Body Organization

Anatomy Terminology and Tissues

1

2

Caduceus (kuh-DOO-see-us)

Staff with two entwined snakes and two wings at the top, symbolizing a physician.

The Greek god Hermes (“Mercury”), who served as herald and messenger to the other gods, carried a winged staff entwined with two snakes.

Used as a medical symbol by commercial companies (drug companies) and military.

3

Staff of Asclepius (a-SKLEEP-ee-us)

The staff of Asclepius, the god of healing, had one snake and no wings.

This is the symbol used by the American Medical Association.

4

ORGANIZATION OF THE BODY BY SYSTEMS

Integumentary Musculoskeletal Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular system Lymphatic Respiratory Gastrointestinal (Digestive) Renal (urinary) Reproductive Embryology

During the semester, we will study Anatomy by these systems:

But, before we can study these systems, you need the following introductory lecture.

5

Body Planes

Frontal (Coronal) Sagittal Transverse

Sagittal plane

Para-Sagittal plane

6

Body Planes and Sections

Frontal (coronal) plane

– Lies vertically and divides body or organ into anterior and posterior parts.

Sagittal plane

– Divides right from left side of body or organ Midsagittal (median) plane

– Specific sagittal plane that lies vertically in the midline and divides body into EQUAL right and left sides

Parasagittal plane

– Specific sagittal plane that lies vertically in the midline and divides body into UNEQUAL right and left sides

Transverse plane Divides body or organ into superior-inferior parts7

Movements in the Body Planes

Frontal (coronal) plane motion– Frontal plane motion is that of washing a

window in front of you. Sagittal plane motion

– Sagittal plane motion is that of rubbing your palms together in front of you.

Transverse plane motion– Transverse plane motion is that of polishing a

coffee table.

8

Body Planes and Sections

Figure 1.5 9

Banana Sectioned into Planes

Figure 1.6

Sagittal plane

Transverse plane

Frontal plane

10

Body Regions

Axial Region (down midline of body) Appendicular Region (limbs)

11

Body Cavities

Figure 1.8a 12

Body Cavities

Figure 1.8b 13

REGIONS OF THE BODY

1. Axial Region (Goes down midline of the body)– a) Head– b) Neck– c) Trunk (has 3 parts)

1) Thorax (chest area). Above diaphragm. Contains heart and lungs.– Pectoral Region (chest)– Costal ( rib) margin

2) Abdomen (not called the stomach!). Contains the digestive organs

Lumbar region (low back)• Gluteal region (buttocks)

3) Pelvis (covered by the G-String) Contains urinary, and reproductive organs

Inguinal region (Groin)

14

REGIONS OF THE BODY

2. Appendicular Region (limbs) a) Upper Limbs

1) Axilla (armpit)2) Arm (Brachium): shoulder to elbow

Antecubital fossa (inside of elbow, where blood is drawn)3) Forearm (elbow to wrist). Don’t confuse with arm!4) Wrist5) Hand: 5 digits:

4 fingers with 3 phalanges each; thumb with 2 phalanges; Pollex: Thumb

Palmar surface: Palm

15

Cubital fossa: inside of elbow

Cubit is a unit of length: from the elbow to the tip of the middle finger

About 18 inches

16

REGIONS OF THE BODY

2. Appendicular Region (limbs)b) Lower Limbs

1) Thigh (hip to knee). Don’t confuse with leg!2) Leg (knee to ankle).

Calf (back of the leg)Popliteal region (behind knee)

3) Ankle4) Foot: 5 digits

Hallux: big toePlantar surface: sole of foot

17

Regional Terms (not on the quiz or test)

Figure 1.4a 18

Figure 1.4b

Regional Terms (not on the quiz or test)

19

Anatomical Position

The body standing erect, facing forward, feet together, toes pointed anteriorly, hands at one’s side, fingers pointing inferiorly, and palms facing forward.

Once the body is in this position (or imagined to be in this position,) the positional terms can be used correctly.

20

Anatomical Position

Figure 1.3

Anatomical PositionThe person is standing up straightThe palms face anteriorlyThe knees, elbow, and neck are straight (not bent)The toes point anteriorly, but the fingers point inferiorly

Left and Right: yours or the patient’s?

21

Positional Terms

These are terms used to describe the position of certain structures on the body.

Note: These are “relative terms.” This means that these words are usually used in relating the position of one body structure to another. You can’t say, “He is shorter”. You have to say, “He is shorter than John”.

Incorrect: the nose is medial Correct: the nose is medial to the ears

22

Positional Terms

Anterior/Ventral: towards the front of the body (includes palms and soles) Posterior/Dorsal: towards the back of the body Superior: towards the head Inferior: towards the feet Medial (NOT MIDDLE): towards the midline of body Lateral: away from the midline of the body Superficial (external): toward the external environment Deep (internal): towards the most internal part of the body Proximal: towards the heart (refers to limbs) Distal: away from the heart (refers to limbs) Supine: Laying on one’s back Prone: Laying on one’s stomach

23

Sample questions

Skin is ____ to the muscles. Bones are _____ to the muscles. The nose is _____ to the ears. The shoulders are _____ to the elbows. The wrists are ____ to the elbows. The upper extremities are ____ to the

abdomen. The thumb is ______ to the pinky.

24

Sample questions

Skin is superficial to the muscles. Bones are deep to the muscles. The nose is anterior (or medial) to the ears. The shoulders are proximal (or superior) to the

elbows. The wrists are distal (or inferior) to the elbows. The upper extremities are lateral to the abdomen. The thumb is lateral to the pinky.

25

NOTE

Use the term “Internal”, NOT “Interior” when referring to areas inside the body.

26

Positional Terms

27

Positional Terms

(Skip)

28

Positional Terms

29

Movement Terms

Flexion: to decrease the angle of a joint

Extension: to increase the angle of a joint, returning it to anatomical position

Hyperextension: extension beyond anatomical position

In the foot, there are special terms used instead of flexion/extension:

Dorsiflexion: flexion of the ankle joint; to raise the toes up in the air. When you stand on your heels with your toes up in the air, you are dorsiflexing your ankle joints.

Plantarflexion: extension of the ankle joint; to point the toes downward. When you stand on your toes, you are plantarflexing your ankle joints.

30

Flexion and Extension

31

Flexion and Extension

32

Flexion, Extension, Hyperextension

ExtensionHyperextension

33

Movement Terms

Abduction: to move a body part away from the midline of the body in the frontal plane, as in moving your arms out to your right and left side.

Adduction: to move a body part toward the midline of the body in the frontal plane, as in moving your arms from the an abducted position, back to your sides.

Circumduction: to move a body part in a circle

Rotation: to pivot a body part around an axis, as in shaking the head “no”

34

Abduction, Adduction, Circumduction

35

Movement Terms

Internal Rotation: to move a limb toward the midline of the body in the transverse plane

External Rotation: to move a limb away from the midline of the body in the transverse plane

These two terms are usually used to describe motions of the shoulder or hips.

36

Internal Rotation External Rotation37

Movement Terms

Inversion: turning the body part toward the midline of the body in the sagittal plane. Used to describe hands and feet only, although the feet cannot really turn medially in the sagittal plane because of the shape of the ankle joint.

Eversion: turning the body part away from the midline of the body in the sagittal plane. Used to describe hands and feet only, although the feet cannot really turn laterally in the sagittal plane because of the shape of the ankle joint.

38

Movements of the Hand or Foot Only

Supination and Pronation are movements in three planes.

Supination– Inversion– Adduction– Dorsiflexion

Pronation – Eversion– Abduction– Plantarflexion

39

Pronation Supination

40

Pronation and Supination

Figure 9.6a

Pronation

Supination

Supination

41

Common Confusion of POSITIONS vs. MOVEMENTS

Prone: a POSITION, not a movement; body is lying face down. Pronation: a MOVEMENT; when the palm is turned downward (in

Anatomical Position, the palm will face posterior). The foot can also be pronated; the sole turns laterally away from the body. Pronation of the foot is a tri-plane movement of plantarflexion, abduction, and eversion.

Supine: a POSITION, not a movement; body is laying on the back. Supination: a MOVEMENT; when the palm is turned upward, like

holding a bowl of soup (in Anatomical Position, the palm will face anterior). The foot can also be supinated; the sole turns medially towards the body. Supination of the foot is a tri-plane movement of dorsiflexion, adduction, and inversion.42

Shoulder and Hip Movements

Know the difference between these movements at the shoulder and hip:

Adduction/Abduction: moving your arms/thighs away from the body laterally in the frontal plane

Flexion/Extension: moving your arms/thighs away from the body in front of you in the sagittal plane.

43

Movement Terms

Protraction – to project a body part anteriorly, such as the shoulders or jaw

Retraction – to pull a body part posteriorly

44

Movement Terms

Elevation – lifting a body part superiorly Depression – lowering a body part inferiorly

45

Movement Terms

Opposition – movement of the thumb to touch the tips of other fingers

46

Body Cavities and Membranes

Figure 1.9a, b 47

Body Cavities and Membranes

Figure 1.9c 48

or Rx means “prescription”

• The "R" in "Rx" stands for the Latin word "recipe," meaning "take“.

• Those two letters were a 19th-century take on a 16th-century symbol, the letter R with a line through its slanted leg—the line signaling that the "R" is functioning as an abbreviation.

• It wasn't till the early 20th century that "Rx" came to be used as the noun we know today.

49

Other Anatomy Terms

• Idiopathic– "a disease or condition the cause of which is not

known or that arises spontaneously". From Greek idios (one's own) + pathos (suffering).

• Iatrogenic– "originating from a physician" is preventable harm

resulting from medical treatment or advice to patients.

50

Body parts you can use as units of measurement

• Hand span• Foot length• The distance from the tip of the thumb to the first knuckle. Previously used to measure

1 inch or 2.54cm• The distance from tip of nose to end of your thumb with your arm outstretched.

Previously used to measure a yard or 36 inches or 91.44cm. Used by ancient cloth merchants.

• The length from the point of your bent elbow to your middle fingertip. Previously used to measure a cubit or 18 inches or 46 cm. Used by Noah in building the ark and the Egyptians to build the pyramids.

• The length of rope held between two hands with the arms outstretched. Previously used to measure a fathom of 72 inches or 183cm. Used by sailors.

• The length of a single step from the heel on one foot to the heal of the other. Modern terminology has adopted the ancient Roman term of a pace, measuring around 30 inches or 760 mm. However, ancient Roman measurement for a pace was actually a double-pace or passus and was nominally the measure of a full stride from the position of the heel when it is raised from the ground to the point the same heel is set down again at the end of the step, being about 58.1 inches or 1.48 meters.

51

Anatomy Learning Games• http://msjensen.cehd.umn.edu/webanatomy_archive/GAME/default.html

• 3D Interactive Anatomy Atlas ($40): VisibleBody.com• http://www.visiblebody.com/moviedemo/

• The Memory Book: The Classic Guide to Improving Your Memory at Work, at School, and at Play

• by Harry Lorayne (Author) , Jerry Lucas (Author)

52

53