8 Body Organization

8/2/2019 8 Body Organization

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Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. Allrights reserved.

CHAPTER 8

BODY ORGANIZATION


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Anatomy and Physiology

Four basic properties of life

Reception is the ability of the organism to control

its actions and respond to changes in theenvironment

Metabolism is the process of taking in and usingnutrients to produce energy and growth

Reproduction is the ability to reproduce offspringto continue the species

Organization involves how the organism is dividedinto distinct parts to perform these functions


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Anatomy

Body structures are organized on five levels

Cells are the smallest unit of life

Tissues are combinations of similar cells Organs are collections of tissues working together

to perform a function

A body system consists of organs that work

together to provide a major body function An organism is the being that results when the

body systems work together to maintain life


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Figure 8-1 Cell Structure


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Tissue Types

Epithelial tissue

Covers the body, forms glands, and lines

the surfaces of cavities and organs

Connective tissue

Formed by a protein, includes soft tissue

such as fat and blood cells and hard tissuessuch as bones, ligaments, and cartilage


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Tissue Types (continued)

Muscle tissue

Made of protein fibers, has the unique

property of shortening to producemovement

Nervous tissue

Composed largely of specialized cells calledneurons


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Body Systems

Integumentary system covers the body andprotects other body systems

Cardiovascular system transports oxygen andnutrients to all body parts and removes wasteproducts

Circulatory system includes the blood and

lymph that move throughout the body Respiratory system exchanges gases

between the air and blood


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Body Systems (continued)

Muscular system allows the body to moveand controls movements within the body

Skeletal system provides body support andprotection

Digestive system processes food andeliminates food waste

Urinary system filters the blood and removesliquid wastes


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Body Systems (continued)

Endocrine system coordinates body cavitiesthrough hormones

Nervous system regulates the environmentand directs the activities of other bodysystems

Sensory system perceives the environment

and sends messages to and from the brain Reproductive system provides for human

reproduction


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Figure 8-4 Body Planes


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Figure 8-5 Body Cavities


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Figure 8-6 Body Regions


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Cell Function

Cell reproduction

Mitosis is the process by which a cell

divides to reproduce, creating an identicalreplica with the same chromosomes

Heredity

Heredity is the passing on of geneticinformation that determines thecharacteristics of an individual person


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Cell Formation Diseases Genetic disorders

Abnormal genes or chromosomes cause

many disorders

Cancer

The uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells

that tend to spread (metastasize) andinvade the tissue around them


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Issues and Innovations

Genetic engineering Chorionic villus sampling

Preimplantation diagnosis Gene splicing

Cancer treatments

Immunotherapy Lasers

Hyperthermia

8 Body Organization

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