NWTCMedical Terminology 10-501-1011 Medical Terminology Chapter 7 Body Fluids and Immunity.

NWTC Medical Terminology 10-501-101 1

Medical Terminology

Chapter 7

Body Fluids and Immunity


Cellular Needs and Body Fluids

Water is most important body fluid Cells require water, oxygen, and

nutrients to survive.Hydr(o) means water-ous means pertaining tohydrous means pertaining to water



-hidr(o), sweat or perspirationSweat excreted through pores in the

skinmucus is the slimy material produced

by mucous membranesmucoid means resembling mucuspus is the result of tissue breakdown

because of infection



A localized collection of pus in a cavity formed by the disintegration of the tissue is called an abscess

hematoma is a localized collection of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, space tissue, resulting from a break in the wall of a blood vessel.

Hematomas can occur anywhere in the body, but are most dangerous when in the head



Body Fluids are found:– within the cells - intra/cellular– outside the cells - extra/cellular

intra- withincellul(o) little cell or compartment-ar, pertaining toextra- outside



1/4th of extracellular fluid is plasma (the liquid portion of the blood)

Blood remains inside blood vessels.Blood is intravascularintra- withinvascul(o) vessel-ar pertaining to



Remaining extracellular fluid is between cells and tissue space

Interstitial fluidinter- means between



More than half of all body fluid is contained within cells and is called intracellular fluid.

Body fluid is classified as either intracellular or extracellular fluid.

Majority of extracellular fluid is found between cells and tissue spaces and is called interstitial fluid.

Plasma is an extravascular fluid.



Regulation of the amount of water in the body is called fluid balance.

The intake and output must be balanced.

Intake too low - dehydrationOutput too low - edema


Fluid Balance

Total Intake – 2500 ml

Water (beverages) – 1600 ml

Water (moist foods) – 700 ml

Metabolism – 200 ml

Total Output – 2500 ml

Urine – 1500 mlSkin – 550 mlLungs – 300 mlFeces – 150 ml



hydrocephaly is more commonly called hydrocephalus

hydrocephalus means a condition characterized by abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the skull, enlargement of the head, mental retardation, and convulsions.

A shunt is placed to redirect the fluid



Calculus or stoneFormed in body tissues by an

accumulation of mineral salts in the body tissues.

Nephro/lith/iasis – kidney stonesLitho/tripsy – crushing of a stone


Composition of Blood

Study of Blood is HematologyHemat(o) means blood and blood forming

tissuesHemato/logic means pertaining to hematology Hematologist is one who studies blood-poiesis means productionhematopoiesis - formation and development

of blood cells



Coagul(o) refers to coagulationCoagulation is the formation of a clotA coagulant promotes or accelerates clotting-ant means that which causesAn Anticoagulant is used to prevent blood

from clotting-ate means to cause an action or the result of

an action



Nucle(o) and kary(o) mean nucleusnucleoprotein is a protein found in the

nucleuskaryomegaly indicates a large nucleus or

an abnormal enlargement of a cell nucleus

A normal red cell in the circulating blood has matured and lost its nucleus



A normal white cell in the circulating blood has lost its nucleus

-oid means like or resemblingnucle/oid means resembling a nucleusmorph(o) means form or shapepoly- means manypoly/morpho/nuclear is the most

abundant type of leukocyte



Polymorphonuclear is a leukocyte with a nucleus that is divided in such a way that it appears as multiple. (PMN)

polymorphcytoplasm of a polymorph typically

contains small granular structuresthese cells may be referred to as

granulocytes



Coagulopathy means any disease of coagulation

Blood coagulation is a series of chemical reactions in which special fibers(fibrin) entrap blood cells resulting in a blood clot.

Clots formed within blood vessels is a serious condition that can result in death



A naturally occurring anticoagulant keeps blood from clotting within the body.

in vitro means occurring in a laboratory test tube or occurring in an artificial environment

in vivo means within the living body



Laboratory blood tests often requires treating blood with an anticoagulant

Hematocrit measures the percentage of red blood cells in a volume of blood

hem(a) and hem (o) mean bloodA hemo/cyte is a blood cell-cyte means cell



Erythro/cytes are red blood cells (red corpuscles) (RBC)

Erythro/cyt/ic means pertaining to erythrocytesErythro/poiesis is the production of erythrocyteserythro/poietin stimulates the production of

erythrocytes-poietin means a substance that causes

production



Leuk(o) means whiteLeukocyte is a white blood cell (WBC)Leukocytes protect the body against

pathogenic (disease causing) organismsHealthy people have normal numbers of

RBC and WBC in their bloodleukocyte count/ erythrocyte count



thromb(o) means thrombusA blood clot that obstructs a blood

vessel or cavity of the heart (clot that occurs internally)

Thrombo/cyte is a blood plateletThrombo/lysis is a dissolution or

destruction of a clot formed inside a vessel



lys(o) means destruction or dissolving-lysis describes the act of dissolving or

destruction-lytic is a suffix to form adjectives describing

dissolution or destructionthrombolytic-lysin means a substance that dissolves or

destroysthrombolysin



Thrombosis is the presence of a thrombus

Dissolving of a thrombus is thrombolysis-ectomy means surgical removal or

excisionto surgically remove a clot is called a

thromboectomy



thrombolysis is destruction of a clothemolysis is destruction of bloodA hemolysin is a substance that causes

the destruction of red blood cells-emia is a suffix that means blood



leuk/emia is white bloodLeukemia is a progressive, malignant

disease of the hematopoietic (blood forming) organs, characterized by a sharp increase in the number of leukocytes, as well as the presence of immature forms of leukocytes in the blood and bone marrow



An/emia means without blood-penia means decreased or deficientleukocytopenia - decrease or deficiency

in the number of leukocytes (leukopenia)erythro/cyto/penia is a decrease or

deficiency in the number of erythrocytes (erythropenia)



Anemia is a deficiency in the number of red blood cells or a deficiency in hemoglobin

hemoglobin is the red pigment of bloodAnemia is not a disease but a sign of

various diseases



Signs and Symptoms of Anemia– tachycardia– dyspnea– syncope (fainting)– tinnitus– headache– fatigue– dizziness– congestive heart failure



Iron deficiency anemia results when a greater demand for iron than the body can supply.

It can be caused by blood loss or insufficient intake intake or absorption of iron from the intestinal tract

Iron deficiency anemia is usually successfully treated with iron tablets and a well balanced diet



Thrombocytopenia is a decrease in the number of platelets (thrombopenia)

Thrombocytes (platelets) are a key component in the process of blood clotting

Severe thrombocytopenia results in a bleeding disorder

thrombocytosis is an increase in platelets in circulating blood



Hemo/philia is a hereditary bleeding disorder in which there is a deficiency of one coagulation factor called antihemophilic factor VIII.

Minor injuries can result in prolonged bleeding which leads to anemia

-osis can mean more than a conditionerythrocytosis is increase in number of

red blood cells (erythrocytes)



Leukocytosis is an increase in number of leukocytes (white blood cells)

Increase in leukocytes as in leukemia is not normal. Many of the leukocytes in leukemia are abnormal or immature white blood cells.

Increase in leukocytes in response to an (infection) infecting organism is normal.



Infection vs. inflammation – infection is the presence of living

microorganisms within the tissue– inflammation is the body’s response to injury.– Inflammation is part of the body’s natural

defense– Signs of inflammation are redness, swelling

and pain



Poly- means manycyto means cellhem(o) means blood-ia means conditionPolycythemia is a disorder in which

there is an increase in erythrocytes



primary - bone marrow over produces many types of cells and is associated with a chromosomal defect

secondary - as a physiologic response to prolonged exposure to high altitude, or heart or lung disease

leads to increased viscosity (stickiness) of blood



A coagulopathy is any defect in coagulation

Disseminated intravascular coagulation is a grave coagulopathy in which there is generalized intravascular clotting.


Anemias and Abnormal Hemoglobins

Micr(o) means smallmicrocyte is a small cellmicrocytosis is an increase in the number

of under sized red blood cellsMacr(o) means largemacrocyte is a large cellmacrocytosis is an increase in larger than

normal erythrocytes



Scop(o) means to view or examine-scopy means the act of viewingmicroscopy is examining something smallmacroscopy is examining something

largemegal(o) means large or enlargedmegalocytes are large cells



Norm(o) means normalnormocytes are normal cellsis(o) means equaliso/cyt/osis means cells that are of equal

sizeanisocytosis are cells that are not of

equal size



isotonic means equal tensionan isotonic solution is a solution in which

body cells can be bathed without damage to the cell through diffusion of water in or out of cells

spher(o) means roundspherocyte is a round cellspherocytosis means the presence of

spherocytes in the blood



Poikil(o) means irregularpoikilocyte is a blood cell with abnormal

shapepoikilocytosis is the presence of

poikilocytes in the bloodpoikilocytes are present in sickle cell

anemia



Sickle cell anemia is a hereditary anemia with an inherited abnormal type of hemoglobin.

Blood cells are elongated and sickled and are highly fragile

in vivo hemolysis occurs resulting in hemolytic anemia



hyper- means excessive or more than normal

hypo- means beneath or below normalchrom(o) means colorhypochromia in which blood cells have

below normal amount of colorhyperchromia in which blood cells have

above normal amount of color



Hemoglobin is the red pigment inside erythrocytes

globin is a type of proteinhemoglobin is a type of protein found in

bloodhemoglobinopathy is any disease associated

with hemoglobinhemolyze means that the erythrocytes

dissolve



Hemolytic anemia is characterized by the premature destruction of erythrocytes

plast(o) means repair aplastic means having no tendency to develop

new tissueIn aplastic anemia the bone marrow is

diseased and produces few cellsdyscrasia is any disorder associated with the

blood or bone marrow


Blood Coagulation

Fibrin is formed when blood clotsword part for fibrin is fibrin(o)fibrin/oid means resembling fibrinfibrinogen is a precursor of fibrinfibrogen is a protein that is changed to

fibrin in the process of coagulationfibrinolysis is the destruction of fibrin


Blood Coagulation

A fibrinolysis can dissolve a thrombus-stasis means stopping or controlling hemostasis means stoppage of blood flowtrans- means through or acrossthe introduction of whole blood or blood

components into the blood stream is transfusion


Blood Coagulation

Typing the blood is necessary for transfusionthe typing process looks for agglutination to

specialized seraagglutination is blood clumpinga transfusion reaction is an adverse reaction

the the received blood. Blood group incompatibilities causes hemolysis

which is the destruction of erythrocytes


Blood Coagulation

Transfusion reaction results in hemo/lysis of the erythrocytes.

Certain diseases can be transmitted through a transfusion.

Donate your own blood would be an autologous transfusion.


Classification of Disease

Organic diseases are associated with a demonstrable physical change in an organ or tissue.

Functional disorders are marked by S & S’s, but no physical changes.



InfectiousHereditary Degenerative TraumaticAutoimmuneNutritional deficiencies IdiopathicIatrogenicNosocomial



Infectious DiseasesPathogenic organismsCommunicable = contagious

– Directly by contact– Indirectly via substances– Via vectors



Microorganisms– Spheric (cocci)– Rod-shaped (bacilli)– Spiral (spirochetes and spirilla)– Comma-shaped (vibrios)



Gram Stain– Pink or red = gram negative– Violet or purple = gram positive

Also classified by arrangement



Strepto/cocci appear to grow in chains

Staphylo/cocci grow in grape like clusters

Diplococci grow in pairsBacter/emia – presence of bacteria

in the blood



Aerobic – requires oxygen to maintain life

Anaerobic – grows in complete or almost complete lack of oxygen



Antiseptic inhibits growth of microorganisms

Bacteriostatic inhibits growth of bacteria

Bactericidal kills bacteriaBotulism - Bacterial food poisoning



Fungi are microorganisms that feed by absorbing organic molecules from their surroundings.

They may be parasitic.


Immune System

Pathogens are microorganisms that are capable of causing disease

resistance is the body’s ability to counteract the effects of foreign invaders

susceptibility is lack of resistancespecific and non-specific resistance


Immune System

Nonspecific defense mechanisms are directed against all pathogens– unbroken skin– phagocytes– inflammation– complement– interferon– see table 7-13 p 133


Immune System

Interferon is formed when cells are exposed to a virus

phagocytosis is the ingestion and destruction of microorganisms and cellular debris by certain cells.

Phag(o) means to eatmacrophages and leukocytes are the

primary phagocytic cells


Immune System

Specific defense mechanisms are selective for particular pathogens

This specific resistance is called immunity and protects from a specific disease or condition

white blood cell and t-cells are responsible for cell mediated immunity

b-lymphocytes are responsible for antibody mediated immunity


Immune System

Antibodies are formed against foreign substances

antibodies are formed to act against other cells or substances that our bodies recognize as being foreign

Immunoglobulins or antibodies are found in the liquid part of the blood, plasma

Immun(o) means immuneglobulins are plasma proteins


Immune System

Specific antibodies provide us with immunity against disease causing organisms

we generally acquire antibodies either by having a disease or by receiving a vaccination.

A vaccination causes our bodies to produce antibodies


Immune System

a foreign substance that induces the production of antibodies is called an antigen

polio vaccine contains polio antigenafter receiving polio vaccine, one is

immunized against polioan excessive reaction to an antigen is

considered a hypersensitivity


Immune System

-phylaxis means protectionanaphylaxis or anaphylactic reactions are

exaggerated, life threatening hypersensitivity reactions to a previously encountered antigen

anaphylactic reactions are severe and can be fatal

insect stings and penicillin are common causes of anaphylaxis


Immune System

Allergies are conditions in which the body reacts with an exaggerated immune response to common, harmless substances.

A substance that can produce an allergic reaction but is not necessarily harmful is called an allergen

in an allergic reaction, injured cells release a substance called histamine


Immune System

Histamine causes dilation of the capillaries, an increase in gastric secretions, and contraction of smooth muscle of several internal organs

histamine is responsible the symptoms of hay fever: teary eyes, sneezing, and swollen membranes of the upper respiratory tract.

Antihistamines act against histamine


Immune System

Immunization is the process by which resistance to an infectious disease is induced or augmented

immunity that an individual develops in response to a harmful antigen is active immunity

borrowed immunity that is effective for only a short time is passive immunity


Immune System

vaccination is a form of prophylaxis, protection of or protection against disease

toxoids contain toxins which are antigenstoxoids cause our bodies to produce

antibodies, thus providing us with immunity


Immune System

a toxoid is a toxin that has been treated to eliminate its harmful properties without destroying its ability to stimulate antibody production

a toxoid is a helpful form of toxintox(o) which means poison is usually

harmfula cytotoxin has harmful effects on cells


Immune System

Cytotoxicity means having a harmful effect on cells

toxicity is the virulence of a toxin or poison

toxic/osis is any disease condition caused by poisons.

Virulence means the degree of disease causing capability of microorganisms


Immune System

Immuno/compromised pertains to immune response that has been weakened by a disease or an immuno/suppressive agent

radiation and certain drugs are immunosupressants - meaning they suppress the immune response

transplant rejection is an immune reaction to the donors tissue cells


Immune System

To transplant is to transfer tissueImmunosupressants are given to

transplant recipients to prevent or lessen the possibility of rejection


Chapter 4

Class review exercises


What is the meaning?

Hematoblood-cytecellis(o)equalleuk(o)white



Kary(o)nucleusmelan(o)blackmicr(o)smallmegal(o)large or enlarged



Phag(o)to eata-no, not, withoutpolymanyphil(o)attraction



-lysisdestruction or dissolving-peniadecreased or deficient-poiesisproductionxanth(o)yellow



-erythr(o)redmacr(o)large or enlargedcellul(o)little cell or compartmentmorph(o)scope or form


What is the Combining Form?

Hemoglobinhemoglobin(o)fibrinfibrin(o)waterhydr(o)coagulationcoagul(o)



Airaer(o)colorchrom(o)greenchlor(o)clotthromb(o)



Roundspher(o)irregularPoikil(o)


Suffixes

An instrument used to view-scopeblood-emiacapable of destroying-lyticsubstance that dissolves or destroys

something-lysin


Prefixes

Acrosstrans-withinintra-betweeninter


A or An

Traumaticatraumatichydrousanhydrousuriaanuria


A or An

toxicatoxicplasticaplastic


What is the Color?

Chloropiagreenmelanocyteblackcyanodermablue


What is the Color?

xanthodermayellowleukopeniawhite


Case StudyWord Meaning

A 23 year old female came to the emergency room, complaining of dizziness and headache. Examination revealed pallor and tachycardia. The patient had a history of dyspnea on exertion, tinnitus, and syncope. Blood tests and ECG were ordered. Tachycardia was the only abnormality demonstrated on the ECG. All blood



Tests were normal except CBC, which indicated a microcytic hypochromic anemia. Additional tests were ordered to determine the etiology of the anemia.



Pallorpalenesstachycardiaincreased pulse ratedyspneadifficult breathing



Tinnitusnoise in the ears, such as ringingsyncopefainting


What is the Meaning?

Hemat(o)bloodhem(a)bloodhem(o)bloodspher(o)round



Poikil(o)irregularerythro(o)redpoly-manycyan(o)blue



Leuk(o)whitemelan(o)blackchlor(o)greenxanth(o)yellow



-ectomyremoval of, incision-cytecell-ateto cause an action or the results of

an action



-arpertaining to-antthat which causes-emiabloodis(o)equal



Kary(o)nucleusmorph(o)shape or formphag(o)to eatphil(o)attraction



micr(o)smallcoagulationblood clottingpoikilocytean erythrocyte of irregular shapehematomaa localized collection of blood



Thrombusformation of a clot within a blood

vesselcytologistone who studies cells leukocyte countan evaluation of white cells



Thrombolyticcapable of dissolving a thrombusthrombectomysurgical removal of a blood clotthromb(o)clotleukopeniaa decreased white cell count



Leukocytewhite blood cell that functions in the

body’s defense systemsyncope faintinghematologythe study of blood



In vivoin the bodyantibioticsubstance commonly prescribed in

the treatment of bacterial infectionserythropoiesisproduction of red cells



Macropodiaincreased size of the footmacrodontiaincreased size of the teethmicrocytea small cellmacrocytea large cell



Chromocyteany colored cellhistocytea tissue cellpoikilocytosisthe presence of irregular shaped

erythrocytes in the blood



Spherocytosisthe presence of spherocytes in the

bloodthrombolysinsubstance capable of dissolving a

thrombus



Macroscopyexamination with the naked eyemicroscopyexamination of something smalltransplanta surgical procedure whereby living organs

are transplanted from one part of the body to another or from one individual to another


Matching

1. Hydr(o)2. hem(a)3. aer(o)4. clor(o)5. chrom(o)6. cyt(o)

a. Airb. Greenc. Colord. Celle. Waterf. blood


Matching

1. Erythr(o)2. Is(o)3. kary(o)4. leuko(o)5. macro(o)6. hem(o)

a. redb. hemoglobinc. nucleusd. equale. large or enlargedf. white



Poly-manyphil(o)attraction-lysisdestruction-peniadecreased deficiency



-poiesisproductionxanth(o)yellowerythr(o)redmacr(o)large or enlarged



Anti-againstmorph(o)shape or formcoagulopathyany disease of coagulationthrombolysisdissolving of a thrombus



Leukocytosisan increase in the number of white

blood cellsmicroencephalyabnormal smallness of the headophthalmoscopean instrument for examining the

eye



Toxicosisany disease or condition caused by

poisonotoscopyexamination of the earcytoscopymicroscopic examination of cells



Hypochromica condition in which erythrocytes

have a reduced hemoglobin content (pigment)

poikilocytea cell having an abnormal shapeanemiaa decreased red blood cell count



Septicemiaa systemic infectious condition caused by

pathogenic microorganisms, their enzymes, or their toxins

pigment color of melanindark brown to blackcyanodermablue skin


Matching

1. Morph(o)2. -penia3. Macr(o)4. Poly-5. Erythr(o)

a. Manyb. Shape or formc. Decreasedd. Rede. Large or enlarged


Matching

1. xanth(o)2. -poiesis3. -lysis4. Phil(o)5. Anti-

a. attractionb. destruction or dissolvingc. productiond. yellowe. against


What is It?

The destruction of red blood cells with the liberation of hemoglobin

hemolysisthe reduction in the number of red blood cells,

hemoglobin, r both red cells and hemoglobinanemiaa substance that causes hemolysishemolysin


What is It?

A disorder in which there is an increase in the number of red blood cells

polycythemiaexcessive urinationpolyuriaa small cellmicrocyte


What is It?

A cell that engulfs other matterphagocytea condition in which erythrocytes are not

of equal sizeanisocytosisany disease of coagulationcoagulopathy


What is It?

The study of cellscytologydissolving of a thrombusthrombolysisan increase in the number of white blood

cellsleukocytosis


What is It?

Abnormal smallness of the headmicrocephalyan instrument for examining the eyeophthalmoscopeany disease condition caused by poisonstoxicosisexamination of the earotoscopy


What is It?

A decreased white cell countleukopeniacells that function in the body’s defense

systemleukocytefaintingsyncope


What is It?

The study of bloodhematologyin the bodyin vivoa substance commonly prescribed in the

treatment of bacterial infectionsproduction of red cellserythropoiesis


Also Known As

Red blood cellserythrocyteswhite blood cellsleukocytesthrombocytesplatelets


Also Known As

bluish discoloration of skincyanodermadifficult time breathingdyspnea


Questions?


Chapter 4

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NWTCMedical Terminology 10-501-1011 Medical Terminology Chapter 7 Body Fluids and Immunity.

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Transcript of NWTCMedical Terminology 10-501-1011 Medical Terminology Chapter 7 Body Fluids and Immunity.