Anjou from EnglandNormandy and Anjou from England Gains S. FranceGains S. France By his death in 1223, Philip II is most By his death in 1223, Philip II is most

powerful ruler in Europepowerful ruler in Europe

Louis IX Louis IX Perfect medieval monarchPerfect medieval monarch Becomes king at 12Becomes king at 12 Generous noble devoted Generous noble devoted

justice and charityjustice and charity Persecuted heretics and Persecuted heretics and

Jews, led the French Jews, led the French knights in 2 wars against knights in 2 wars against the Muslimsthe Muslims

Roving officials checkout Roving officials checkout the countryside the countryside

Dies in 1270 – France has Dies in 1270 – France has an efficient central an efficient central governmentgovernment

Declared a saint 30 years Declared a saint 30 years after deathafter death

Philip IVPhilip IV Louis’s grandsonLouis’s grandson Extends royal power (good), Extends royal power (good),

tries to tax the clergy (not so tries to tax the clergy (not so good)– good)–

Pope Boniface VIII – not happy Pope Boniface VIII – not happy about taxabout tax

““God has set popes over kings God has set popes over kings and kingdoms”and kingdoms”

Forbids Philip to tax the clergy Forbids Philip to tax the clergy without papal consentwithout papal consent

Philip threatens arrest clergy Philip threatens arrest clergy who don’t pay their taxeswho don’t pay their taxes

Philip sends troops and they Philip sends troops and they seize the popeseize the pope

Pope Boniface VIII – escapes, Pope Boniface VIII – escapes, but was beaten badly and but was beaten badly and diesdies

French pope is appointedFrench pope is appointed New pope moves the church New pope moves the church

court to Avignon court to Avignon

Estates GeneralEstates General

Created in 1302Created in 1302 3 parts – clergy, nobles, townspeople3 parts – clergy, nobles, townspeople Body of people that have a say in the Body of people that have a say in the

governmentgovernment NOT AS POWERFUL as the English NOT AS POWERFUL as the English

Parliament (Great Council) because Parliament (Great Council) because Estates General has no control of Estates General has no control of taxationtaxation

Holy Roman EmpireHoly Roman Empire Otto I of Saxony – King of Otto I of Saxony – King of

Germany Germany Helps pope outHelps pope out 962 – crowned as Holy Roman 962 – crowned as Holy Roman

EmperorEmperor Holy – crowned by the popeHoly – crowned by the pope Roman – heir to the emperors of Roman – heir to the emperors of

ancient Romeancient Rome Pope Gregory VII – banned lay Pope Gregory VII – banned lay

investitureinvestiture Only Pope can appoint bishopsOnly Pope can appoint bishops

HRE Henry IVHRE Henry IV Disagreement with GregoryVII Disagreement with GregoryVII

because he thinks the HRE should because he thinks the HRE should appoint bishops to their royal fiefsappoint bishops to their royal fiefs

Concordat of Worms – 1122Concordat of Worms – 1122 Church has sole pwr to elect and Church has sole pwr to elect and

invest bishops w/spiritual invest bishops w/spiritual authority; emperor has right to authority; emperor has right to invest them with fiefsinvest them with fiefs

The official crown!!The official crown!!

HRE ~1200HRE ~1200

The CrusadesThe Crusades Byzantine emperor Byzantine emperor

Alexius I asks Pope Alexius I asks Pope Urban II for Christian Urban II for Christian knights to help him knights to help him fight the Turksfight the Turks

Muslim groups were Muslim groups were interfering with interfering with Christian pilgrimages Christian pilgrimages to the Holy Landto the Holy Land

Urban II Urban II ““an accursed race…has an accursed race…has

violently invaded the violently invaded the lands of those lands of those Christians and has Christians and has depopulated them by depopulated them by pillage and fire”pillage and fire”

God wills it!God wills it! 1096 – armies of knights, 1096 – armies of knights,

and ordinary men and and ordinary men and women all left for the Holy women all left for the Holy LandLand

MotivationsMotivations Religious zealReligious zeal Hopes of wealth and landHopes of wealth and land AdventureAdventure Pope – hoped to heal the Pope – hoped to heal the

split between Roman and split between Roman and Byzantine churchesByzantine churches

Hoped Christian knights Hoped Christian knights would no longer waste would no longer waste time fighting each othertime fighting each other

Many Crusades – Round 1, Many Crusades – Round 1, 2, 3, etc.2, 3, etc.

Over 200 years – roughly 1095-Over 200 years – roughly 1095-1290s1290s

11stst Crusade – massacre of Crusade – massacre of Muslim and Jewish residents of Muslim and Jewish residents of JerusalemJerusalem

Saladin (Muslim) retook Saladin (Muslim) retook JerusalemJerusalem

Results and effects of the Results and effects of the Crusades:Crusades: Fail to conquer the Holy LandFail to conquer the Holy Land Increased tradeIncreased trade

Middle Eastern products introduced Middle Eastern products introduced to Europeto Europe

Growth of a money economyGrowth of a money economy Increased power for monarchs and Increased power for monarchs and

the Popethe Pope Global awarenessGlobal awareness

1271 Marco Polo to China1271 Marco Polo to China

Reconquista in SpainReconquista in Spain Christian campaign to Christian campaign to

drive the Muslims out of drive the Muslims out of Spain, attack ToledoSpain, attack Toledo

Isabella of Castile marries Isabella of Castile marries Ferdinand of AragonFerdinand of Aragon Unity of two pwrful Unity of two pwrful

kingdoms opens the way for kingdoms opens the way for a unified statea unified state

End of religious toleration End of religious toleration for Christians, Jews, and for Christians, Jews, and MuslimsMuslims

Initiate the Spanish Initiate the Spanish Inquisition – Church court Inquisition – Church court set up to try people accused set up to try people accused of heresyof heresy

Brutal against Muslims and Brutal against Muslims and Jews – many burned at the Jews – many burned at the stake when they refuse to stake when they refuse to convert to Christianityconvert to Christianity

Painting of the Reconquista Painting of the Reconquista

The InquisitionThe Inquisition

Medieval ArchitectureMedieval Architecture

The Romanesque The Romanesque Church – fortresses Church – fortresses with thick walls and with thick walls and towerstowers Barrel vault (long tunnel Barrel vault (long tunnel

of stone covering most of stone covering most of the structure)of the structure)

So heavy it required So heavy it required thick wallsthick walls

No windows to keep No windows to keep walls strongwalls strong

Dark and gloomyDark and gloomy

Gothic ArchitectureGothic Architecture Flying buttresses – stone Flying buttresses – stone

supports outside the churchsupports outside the church Allow builders to construct Allow builders to construct

higher walls and leave space higher walls and leave space for huge stained-glass for huge stained-glass windowswindows

Could be very tallCould be very tall Graceful spires, lofty Graceful spires, lofty

ceilings, enormous windows ceilings, enormous windows – carry the eye upward to – carry the eye upward to the heavensthe heavens

Monuments are built to the Monuments are built to the “greater glory of God”“greater glory of God”

Make you feel very small, Make you feel very small, emphasize power and emphasize power and grandeur of Godgrandeur of God

Notre DameNotre Dame

Flying buttresses - ChartresFlying buttresses - Chartres

VernacularVernacular

VernacularVernacular EpicsEpics Dante’s Dante’s Divine ComedyDivine Comedy

Abandon all hope, ye that enter hereAbandon all hope, ye that enter here Beowulf Beowulf Song of RolandSong of Roland Canterbury TalesCanterbury Tales

Growth of Trade and BankingGrowth of Trade and Banking Agricultural advancements – Agricultural advancements –

Cause population increase and surplus of food (allows Cause population increase and surplus of food (allows for urbanization to occur)for urbanization to occur)

Windmills, iron plow, horse replaced oxen, 3 field systemWindmills, iron plow, horse replaced oxen, 3 field system Urban Growth – more specialized manufacturing Urban Growth – more specialized manufacturing

and commercial activitiesand commercial activities Increases tradeIncreases trade Creation of GuildsCreation of Guilds

Apprentice, journeyman, etc.Apprentice, journeyman, etc. Prevents monopolyPrevents monopoly Quality controlQuality control

Development of banking systemDevelopment of banking system Lending moneyLending money Receipts and regional systemsReceipts and regional systems

Joint business venturesJoint business ventures Invest in supplies and pool resources, limits risks since land Invest in supplies and pool resources, limits risks since land

and sea travel is dangerousand sea travel is dangerous

Hanseatic Hanseatic LeagueLeague

Created to organize trade between cities Created to organize trade between cities in Northern Germany and Southern in Northern Germany and Southern Scandinavia Scandinavia with no navies to protect their with no navies to protect their

travels, they band together for safety travels, they band together for safety and successful tradeand successful trade

1344 Hanseatic League is recognized as 1344 Hanseatic League is recognized as a loose trade associationa loose trade association

Seal of Lubeck, colors – red and whiteSeal of Lubeck, colors – red and white Extortion of trading privileges, very Extortion of trading privileges, very

controlling, created monopolies controlling, created monopolies whenever possiblewhenever possible

Trading: timber, pitch, turpentine, iron, Trading: timber, pitch, turpentine, iron, copper, horses, livestock, hawks and copper, horses, livestock, hawks and falconry for hunting, fish (cod and falconry for hunting, fish (cod and herring), leather, hides, amber, and herring), leather, hides, amber, and textilestextiles

Convert to ChristianityConvert to Christianity Lubeck, Hamburg, Copenhagen, Lubeck, Hamburg, Copenhagen,

Stockholm, Novgorod, Tallin, etc.Stockholm, Novgorod, Tallin, etc. 1370 – pinnacle of Hansa power1370 – pinnacle of Hansa power After 1450 – England forces the sound After 1450 – England forces the sound

open, and diminishes Hansa power in open, and diminishes Hansa power in the Baltic, league declines, Ivan the the Baltic, league declines, Ivan the Terrible closes Hansa office in NovgorodTerrible closes Hansa office in Novgorod

Venetian MerchantsVenetian Merchants Reached their pinnacle after the 4Reached their pinnacle after the 4thth Crusade Crusade

Sent a fleet of Venetian vessels to Constantinople during Sent a fleet of Venetian vessels to Constantinople during the Crusades (does this sound weird to you?)the Crusades (does this sound weird to you?)

Loot and pillage ConstantinopleLoot and pillage Constantinople Rule the city for the next 50 yearsRule the city for the next 50 years End of Constantinople’s domination in Eurasian trade – End of Constantinople’s domination in Eurasian trade –

they’ll never be the dominant one againthey’ll never be the dominant one again Become the center of trade in W. Europe (they will Become the center of trade in W. Europe (they will

continue to increase and succeed into the Renaissance)continue to increase and succeed into the Renaissance)

Troubled 1300’sTroubled 1300’s

Famine and crop failure already Famine and crop failure already rampantrampant Makes everyone more susceptible to the Makes everyone more susceptible to the

plagueplague

PLAGUE!PLAGUE!

1347 – a Genoese trading ship brings 1347 – a Genoese trading ship brings the plague to Messina, Sicily the plague to Messina, Sicily

Italy to Spain to France and Germany Italy to Spain to France and Germany – one in three people died– one in three people died

Originated in Asia and spread to the Originated in Asia and spread to the Middle East to EuropeMiddle East to Europe India depopulated; Mesopotamia, Syria India depopulated; Mesopotamia, Syria

and Armenia covered with dead bodiesand Armenia covered with dead bodies Cairo – 7,000 dead bodies a dayCairo – 7,000 dead bodies a day

Yersinia pestisYersinia pestis Bacillus lives in bloodstream of an Bacillus lives in bloodstream of an

animal or in the stomach of a fleaanimal or in the stomach of a flea Ideal host? The Black Rat – traveled Ideal host? The Black Rat – traveled

on shipson ships Two forms – bubonic and pneumonicTwo forms – bubonic and pneumonic

Bubonic – flea is the vectorBubonic – flea is the vector Pneumonic – direct human contactPneumonic – direct human contact

Streets were cesspoolsStreets were cesspools Mud, refuse, human excrementMud, refuse, human excrement Personal hygiene – everyone had Personal hygiene – everyone had

fleas and body lice so flea bites were fleas and body lice so flea bites were perfectly normalperfectly normal

Aristocratic families all slept in one Aristocratic families all slept in one room togetherroom together

Middle-class or poor households Middle-class or poor households often slept in one bedoften slept in one bed

SymptomsSymptoms 11stst Stage Stage

A growth the size of a nut or A growth the size of a nut or an apple emerged in the an apple emerged in the armpit, groin or neck (lymph armpit, groin or neck (lymph nodes)nodes)

Boil “buba” – gave the Boil “buba” – gave the disease its namedisease its name

Caused agonizing painCaused agonizing pain If lanced and drained victim If lanced and drained victim

has a chancehas a chance 22ndnd Stage Stage

black spots or blotches black spots or blotches appear from bleeding under appear from bleeding under the skinthe skin

33rdrd and Final Stage and Final Stage Victim begins to cough Victim begins to cough

violently and spit bloodviolently and spit blood Death usually followed within Death usually followed within

two to three days two to three days

Social EffectsSocial Effects

People didn’t understand the science behind People didn’t understand the science behind how the disease spread…so, how the disease spread…so,

Terror and bewilderment spreadTerror and bewilderment spread Magic and witchcraftMagic and witchcraft Profound pessimismProfound pessimism Wild pleasures – we’ll die soon anywayWild pleasures – we’ll die soon anyway Flagellants – scourged and whipped Flagellants – scourged and whipped

themselves as penance for their and themselves as penance for their and society’s sinssociety’s sins

People fled from city centersPeople fled from city centers

The DecameronThe Decameron

Giovannia BoccaccioGiovannia Boccaccio

Hundred Years WarHundred Years War

1337-1453 (Actually 116 years)1337-1453 (Actually 116 years) England v. FranceEngland v. France Edward III of England claimed the Edward III of England claimed the

French crown in 1337 and war French crown in 1337 and war eruptederupted

English victories at first, France English victories at first, France suffered greatly suffered greatly

Thank you longbow (3 for 1)Thank you longbow (3 for 1)

Joan of ArcJoan of Arc 1429 – 17 year old peasant 1429 – 17 year old peasant

woman appears in the court woman appears in the court of Charles VII the uncrowned of Charles VII the uncrowned king of France king of France

Tells Charles God sent her to Tells Charles God sent her to save Francesave France

Persuades him to allow Joan Persuades him to allow Joan to lead his armies against the to lead his armies against the EnglishEnglish

Joan inspires the troops and Joan inspires the troops and leads them to several leads them to several victoriesvictories

English capture her, try her as English capture her, try her as a witch, burn her at the stakea witch, burn her at the stake

Church later declares her as a Church later declares her as a saintsaint

Joan’s execution rallies French Joan’s execution rallies French troopstroops

French have the cannon!French have the cannon!

Effects?Effects?

War created War created growing sense of growing sense of nationalism nationalism

Longbow and Longbow and cannoncannon

Warfare changing Warfare changing Move towards nation Move towards nation

states versus states versus feudalismfeudalism