CELL and Cellular Transport Revised

8/12/2019 CELL and Cellular Transport Revised

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THE CELL

and

CELL STRUCTURES

Celeste Roderno-Desingaño



The CellRobert Hooke 1665

discovered the thin slices ofcork and other plantmaterials containing minutepartitions separating

cavities that he calledCELLS.

Robert Brown 1773-1856

noted that the cells of plantepidermis, pollen grainsand stigma containedcertain “constant structure”

which he called nuclei.



The Cell Theory

1. Matthias ako! Schleiden"1#$#%

&. 'heodore Schwann "1#$(%

!ll li"ing things#onsist o$ #ells%

$. )udolf *irchow "1#+#%!ll #ells #a&e $ro&'ree(isting #ells%



Types of Cell

Prokaryotic Cell Eukaryotic Cell



)a*or Cell Di"isions+

,#les

Cyto'las& .las&a/Cell )e&brane

Cell 0all "for lant onl-%

The Cell

tr#tre



Cell tr#tres and 2n#tions

Cell wall

Most commonl- found in plant

cells Controls turgit- Etracellular structure

surrounding plasma mem!rane

Contains plasmodesmata "pitsand perforation%




.las&a &e&brane/Cell &e&brane/Cyto'las&i# &e&brane

/uter mem!rane of cell that controls cellular traffic

Contains proteins that span through the mem!rane andallow passage of material

roteins are surrounded !- a phospholipid !i0la-er.



NUCLEUS




,#lear &e&brane

Surrounds nucleus

Composed of two la-ers umerous openings for

nuclear traffic




,#leols

Spherical shape

*isi!le when cell is notdividing

Contains )2 for protein

manufacture




Chro&oso&es

3suall- in the form of chromatin

Contains genetic information Composed of 42

'hicken for cellular division

Set num!er per species "i.e. &$

pairs for human%




Centrioles aired c-lindrical organelles

near nucleus

Composed of nine tu!es, each

with three tu!ules 5nvolved in cellular division

Lie at right angles to each other



CYTOPLASM




.!T4D

1 Chro&o'last

e#o'last

3 Chloro'lasts 2 plastid usuall- found in

plant cells

Contain green chloroph-ll where photos-nthesis takesplace



Cell tr#tres and 2n#tionsndo'las&i# reti#l&

'u!ular network fused tonuclear mem!rane

6oes through c-toplasm ontocell mem!rane

Stores, separates, and servesas cell7s transport s-stem

'-pes8 Smooth t-pe8 lacks ri!osomes

)ough t-pe8 ri!osomesem!edded in surface




olgi a''arats/olgiBody/Di#tyoso&e

rotein “packagingplant”

2 mem!rane structurefound near nucleus

Composed of numerousla-ers forming a sac"cisternae%




ysoso&e

“Suicide 9ags” or “Scavengers”in the cell.

4igestive 7plant7 for proteins,

lipids, and car!oh-drates 'ransports undigested

material to cell mem!rane forremoval

*ar- in shape depending on

process !eing carried out Cell !reaks down if l-sosome

eplodes




)ito#hondria

“owerhouse of the Cell” Second largest organelle with

uni:ue genetic structure 4ou!le0la-ered outer mem!rane

with inner folds called cristae

Energ-0producing chemicalreactions take place on cristae

Controls level of water and othermaterials in cell )ec-cles and decomposes

proteins, fats, and car!oh-drates,and forms urea



Cell tr#tres and 2n#tionsRiboso&es

Each cell contains thousands Miniature 7protein factories;

Composes &+< of cell7s mass '-pes8 Stationar- t-pe8 em!edded in rough

endoplasmic reticulum Mo!ile t-pe8 in=ects proteins directl-

into c-toplasm




9a#oles

Mem!rane0!ound sacs for storage,digestion, and waste removal

Contains water solution Contractile vacuoles for water

removal "in unicellular organisms%

4umping sites of noious wastes.

>as vacuolar mem!rane calledtonoplast.



Cells var- widel- inform and function.

'he human !od- ismade up of a!out twohundred different t-pesof speciali?ed cells,ranging from foot longnerve cells to tin-, disk0

shaped !lood cells.

The .lant and

!ni&al Cell



The .lant and !ni&al Cell

i&ilarities o$ .lant and !ni&al Cell 9oth have nucleus which contains the

cell@s genetic material.

9oth have mitochondria which createenerg- through the process of cellularrespiration.

9oth have ri!osomes for proteins-nthesis




i&ilarities o$ .lant and !ni&al Cell 9oth have E) which stores and

transports proteins and othercompounds within and outside the cell.

9oth have 6olgi 9odies whichtransforms proteins into complemolecules




Di$$eren#es o$ .lant and !ni&al Cell lant cells have chloroplasts that

undergo photos-nthesis.

lant cells have cell wall

lant vacuoles are !igger

lants do not have centrioles



CELLULAR

MEMBRANE

TRANSPORT



'ransport rocess

1. assive 'ransport re:uires no energ- from the cell. Eamples include the diffusion of o-gen

and car!on dioide, osmosis of water, andfacilitated diffusion.

&. 2ctive transport re:uires the cell to spend energ-, usuall- in

the form of 2'. Eamples include transport of large

molecules "non0lipid solu!le% and thesodium0potassium pump



i&'le Di$$sion 'he net movement ofsolutes "solid, li:uid or gas%from an area of higherconcentration to one oflower concentration.

'he su!stances involved forall cells are inorganic ionsand lipid0solu!le materials.

Aater, car!on dioide, ando-gen are among the fewsimple molecules that cancross the cell mem!rane !-diffusion "or a t-pe of

diffusion known asosmosis%.

6as echange in gills andlungs operates !- thisprocess.



:s&osis /smosis is a diffusionmechanism involved in themovement of water

molecules toward thesolution containingrelativel- higher soluteconcentrations. 'oaccomplish this, a

mem!rane is re:uired.

'he su!stance involved forall cells is water onl-.



'-pes of SolutionB/smotic Condition

Hy'ertoni#soltions are those in which more solute "andhence lower waterpotential% is present.

Hy'otoni# soltions are those with lesssolute "again read ashigher water potential%.

4sotoni# soltions have e:ual "iso0%concentrations ofsu!stances.



C!RR4R-)D4!TD

TR!,.:RT



acilitated 4iffusion acilitated diffusioninvolves carrier

molecules thatpassivel- transportsolutes down aconcentrationgradient.

'he su!stances

involved for all cellsare glucose andamino acids.



2ctive 'ransport 5nvolves carrier molecules that activel- transport solutes

regardless of an- concentration gradients.

'here are gates that open and close to facilitate activetransport of large molecules.

the proteins in the cells are to move against the concentrationgradient. or eample the sodium0potassium pump in nervecells. aD is maintained at low concentrations inside the celland D is at higher concentrations.

actors that affect rate of transport are8 "1% availa!ilit- ofcarrier proteins, "&% a su!strate, and "$% 2'.

Su!stances needed to accomplish this for all cells are aD,

D, Ca&D, Mg&D, plus other solutes !- speciali?ed cells.



aD 0 D ump



'-pes of 'ransport Molecules1 ;ni'ort transports

one solute at a time. y&'ort transports

the solute and acotransported soluteat the same time inthe same direction.

3 !nti'ort transportsthe solute in "or out%and the co0

transported solutethe oppositedirection. /ne goesin the other goes outor vice0versa.



94C;!R TR!,.:RT



Endoc-tosis 5nvolves the creation of vesicles containing

fluid or solid material.

actors that affect therate are variousstimulus and

mechanics as well as 2'.

'he su!stances

involved for all cells arefluids and nutrientsFfor speciali?ed cells,de!ris and pathogens.



Eoc-tosis 5nvolves the fusion of

vesicles containing fluidsandBor solids with the cellmem!rane.

actors that affect rate are various stimulus andmechanics as well as 2'.

Su!stances involved for allcells are fluids and de!ris.

CELL and Cellular Transport Revised

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