Cell Structure and function

Eukaryotic Cell StructureWhat are the major cell structures?

What are their functions?

www.cellsalive.com www.learngenetics.utah (cell link).

Reinforce your knowledge of organelles by playing the games and completing the activities at the websites posted

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In the human body, organs perform specialized jobs. For example, the heart transports blood. In cells, tiny ___________ carry out specialized jobs.

tissues

Org

an syste

ms

organ

elles

Org

an syste

ms

0% 0%0%0%

1. tissues2. Organ systems3. organelles4. Organ systems

20

What is the function of the mitochondria?

Make

lipids

Make

proteins

Control th

e ce...

Make

energy

16%

74%

11%0%

1. Make lipids2. Make proteins3. Control the cell 4. Make energy

What is the function of ribosomeS?

Make

lipids

Make

proteins

Control th

e ce...

Package an

d tr...

0%

16%

0%

84%1. Make lipids2. Make proteins3. Control the cell4. Package and

transport materials

Which of the following organelles are found only in plant cells?

Mito

chondria

Chloroplast

Golgi a

pparatu

...

Lyso

somes

0% 0%0%

100%1. Mitochondria2. Chloroplast3. Golgi apparatus4. Lysosomes

Which of the following cells do not have nuclei?

Plant

Animal

Eukaryote

Prokaryo

te

5%

60%

30%

5%

1. Plant 2. Animal3. Eukaryote4. Prokaryote

Where is dna located in a eukaryotic cell?

Mito

chondria

Nucle

us

Cytoplasm

Golgi A

pparatu

...

0%

25%

5%

70%1. Mitochondria2. Nucleus3. Cytoplasm4. Golgi Apparatus

All cells have

Nucle

us

Endoplasm

ic re

...

Cell Wall

Cell Membra

ne

5%

70%

15%10%

1. Nucleus2. Endoplasmic

reticulum3. Cell Wall4. Cell Membrane

How well do you know the organelles and their functions?

A. I can recall all of the organelles, their functions, where they are in the cell and how they work together.

B. I can recall all of the organelles but am unclear on how some of them work.

C. I remember the names of many organelles but don’t know their functions.

D. I only remember a few organelles.

Enter a

nswer t

ext...

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nswer t

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nswer t

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25% 25%25%25%

Describe the differences, similarities and evolutionary links between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.


Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Both

•No nucleus

•Smaller and simpler cells

•No membrane bound organelles

•Most primitive form of life on Earth

Example: bacteria

•Nucleus

•Larger and more complex cells

•Have membrane bound organelles

Examples:•Plants•Animals•Fungi•Protists – single celled (unicellular) organisms

•Living things

•DNA

•Ribosomes

•Cytoplasm

•Cell membrane


List four things that are different between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.

Put these differences in order from most important to least important.

What is a membrane bound structure that contains genetic material and controls many of

the cell’s activities?

1 2 3 4

0%

16%

76%

8%

1. Prokaryote2. Eukaryote3. Nucleus4. Cell membrane

Which of the following cells do not contain a

nucleus?

1 2 3

0%

84%

16%

1. Animal cell2. Plant cell3. Bacterial cell

Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes

1 2 3 4

4%0%

16%

80%1. have a nucleus2. have DNA3. have membrane

bound organelles

4. are the same size

True or false? Eukaryotes are cells that do not have

a nucleus.

1 2

100%

0%

1. True2. False

Which type of eukaryotes are often single celled (unicellular)?

bacteria

protists

Fungi li

ke yeasts &

molds

Mush

room-b

earing f

ungi

Plants lik

e trees

Animals

like brin

e shrim

...

17% 17% 17%17%17%17%

1. bacteria2. protists3. Fungi like yeasts &

molds4. Mushroom-bearing

fungi5. Plants like trees6. Animals like brine

shrimp or small insects

How well do you know the differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells? A. I can recall and explain all of

the major differences and similarities.

B. I can list all of the major differences and similarities.

C. I only know a few major differences or similarities.

D. I don’t remember the differences between these two types of cells.

Enter a

nswer t

ext...

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nswer t

ext...

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nswer t

ext...

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nswer t

ext...

25% 25%25%25%

Prokaryotes have no membrane bound organelles, including nuclei, in their cells. Eukaryote cells contain

membrane bound organelles in the cellsProkaryote eukaryoteNaked DNA DNA in membrane bound nucleusRibosomes ribosomesCytoplasm cytoplasm (cytosol)Cytoskeleton cytoskeletonPlasma membrane plasma membraneCell wall (some) Cell wall (some protists, all plants, & fungi)Flagella & cilia (some) flagella & cilia (some)

All: golgi, smooth & rough endoplasmic reticulum, vesicles, vacuoles, lysosomes or peroxisomes, mitochondria some: chloroplasts

Animals and plants are always multicellular with specialized (they look different & function differently) cells. Most protists are unicellular organisms, although some are colonial (cells are clumped together but do not depend on each other or do specialized jobs)

Cells in a leaf cells in gut Yeasts, molds (fungi) mushroom protists

Which type of eukaryotes are often single celled (unicellular)?

bacteria

protists

Fungi li

ke yeasts &

molds

Mush

room-b

earing f

ungi

Plants lik

e trees

Animals

like brin

e shrim

...

17% 17% 17%17%17%17%

1. bacteria2. protists3. Fungi like yeasts &

molds4. Mushroom-bearing

fungi5. Plants like trees6. Animals like brine

shrimp or small insects

10

Note these drawings of animal and plant cells. Which does NOT have a cell wall outside it’s plasma membrane? Fungi also have cell walls; so do some protists and some bacteria. Cells walls are made of cellulose in plants, chitin in fungi, peptidoglycan in eubacteria. Cell walls extra support & extra protection for cells.

Cell walls protect cells from bursting and provide them support against pressure (so they don’t get crushed). Which kingdom (the only one) NEVER has cell walls?

Animal

Archaebacte

ria

Eubac

teria

Fungi

Protists

plants

17% 17% 17%17%17%17%

1. Animal2. Archaebacteria3. Eubacteria4. Fungi5. Protists6. plants

The job of a cell wall is to:

Prote

ct and pro

vide sup...

Allow ce

lls to

photosy

nt...

Surro

und the cy

toplasm

33% 33%33%

1. Protect and provide support

2. Allow cells to photosynthesize

3. Surround the cytoplasm

Cell walls in plants are made out of?

chitin

cellu

lose

Phospholip

id bilayers

Peptidoglycan

proteins

20% 20% 20%20%20%

1. chitin2. cellulose3. Phospholipid

bilayers4. Peptidoglycan5. proteins

Which structure is found in (specific to)a plant cell,but not an animal cell.

Chloroplasts

lyso

somes

mito

chondria

Rough endoplasm

ic re

ti...

Smooth

ER (SER)

Cell wall

s

17% 17% 17%17%17%17%

1. Chloroplasts2. lysosomes3. mitochondria4. Rough endoplasmic

reticulum (RER)5. Smooth ER (SER)6. Cell walls

20

Which is the organelle that holds thecells DNA (its genome) and is the control center of the cell?

centri

ole

mito

chondria

nucleolus

Nucle

us

cyto

plasm

0% 0% 0%0%0%

1. centriole2. mitochondria3. nucleolus4. Nucleus5. cytoplasm

20

What molecules inside the nucleus allow it to serve as the cell’s control center?

DNA

carb

ohydrate

s

proteins

Lipids

RNA

0% 0% 0%0%0%

1. DNA2. carbohydrates3. proteins4. Lipids5. RNA

20

When DNA in the nucleus is only visible as grains or tangled strands, it is called:

chro

mosomes

chro

matin

nucleolus

Nucle

ar pore

s

25% 25%25%25%

1. chromosomes2. chromatin3. nucleolus4. Nuclear pores

20

When DNA is wrapped around _________called histones, it is called chromatin. When chromatin is packed tightly enough to be visible, it is called a chromosome.

carb

ohydrate

s lip

ids

proteins

Nucle

ic acid

s

0% 0%0%0%

1. carbohydrates2. lipids3. proteins4. Nucleic acids

20

When you view eukaryotic cells vialight microscopy, you see a small dark, denseregion inside the nucleus. It is called the:

riboso

me

nucleolus

nucleoplas

m

Nucle

ar membra

ne

Nucle

ar pore

0% 0% 0%0%0%

1. ribosome2. nucleolus3. nucleoplasm4. Nuclear

membrane5. Nuclear pore

20

These organelles are assembled in nucleoli.

golgi

riboso

mes

vacu

oles

lyso

somes

0% 0%0%0%

1. golgi2. ribosomes3. vacuoles4. lysosomes

15

The nuclear envelope is made of a double layer of ___________ surrounding the nucleus.

proteins

Nucle

ic acid

s

carb

ohydrate

s

phospholip

ids

0% 0%0%0%

1. proteins2. Nucleic acids3. carbohydrates4. phospholipids

20

The structure composed of a networkof protein filaments whose job is supporting the cell’s shape, allowing cell movement, &moving organelles inside the cell is the:

Cell membra

ne

Cell wall

Cytosk

eleton

Cilium, fl

agellum

0% 0%0%0%1. Cell membrane2. Cell wall3. Cytoskeleton4. Cilium, flagellum

20

Match the cytoskeletal protein filamentsto their correct functions:

Micr

otubules,

...

Actin m

icrofil...

Micr

otubules,

...

33% 33%33%

1. Microtubules, form flagella, cilia & centrioles, while actin microfilaments allow cells to change shape like during cytokinesis or amoeba’s extending pseudopodia

2. Actin microfilaments, form flagella, cilia & centrioles

3. Microtubules, attach to cell membranes to allow cells to move with pseudopodia (false feet)

20

What is the difference between Roughendoplasmic reticulum (RER) and SER?

SER is

used to

transp

ort...

RER is

used to

transp

ort...

SER is

a tu

be made of c

e..

Ribosomes a

ttached to

R..

0% 0%0%0%

1. SER is used to transport material from place to place inside the cell

2. RER is used to transport material from place to place inside the cell

3. SER is a tube made of cell membrane

4. Ribosomes attached to RER inject proteins into it, then enzymes modify the proteins.

30

Which is true of peroxisomes & lysosomes?

Contain enzy

mes to m

ake...

Break down & re

cycle

ol...

Modify

prote

ins

Store

genetic i

nform

ation

0% 0%0%0%

1. Contain enzymes to make lipids

2. Break down & recycle old cell structures & contain hydrolytic enzymes that digest lipids, carbohydrates & proteins

3. Modify proteins4. Store genetic

information

30

Ribosomes

Use

light e

nergy to

mak...

Attach ca

rbohydra

te &

l...

Make

ATP to

allow ce

lls ..

Are m

embrane tu

be s ...

Are m

embrane sa

cs use

d...

Synth

esize pro

teins foll..

.

Are m

embrane sa

cs fille

...

0% 0% 0% 0%0%0%0%

1. Use light energy to make carbohydrates2. Attach carbohydrate & lipid chains to proteins--marking

them for export to the cell membrane—looks like a stack of pancakes.

3. Make ATP to allow cells to use energy in food4. Are membrane tube s whose enzymes construct

components of membranes & modify proteins5. Are membrane sacs used for storage6. Synthesize proteins following gene instructions7. Are membrane sacs filled with digestive enzymes used to

break down food to smaller particles or to recycle worn out organelles.

30

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): 0% 0% 0% 0%0%0%0%



3. Make ATP to allow cells to use energy in food4. Are membrane tubes whose enzymes construct components

of membranes (SER) or modify proteins (RER)5. Are membrane sacs used for storage6. Synthesize proteins following gene instructions7. Are membrane sacs filled w/ digestive enzymes used to


30

Golgi apparatus:

Use

light e

nergy to

mak...

Attach ca

rbohydra

te &

l...

Make

ATP to

allow ce

lls ..

Are m

embrane tu

be s ...

Are m

embrane sa

cs use

d...

Synth

esize pro

teins foll..

.

Are m

embrane sa

cs fille

...

0% 0% 0% 0%0%0%0%

1. Use light energy to make carbohydrates2. Attach carbohydrate & lipid chains to proteins--

marking them for export to final destinations—looks like a stack of pancakes.


components of membranes & modify proteins5. Are membrane sacs used for storage6. Synthesize proteins following gene instructions7. Are membrane sacs filled with digestive enzymes used

to break down food to smaller particles or to recycle worn out organelles.

30

Lysosomes:

Use

light e

nergy to

mak...

Attach ca

rbohydra

te &

l...

Make

ATP to

allow ce

lls ..

Are m

embrane tu

be s ...

Are m

embrane sa

cs use

d...

Synth

esize pro

teins foll..

.

Are m

embrane sa

cs fille

...

0% 0% 0% 0%0%0%0%






30

Vacuoles:

Use

light e

nergy to

mak...

Attach ca

rbohydra

te &

l...

Make

ATP to

allow ce

lls ..

Are m

embrane tu

be s ...

Are m

embrane sa

cs use

d...

Synth

esize pro

teins foll..

.

Are m

embrane sa

cs fille

...

0% 0% 0% 0%0%0%0%






30

Chloroplasts:

Use

light e

nergy to

mak...

Attach ca

rbohydra

te &

l...

Make

ATP to

allow ce

lls ..

Are m

embrane tu

be s ...

Are m

embrane sa

cs use

d...

Synth

esize pro

teins foll..

.

Are m

embrane sa

cs fille

...

0% 0% 0% 0%0%0%0%


them for export to final destinations—looks like a stack of pancakes.




30

Mitochondria:

Use

light e

nergy to

mak...

Attach ca

rbohydra

te &

l...

Make

ATP to

allow ce

lls ..

Are m

embrane tu

be s ...

Are m

embrane sa

cs use

d...

Synth

esize pro

teins foll..

.

Are m

embrane sa

cs fille

...

0% 0% 0% 0%0%0%0%

1. Use light energy to make carbohydrates2. Attach carbohydrate & lipid chains to proteins--

marking them for export to final destinations—looks like a stack of pancakes.


components of membranes & modify proteins5. Are membrane sacs used for storage6. Synthesize proteins following gene instructions7. Are membrane sacs filled with digestive enzymes used

to break down food to smaller particles or to recycle worn out organelles.

20

What cells contain chloroplasts, organelles that carry out photosynthesis?

autotro

phic bacte

ria

Plants & plant li

ke protists

Animals

& anim

al like pr..

.

Fungi &

fungal li

ke protists

25% 25%25%25%

1. autotrophic bacteria

2. Plants & plant like protists

3. Animals & animal like protists

4. Fungi & fungal like protists

20

True or False. Mitochondria & chloroplasts are surrounded by a singlecell membrane.

true

false

0%0%

1. true2. false

15

What two organelles contain theirown genetic information in the form of smallcircular DNA molecules called plasmids?

Golgi, n

ucleoi

Mito

chondria

, chloro

plasts

RER, S

ER

Centrioles,

flagella

0% 0%0%0%

1. Golgi, nucleoi2. Mitochondria,

chloroplasts3. RER, SER4. Centrioles,

flagella

15

Endosymbiotic theory states thatthe ___________ & ___________ likely arose through evolution of ancient prokaryotes thatescaped digestion after being eatenby ancient animal-like bacteria.

Nucle

i & nucle

oli

RER, S

ER

Flage

lla, c

ilia

Chloroplasts

, mito

chondria

0% 0%0%0%1. Nuclei & nucleoli2. RER, SER3. Flagella, cilia4. Chloroplasts,

mitochondria

30

Cells are like factories

Cytoskeleton—supports structure & provides ramps for moving material like steel beams

Nucleus—control center due to the DNA—the main officeRibosome—makes proteins using blueprints from DNA

(like a machine in a factory)Golgi/ER—modify proteins, like a customization shopChloroplasts—provide energy from sun, a solar power plant

Mitochondria—provide energy cell uses directly by breaking down glucose (like an oil burning furnace)

If you order an automobile with special paint, it’s added in the factory’scustomization department. What cell organelles serve this customizationfunction for proteins?

Nucle

us, nucle

olus

Mito

chondria

, vac

uoles

RER, g

olgi

0% 0%0%

1. Nucleus, nucleolus2. Mitochondria,

vacuoles3. RER, golgi

20

find organelles in plant and animal cells with these diagrams

Why do plants contain a large central vacuole that can fill with water?

To sto

re w

ater f

or use

...

To support

the w

eight of..

.

Both 1 &

3

0% 0%0%

1. To store water for use when the soil is dry

2. To support the weight of the plant (turgor pressure)

3. Both 1 & 3

20

What cell organelles store materials like water, lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and salts?

vacu

oles

vesic

les go

lgi

mito

chondria

0% 0%0%0%

1. vacuoles2. vesicles3. golgi4. mitochondria

20

In the animal-like protist, Paramecium,which organelle pumps out excess water to prevent the cell from bursting?

Cell wall

Central v

acuole

Contracti

le vacuole

0% 0%0%

1. Cell wall2. Central

vacuole3. Contractile

vacuole

20

What type of molecule, in addition to ribosomal proteins, makes up a ribosome?

DNA

rRNA

lipid

Carbohydrate

stero

id

0% 0% 0%0%0%

1. DNA2. rRNA3. lipid4. Carbohydrate5. steroid

20

What is the job of a mitochondrian?

Convert lig

ht energy t

o...

Store

carb

ohydrat

es

Break down & re

cycle

w...

Convert ch

emical e

nergy...

0% 0%0%0%

1. Convert light energy to chemical energy

2. Store carbohydrates3. Break down & recycle

wastes4. Convert chemical

energy in food to chemical energy in a form useable by cells, ATP

20

Which cells contain mitochondria?

Prokaryo

tic cells

Animal c

ells

Plant cells

Fungal c

ells

Protist

cells

Cells in

all eukaryotic .

..

0% 0% 0%0%0%0%

1. Prokaryotic cells

2. Animal cells3. Plant cells4. Fungal cells5. Protist cells6. Cells in all

eukaryotic kingdoms

20

What cells contain chloroplasts?

Photosyn

thetic b

acte

ria

Plants & plant li

ke protists

Animals

& anim

al like pr..

.

Fungi &

fungal li

ke protists

0% 0%0%0%

1. Photosynthetic bacteria

2. Plants & plant like protists

3. Animals & animal like protists

4. Fungi & fungal like protists

20

True or false. Cells that are involved in detoxification have lots of SER because this network of tubes contains

the enzymes used to degrade toxins.

True (e.g., in the liver)

True or false: cells making large amounts of proteins (like

hormones) for export would have large amounts or RER and golgi.

True.This targets the molecules in transport vesicles

to the membrane for exocytosis.

Which organelles are really extensions of the cytoskeleton

(made of microtubules) that slide via action of motor proteins and

allow cells to move?

Cilia—smaller—usually present in high numbersFlagella—longer—usually present alone or in

pairs.

Peroxisomes are organelles that contain hydrogen peroxide. This strong oxidizing agent

breaks up materials for cell defense (like ingested bacteria or viruses). The enzyme

peroxidase (catalase) in the cytoplasm of cells with peroxisomes serves to neutralize any

peroxide that escapes.

Cell Structure and function

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