Body Organization and Terminology

Lab Exercise 2Bio 160

Body Cavities

• Axial – Head, neck and trunk

• Appendicular – Upper and lower limbs

Body Cavities

• Dorsal cavity – back side – formed by cranium and vertebrae

Cranial cavity – contains brain

Vertebral (spinal) canal – contains spinal cord

Body Cavities

• Ventral Cavity – Belly side - organs inside are collectively called visceralined with serous membrane (parietal and visceral) (peritoneum, pleura, pericardium)

Thoracic cavity

Pleural cavity - contains lungs (parietal and visceral pleura)

Body CavitiesMediastinum - mass of soft tissue

between lungs from sternum to vertebral column; includes heart in pericardial cavity (parietal and visceral pericardium), aorta, esophagus and trachea

Body Cavities Abdominopelvic cavity - lined with parietal

and visceral peritoneum (diaphragm divides the thoracic from abdominopelvic)

Abdominal

Pelvic

Body Cavities

• Smaller cavities within the head

Oral cavity

Nasal cavity and sinuses

Orbital cavity

Middle ear cavity

Organ Systems

• Integumentary system – Body covering

Skin

Hair and nails

• Skeletal system – Support and protection of soft tissue, production of blood cells and storage of calcium

Bones

Organ Systems

Ligaments

• Muscular system – Movement, posture maintenance and heat production

Cartilage

Skeletal muscles

Tendons

Organ Systems

• Nervous system – Receives sensory information, interprets information and stimulates effectors (ex. muscles or glands)

Brain

Spinal cord

Nerves

Organ Systems• Endocrine system – Secretes hormones

Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Adrenal gland

Pancreas

Ovaries and Testes

Thymus

Organ Systems

• Cardiovascular system – Transport of gases, nutrients, hormones and wastes throughout body

Heart

Arteries

Veins

Organ Systems• Lymphatic system – Transports fluids back to

bloodstream and some fats away from digestive system, also helps fight infections

Lymphatic vessels

Lymph nodes

Thymus

Spleen

Organ Systems• Digestive system – Breaks down food into

simpler forms that can be absorbed by the body

Mouth Tongue

Teeth

Salivary glands

Pharnyx

Organ Systems

Stomach Liver Gallbladder

Pancreas

Small Intestines

Large Intestines

Esophagus

Organ Systems• Respiratory system – Move air in and out and

exchange gases between the blood and air

Nasal cavity and Pharnyx Larnyx

Trachea

Bronchi

Lungs

Organ Systems• Urinary system – Removes wastes from blood

and maintains the body’s water and salt balance

Kidneys

Ureters

Urinary bladder

Urethra

Organ Systems• Male Reproductive system –Production and

delivery of male reproductive cells (sperm)

Scrotum

Testes

Penis

Urethra

Organ Systems• Female Reproductive system –Production and

maintenance of female reproductive cells (eggs)

Ovaries

Uterine tubes (Oviducts; Fallopian tubes)

Uterus

Vagina

Anatomical Position

• body upright facing observer

• arms at side

• palms facing forward

Directional Terms (anatomical directions)

• Dorsal – back side

• Ventral – belly side

• Anterior – that part which goes first (= ventral because belly goes first when we proceed (anterior = ventral only in bipeds and not in quadripeds))

Directional Terms (anatomical directions) (2)

• Posterior – that part which follows (posterior = dorsal)

• Superior – toward head or above another structure

• Inferior – away from the head or below another structure

Directional Terms (anatomical directions) (3)

• Lateral – away from midline

• Medial – toward midline

• Superficial – near the surface

• Deep – more internal than superficial parts

Directional Terms (anatomical directions) (4)

• Proximal

– nearer to point of attachment of an extremity to trunk (ex. humerus is proximal to radius)

– nearer to point of reference (origin) (ex. proximal convoluted tubules in kidney nephrons)

Directional Terms (anatomical directions) (5)

• Distal

– further from attachment of an extremity to trunk

– further from point of reference (origin)

Body Planes & Sections

• Plane – imaginary flat surface

• Section – flat surface resulting from a cut made through the structure

1) Sagittal - section resulting from a plane that divides the body into right and left portions

Body Planes & Sections (2)2) Frontal (Coronal) - section resulting from

a plane that divides body into front and back (anterior and posterior)

3) Transverse (cross) (xs) - section resulting from a plane that divides body into superior and inferior portions along a horizontal plane (actually any section that is a right angle to the length of a structure) (a slice of bread is a cross section of a loaf of bread)

Body Regions

• Review Body Regions in text, pages 14-17, Fig 1.15&1.16