SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING AND DESIGNBACHELOR OF QUANTITY SURVEYING (HONOURS)

Building Materials ( BLD 62003 )

Assignment 2 : Site research report Submission Date: 11th July 2014

No. Name Student ID1. Rachel Ernesta 03179662. Tan Chuu Yee 03150973. Tan Kai Sin 03152134. Tan Wei Hao 0313690

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Table of Content

No Title Page1 Introduction of Cappuccino Garden Cafe 32 Floor, Ceiling and Structure 53 Wall 104 Window 225 Door 256 Compare and Contrast 287 Suggestion 318 References 32

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Introduction of Cappuccino Garden Cafe

Our chosen case of study is a cafe. The objective of the assignment to explore and study

the different materials and selected finishes of our chosen case of study. We chose this

particular area because of its interior design and architecture comprising of interesting

materials and finishes giving the cafe a warm and inviting tone and atmosphere.

Due to the function of the area The selected finishes are designed and selected to

withstand traffic it should be easy to clean and maintain.

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Some of the materials explored in the assignment are basically finishes. The function of

these materials are to provide a durable visually attractive qualities and colours and at

the same time offers surface of floor walls and other areas to be maintenance free and to

be cleaned easily.

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Floor, Ceiling and Structure

The floors, ceiling and overall structure is made up of concrete however these building

elements have their own applied finishes as further enhancement of the structure’s

durability and architectural quality.

Concrete is made up of clean water, commonly Portland cement, and is served as a

binder for the aggregates namely sand and coarse aggregates combined together in a

mixture that when hardened or curred it has the ability to withstand compressive forces.

Since concrete is strong in compression but weakest in tension, high-yield steel

reinforcement bars are embedded to the concrete to resist the tensile forces. The

reinforcement bars are deformed and ribbed to provide good grip between the concrete

and steel.

The combination of concrete and the steel reinforcement forms a reinforced-concrete

structure that is able to withstand both the compressive and tensile forces under applied

forces.

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The diagram below shows the manufacture of steel

FLOORING

The selection of the existing materials in the project are placed to define 3 types of area.

outdoor

Dining area

corridor

Interior floor

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The interior floor in the main dining area is made up glazed ceramic mosaic and, Mosaic

is defined as the art of creating decorative with small pieces of colored glass, stone, or

other materials which in this case it is composed of ceramic. It is small tile units which

can be flat, roughly square, pieces of stone or glass of different types of colors.

Whereas ceramic may be either porcelain or of natural clay.

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Its selection is due to its hard-wearing and resistance to chemicals, the ability to possess

slip resistant qualities due to its small singular size. Supplied by attached sheets for ease

of application.

The corridor is made of plain Ceramic tiles. it is the most common and lower in cost than

other types of tiling options or floor finishing options.

External floor

The flooring is assumed to be made of slate tiles. The tiles has non skid properties or non

slip properties which is contributed by the rough texture of the tile.

As an outdoor tile its properties include:

Durability

Slip resistant

Weather resistant

aesthetics

The tiles are of approximately 300x300mm. Slate is a metamorphic rock derived from fine

grained sand free clay sediments

Slate is a type of material that can be used for flooring, roofing and cladding.

It can be sanded or polished to the desired texture.

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Advantages of Slate

Slate is water-resistant, tough,

durable

available in a range of more subtle tones

The ability to use slate in bathrooms, kitchens, living spaces and even porches

makes it versatile to apply to any room

Disadvantages of Slate

Slate is a relatively expensive material

It has a rough texture and can peel.

Glossy finishes must be polished regularly to get the required finish,

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must be sealed regularly.

Slate is a heavier option than most flooring, reinforced subfloor may be necessary.

Grout lines can discolor and can be frustrating to keep clean.

Wall

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The wall of the cafe is made of brick.

About brick wall

History of brick walls

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Brick walls have been in use for several thousands of years; India and other near eastern

countries first started building brick walls about 5000 years ago. The ideals behind the

way brick walls and bricks are made have changed little over the years. Even the size of

bricks has stayed relatively unchanged. In addition, the brick size must be standardize in

order to build stable, strong brick walls, the bricks needed to be geometric duplicates.

Standard brick size can be traced back to ancient American civilizations that standardized

their bricks to a 4:2:1 ratio. Furthermore, the Romans were the first to use mortar as part

of their standardized brick placement and later brough that knowledge to must of what is

present day Europe. Today, most brick walls are constructed with bricks that are a

standard 8 by 4 by 2.25 ratio.

Strong and Durable

An incredibly hard wearing building material, clay brick is able to take the knocks of

every-day life as well as the weather extremes sometimes experienced. They won’t fade,

twist or warp, rot or decay, erode or dent and termites can’t eat them. For hundreds of

years, no material shows so few signs of ageing. 

All Boral bricks have a strong load bearing capacity to Australian Standards.

Low Maintenance

Spend the weekend with your family and friends, not trying to fix a peeling wall! 

Brick houses have negligible routine maintenance, maybe a clean every so often, but

they do not require any finish to maintain performance like render does. In most

constructions they do not need re-sealing, re-painting or the like. 

This is an important factor to consider when looking at the “whole-of-life” cost of a

building and wall cladding. The costs incurred don’t just stop once your home is complete

so don’t forget to take a long term view when choosing materials.

Thermal Performance

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Brick buildings, particularly double brick, have excellent thermal mass. The University of

Newcastle research1 established that thermal mass, the ability of a material to retain heat

energy when subjected to a temperature differential, plays a key role in stabilising

temperature swings, keeping the internal temperature in the comfort zone longer. This

means it is cooler in summer and warmer in winter. It also showed the performance of

walls with internal thermal mass was markedly improved by the inclusion of cavity

insulation. 

In conjunction with good design principles, appropriate use of thermal mass throughout

your home can make a difference not only to comfort but to your artificial heating and

cooling usage as well. This is significant considering that more than 30 percent of the

average home’s energy use is made up of heating and cooling. 

Acoustic Performance

The density of brick makes for a quieter building compared to lighter weight materials,

reducing external sound such as aircraft and road noise. When building in cavity brick,

adding insulation helps further by absorbing resonating sound. 

Internal partition walls made of brick can reduce noise transfer further when used

between rooms of the house. When assessing acoustic performance, it’s important to

look at the properties of the finished wall, not just the raw materials, and making sure

they are sealed correctly and gaps filled in properly.

Fire Resistance

There are many components to consider when designing and constructing for bushfire

prone areas that can improve the survival chances of a home exposed to bushfire. 

The CSIRO survey of houses in the 1983 Ash Wednesday fires in Victoria1 showed that

masonry walls significantly reduce the chances of a house being destroyed by bushfire. 

Design Flexibility

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Clay brick has a classic, timeless quality, while still being contemporary, innovative and

versatile. Today’s generation of bricks mean the variety is now vast, and so are the uses. 

Their compact size, colours, textures and shapes provide infinite design options. Made

from natural clay and shale, no two clay bricks are identical, giving each building its own

distinct personality.

Be creative and experiment with brick orientations and decorative effects such as

stacking, vertical stretcher courses, banding, corbelling and racking. Such design

features are further emphasised by changes in brick colour and size.

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The finishing of wall are gypsum, ceramic tiles and paint.

Gypsum

About Gypsum

Gypsum board is the generic name for a family of panel products that consist of a

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noncombustible core, composed primarily of gypsum, and a paper surfacing on the face,

back and long edges. Gypsum board is one of several building materials covered by the

umbrella term “gypsum panel products.” All gypsum panel products contain gypsum

cores; however, they can be faced with a variety of different materials, including paper

and fiberglass mats.

Gypsum board is often called drywall, wallboard, or plasterboard. It differs from other

panel-type building products, such as plywood, hardboard, and fiberboard, because of its

noncombustible core and paper facers. When joints and fastener heads are covered with

a joint compound system, gypsum wall board creates a continuous surface suitable for

most types of interior decoration.

Advantages of Gypsum Board Construction

Gypsum board walls have a number of outstanding advantages:

Ease of installation

Fire resistance

Sound isolation

Durability

Economy

Versatility

Fire resistance

Gypsum board is an excellent fire-resistive building material. In North America, it is

the most commonly used interior finish where fire resistance classifications are

required. Its noncombustible core contains nearly 21% chemically combined water, as

described earlier, which, under high heat, is slowly released as steam. Because

steam will not exceed 212 degrees F under normal atmospheric pressure, it very

effectively retards the transfer of heat and the spread of fire. Even after complete

calcination, when all the water has been released from its core, gypsum board

continues to serve as a heat-insulating barrier. Moreover, tests conducted in

accordance with ASTM E 84 show that gypsum board has a low flame-spread index

and a low smoke-density index. When installed in combination with other materials in

laboratory-tested wall and ceiling assemblies, gypsum board serves to effectively

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protect building elements from fire for prescribed time periods.

Sound isolation

Preventing the transfer of unwanted sound to adjoining areas is a key consideration

when designing a building, specifically when taking into account the intended

activities of the occupants in the various parts of the building. For example, a building

containing office spaces adjacent to manufacturing facilities requires more noise-

reducing features than are typically necessary in a building that has only office space

in it. Gypsum board wall and ceilings systems effectively help control sound

transmission. Some construction techniques and gypsum board building systems that

are successfully used for sound isolation and control are described and illustrated

in Section VII.

Durability

Gypsum board is used to construct strong, high quality walls that offer excellent

dimensional stability and durability. Surfaces created using gypsum board are easily

decorated and refinished.

Economy

Gypsum board is readily available and easy to apply. It is an inexpensive wall

surfacing material that provides a fire resistant interior finish. Gypsum board building

systems can generally be installed at significantly lower labor costs than most

alternate systems.

Versatility

Gypsum board satisfies a wide range of architectural requirements for design. Ease

of application, performance, ease of repair, availability, and its adaptability to all forms

of decoration combine to make gypsum board unmatched by any other surfacing

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product.

APPLICATION OF GYPSUM BOARD

Gypsum board can be applied over wood or metal framing or furring. It can be applied

to masonry and concrete surfaces, either directly or to wood or metal furring strips.

When applying board directly to masonry or concrete surfaces, smooth or fill in any

irregularities to ensure proper attachment and an acceptable final finished surface.

Furring properly attached to interior sides of exterior walls provides flat surfaces for

standard fastener application as well and sufficient separation from substrates to

overcome dampness in exterior walls. Do not allow gypsum board to directly contact

surfaces, such as concrete or soil, with potentially high moisture contents. Most

common in residential construction is the gypsum wallboard system1in which the

joints between the panels and internal corners are reinforced with tape and covered

with joint compound to create a surface suitable for final decoration. External corners

are normally reinforced with either a metal or plastic corner bead which in turn is

covered with joint compound. Exposed edges are covered with metal or plastic trim.

The result is a smooth, unbroken surface ready for final decoration of paint, textures,

wallpaper tile, paneling, or other materials.

Ceramic Tiles

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The ceramic tiles is used as the wall finish of the cafe.

About Ceramic Tile

Ceramic tile is made from a mixture of clays that are pressed into shape. Tiles have

either a glazed or unglazed surface. Glazed tiles have a special ceramic coating that

is applied to the body of the tile and then fired under tremendous heat. The glazing

becomes hard and non-porous, resulting in a flooring that possesses the following

characteristics.

-Stain resistant

-Scratch resistant

-Fire resistant

-Won’t fade from sun light

-Slip resistant

-Easy to clean

If glazed, the glaze on the tile doesn’t go all the way through, so if a tile gets chipped,

the inside colour will show through. Glazed tiles may tend to get scratched on

frequently used countertops, but are ideal for walls.

Advantages of Ceramic Tile

Ceramic Water Resistance 

Glazed ceramic flooring tiles have a protective layer that rests over the material,

making them impervious to water and stain penetration. They are also naturally

resistant to the ravages of high humidity conditions. These properties makes them

ideal for use in moist environments such as in air-conditioner room.

Durable Ceramic Tile

Ceramic flooring is extremely tough and the tiles are difficult to crack. A quality

installation can last for 10 - 20 years and longer if well maintained. If a single tile does

crack due to a severe impact, the process of replacing the tile is relatively simple.

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Maintenance

Ceramic tile is fairly easy to care for. Dirt, stains, and liquids all rest on the surface,

allowing you to easily wipe or mop them away. Regular maintenance just consists of

sweeping or vacuuming with a soft brush attachment to keep the surface free of dirt

and loose debris. If set in stains do occur you can use most heavy duty cleaners

without having to worry about damaging the material.

Disadvantages of ceramic tile

Hard Flooring

Ceramic is extremely hard, which makes it easy to clean and maintain. Unfortunately

this can also make it difficult and uncomfortable to touch for a long time.

The hardness of ceramic can of course be offset by using throw rugs or area rugs in

strategic places where people tend to touch for long periods of time.

Cold Ceramic Tile  

This material does not hold on to heat very well. That means that it can get very cold

in the winter, which can be a shock to your hand first thing in the morning. The flip

side to this is that ceramic can be quite comfortable when touching on a hot summer

day.

Installing Ceramics

Ceramic tiles are hard and heavy and they need to be installed using a variety of

mortars, grouts, and tools. While this is something that can theoretically be done by

an amateur. However, it is a difficult, time consuming process. In addition, making a

mistake can compromise the wall causing problems down the line.

Other Informations

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Ceramic Tile Design Options

Modern manufacturing techniques allow ceramic producers to make materials which

can be printed in numerous ways. Solid tiles can be mixed and matched in patterns or

accented with designs or motifs. They can also be printed to credibly reproduce the

look of a number of hardwoods and natural stones. Finally, the tiles themselves can

be cut and shaped into triangles, rectangles, and planks.

Ceramic Pricing

Most tiles will cost $5 - $10 per square foot, with bargain basement and premium

materials edging those numbers to greater extremes. This makes it a moderately

expensive material priced higher than carpet and lower than hardwood. Depending

on where it is installed and how it looks a ceramic floor can also add long term value

to a property.

Allergen Concerns

Ceramic tiles have a hard, solid surface that does not tend to attract dirt, dust, pollen,

or other allergens. When these small debris particles do land on a ceramic floor, they

stand out against the surface, making it easy to wipe them away with a mop or

sponge. This helps to keep the air free of irritating materials that can be harmful to

asthma sufferers.

Chemical Characteristics

Resistance to the corrosive or staining action of substances that may come into

contact with the tile surface. These chemical characteristics are tested: resistance to

staining, resistance to household chemicals and resistance to acids and alkaline.

Paint

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The paint is covering the interior and exterior walls of the cafe.

About Paint

Paint is any liquid, liquefiable, or mastic composition that, after application to

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a substrate in a thin layer, converts to a solid film. It is most commonly used to

protect, color, or provide texture to objects. Paint can be made or purchased in many

colors—and in many different types, such as watercolor, artificial, etc. Paint is

typically stored, sold, and applied as a liquid, but dries into a solid. Pigments are

granular solids incorporated in the paint to contribute color. Fillers are granular solids

incorporate to impart toughness, texture, give the paint special properties, or to

reduce the cost of the paint. Alternatively, some paints contain dyes instead of or in

combination with pigments. (Superpages.com, 2014)

Pigments

Pigments can be classified as either natural or synthetic. Natural pigments include

various clays, calcium carbonate, mica, silica, and talc. Synthetics would include

engineered molecules, calcined clays, blanc fixe, precipitated calcium carbonate, and

synthetic pyrogenic silica.

Hiding pigments, in making paint opaque, also protect the substrate from the harmful

effects of ultraviolet light. Hiding pigments include titanium dioxide, phthalate

blue, red iron oxide, and many others.

Fillers are a special type of pigment that serve to thicken the film, support its structure

and increase the volume of the paint. Fillers are usually cheap and inert materials,

such as diatomaceous, talc, lime, barites, clay, etc. Floor paints that must resist

abrasion may contain fine quartz sand as a filler. Not all paints include fillers. On the

other hand, some paints contain large proportions of pigment/filler and binder.

Some pigments are toxic, such as the lead pigments that are used in lead paint. Paint

manufacturers began replacing white lead pigments with titanium white (titanium

dioxide), before lead was banned in paint for residential use in 1978 by the US

Consumer Product Safety Commission. The titanium dioxide used in most paints

today is often coated with silica/alumina/zirconium for various reasons, such as better

exterior durability, or better hiding performance (opacity) promoted by more optimal

spacing within the paint film.

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Advantages of paint

"Paint is the most popular and practical wall treatment. Why? Because it is quick,

easy, and generally the least expensive way to give a room an instant "makeover".

Like cosmetics, paint can call attention to fine details or mask less than perfect ones.

There are two basic kinds of paints, and their different composition affects their color

and use.

1. Latex paint is water based, washable, and quick to dry.

2. Oil based paints take longer to dry and need solvents for cleanup, but have rich

colors and are durable.

Both are available in finishes that range from high gloss to flat. Gloss paints intensify

their colors and cover more area per gallon of paint (approximately 600 feet). Flat

covers are more subdued and cover approximately 400 square feet per gallon. Both

types are washable. Check with your local paint dealer for advice on which type of

paint is best for your project." (Answerbag, 2014)

Disadvantages of paint

* The disadvantages of using oil based paint or varnish. 

* It has a slow drying time. This depends on the oil content, the less oil the faster the

drying time.

* There is a long drying time between coats; this can cause an inconvenience, as the

job takes longer.

* A skilled applicator is required to apply it as it can be difficult to brush, it runs,

curtains, laps etc.

* It doesn't have good sealing properties on "bleeding " surfaces. Bleeding materials

are mostly tar based and are easily soluble in oil. It is good however at covering water

stains.

* The heat resistant properties lower with increased oil content.

* It is not alkali resistant through saponification (to convert oil into soap by

decomposition with an alkali) of most drying oils but the resistance does increase by

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decreasing the oil content. Tung oil is very stable.

Window

Glass can be found in the interior and exterior of the restaurant. Glass window and

panels can be seen around the exterior of the restaurant.

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As picture shown, the windows are made with glass. However, the function of window

for the restaurant is to admit light and air into a room. As you can see from the photo,

the method of how the window opening is classify to horizontal pivot hung and the

material that covers the window is timber and its size is rectangle.

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Picture above has shown, glass window for toilet. The method of opening of this

window is Louvre which is support by material of steel. There were obviously show

the window as size of square.

I ssues in glass usage

A challenge with glass is only due to ignorance of the product and not because of the

product. Glass can be as safe and efficient, if not more, as any other conventional

building material.

Type of Glass

Tempered glass Plate glass Laminated glass

High is strength Better optical quality Good at reducing the light

and heat

Not able to reduce the

heat and light from outside

Clearer, undistorted vision

and reflection

Good in reducing the noisy

Advantages and disadvantages

Glass is treated as a frangible material

Can be incurable, if not used properly

Glass can be a good alternative for concrete wall

Entry of sunlight provides warmth

Provides ‘views’ of exterior environment

Can be more energy consuming, if not used intelligently

Limit occupant’s privacy

Higher initial and operating costs

Properties of glass

Properties of glass as mixture of sand, soda ash or sodium, lime and small amount of

alumina, potassium oxide, and different elements to control colour-heated to form

glass.

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As following, soda acts as fluxes that permit silica to melt at lower temperature. Then,

limestone is used to improve weathering properties and the rest elements may be

added to give the glass special properties or colour.

S ustainability

Glass is a sustainable, fully recyclable material which provides great environmental

benefits such as contributing to moderating climate change and saving precious

natural resources. It is also highly treasured in many applications for its inert nature

and its contributions to safeguarding people’s health and well-being.

Maintenance

Glass is among the solidest of common construction materials currently being used.

The common maintenance for glass is use detergents and cleaning solutions that

specifically state they are safe for glass cleaning. Then, cleaning should start by

thoroughly soaking the glass with clean water and soap solution to release dirt or

fragments.

Using a circular motion and light to medium pressure, wipe the cleaning solution on

the glass. Rinse the glass immediately with generous amounts of clean water making

sure to remove all the cleaning solution.

Door

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As photo shown, the door is used to access to the staircase of the building. However,

the customer is not allow to use it. It is made with timber. A type of timber and finish

for the door showing is softwood.

Timber

Timber is a natural material and renewable resource. It’s carried the aesthetically

beautiful which delight your eye with various colour and tones, grains-create warm

feeling. In addition, timber also clean to grow, fell and process.

Timber can also contribute significantly with the carbon sink effect of the forests,

carbon storage of the timber.

Advantages and disadvantages

Timber will burn, at the same time as some of other materials such as masonry

and steel do not.

Timber is a poor conducted of heat. The thicker timbers are better conductors

than the lighter timber.

Timber has proven to be strong enough and durable material and the building

constructed with timber can last longer for hundred years.

Sustainability

Timber is sustainability. Timber has minimized the harm that brings to the eco-

systems and the forest eco-system health and vitality is maintained. Since the output

of the forest is preserved. Moreover, people necessity to use the moralities related to

the forest are recognized, documented are esteemed, mechanisms for resolving

complaint.

Maintenance

The key to the durability of timber has already been identified as "keeping it dry". So,

keep wringing out as much moisture as you can until you feel confident the mop is

only very slightly damp. Using a mop and bucket combination that has been designed

for easy wringing will go a long way to making this easier for you.

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Secondly, using steaming hot water on hardwood floors can dull the finish, especially

on waxed floors, and seep deep into the timber and cause long-lasting damage. To

avoid this, use only half-hearted to cool water on your hardwood floors.

Metal

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The restaurant uses the metal side gate as their protection while close their shop.

The type of metal used for the gate is stainless steel.

Metal is commonly used in building. It is a combination of steel, layers of iron ore,

coke and limestone. There are 2 main types of metal which are ferrous, non ferrous

and alloy.

Ferrous Non Ferrous

Contain large percentage of iron Contain little or no iron

Wrought iron, cast iron, steel Aluminum, copper, zinc and lead

The type of metal used for the metal slide gate is stainless steel. Stainless steel is a

type of alloy. An alloy is a combination of two or more type of metal in molten form.

Advantage and disadvantage of stainless steel

Resistance to corrosion

Resistance to water

Strong and durable

Do not tarnish or scratch easily

Poor electricity conductor

Sustainability of metal

Metal is sustainable. It can be recycled to help to save energy and raw materials.

Maintenance of stainless steel

It can be clean by using water and cloth, but it need to dry with dry towel or cloth to

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avoid water spot. The scratch on the stainless steel can be minimized by using

stainless steel cleaner to polish it.

Part 3 : Compare and Contrast

Ceramic Tile Plywood Flakes

Mixture of clay A type of timber.

It made from severals

layers of veneer

Textured surface

coating materials

Appropriate Usage/Application

Floor Internal Wall

Concrete panel

Base of floors

Walls

Structural usage

Flooring within

containers

Wall, both interior

and exterior

Physical and Chemical Properties

Durable

Smooth

Stain resistant

Scratch resistant

Fire resistant

Would not fade from

sun light and electrical

light

Slip resistant

Easy to clean

Chemical resistance

Does not hold on

heat

Size : sold in 2440 x

1220mm and 1525 x

1525mm sheets.

The most common

thicknesses : 4, 6, 9 and

12 mm.

Natural Thermal

Insulation

Durable

Smooth

Chemical resistance

Fire resistance if it

combine with non-

Come in three pack

which are dry fine flakes,

bonding agent and top

coat

Dry Fine Flakes

are made from China

Clay, Pigments, homo-

polymer emulsion,

mica,etc.

Boding Agents is

made from pure acrylic

emulsion, broad-

spectrum fungicide etc

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Hygienic - do not

absorb water, smoke,

odours or germs

Frost resistance

Do not conduct

electricity

Environmental

Friendly

combustion materials

Flexibility

Impact resistance

Recyclable

Top coat is based

on pure Acrylic polymer

It is smooth

Thickness : in the range of 4-5 mils Durable

Alkali Resistance

Acid Resistance

Water Resistance

Resistance to surface

spread flame

Resistance to dump

High adhesion

strength

Abrasion Resistance

Impact Resistance

Repeated Cooling

and warming resistance

Environmentally

Friendly

Disadvantage

Will crack due to

several impact

The grout lines

between the tiles are

susceptible to stains,

mold and mildew

Delaminated when

absorbed water vapour.

Weak spots or gaps

can occur in the sheets of

veneer, leading to void or

hollows insides of the

plywood.

Will become

puckering when exposed

to extreme heat or

moisture.

Chipping off of flakes

Artificial to

Weathering

Accelerated

Weathering

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Aesthetical Value

There are many

designs and shapes.

Its appearance

depend on the grain of

the wood

There is mono or

multi color shades in a

single coat.

Maintenance

The dust on the tiles

can be clean by

sweeping or mopping

The grout line need

to be sealed

If crack can be

maintain by using plaster

Paint or vanish it

The stains on it can

be cleaned by using mild

household cleaner or

detergent

Can be clean by

using soap and water

Method Of Application

Installed using a

variety of mortars, grouts,

and tools

Making a mistake

can compromise the wall

causing problems down

the line.

Installation with nails

Installation with

adhesive

Three Coat systems :

First Coat : Base

Coat (Primer) by brush

Second Coat:

Material application by

trowel.

Third Coat: Glossy /

matt top coat by trowel.

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Part 3 : Suggestion

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As the pictures shown, the ceramic tiles in the restaurant started to crack and is

maintained by placing plaster on it. In addition, the grout line between the tiles is

having stain on it. These make the ceramic tile look ugly and dirty and it might

influence the image of the restaurant. Therefore, ceramic tiles can be replaced by

flakes as the finishing of the wall. Flakes is a type of materials which is like a paint.

Flakes will not face the same problem as the ceramic tile but it is having some same

advantages with ceramic tiles. For example, it is water resistance, chemical

resistance, abrasion resistance and environment friendly. The way to clean the dust

stain on flakes is also very easy, it just need to mop by a wet cloth and soap. Besides,

the flakes is more suitable than ceramic tile because it contain fine granite. It will

provide the wall a more naturally look which is more matching the theme " garden" of

the cafe. Moreover, it's installation is much easier and cheaper than ceramic tile

because the installation of ceramic tile is complicated, hard and require a profession

to do but the installation of flakes is easy enough to be done by a skilless worker or

even the owner himself. In conclusion, the ceramic tiles can be replaced by flakes.

Reference:

Uofcts.org,. (2014). Blog | University of Ceramic Tile and Stone. Retrieved 10 July

2014, from http://www.uofcts.org

Sparks, D. (2014). Advantages & Disadvantages of Slate, Ceramic & Porcelain

Tile | eHow. eHow. Retrieved 10 July 2014, from

http://www.ehow.com/info_8267619_advantages-slate-ceramic-porcelain-tile.html

Lyons, A. (2007). Materials for architects and builders (1st ed.). Boston: Elsevier.

Emmitt, S., Gorse, C., & Barry, R. (2005). Barry's introduction to construction of

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