Biotecth

wOHhk fmd iy;sl m;% ^Wiia fm

ffcj moaO;s ;dlaIKfoh

12 fY%aKsh

.=re w;afmd;

m%:u uqKh - 2014

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

ISBN :

;dlaIKsl wOHdmk fomd;fka;=joHd yd ;dlaIK mSGhcd;sl wOHdmk wdh;khY%S ,xldj

fj wvh( www.nie.lkB-f,a( i n f o @ n i e . l k

uqKh( uqKd,h

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

ii

iii

wOHlaI ckrd,a;=udf.a mKsvh

Y%S ,xldf wkd.; ixjOk ie,iq l%shd;aul lsf ;dlaIKsl Ys,amSkaf.a

wjYH;dj bgq lsrSu wruqKq fldgf.k ;dlaIKfoh Ih Odrdj 2013 cQ,s udifha isg

mdi,a moaO;shg ykajd fok ,'

;dlaIKfoh Ih Odrdf ffcj moaO;s ;dlaIKfoh yodrk isiq ore oehka

yg lDIs dj" mirh yd iajNdl im;a" wdydr dj iy i;a;aj md,kh hk

lafIa;%j,g wod< uQ,sl ixl,am kHdhd;aul j iy m%dfhda.sl j wOHhkh lsug wjia:d

ie,fia' fuu.ska jev f,dalhg wjYH ;dlaIKsl oekqu m%dfhda.slj bf.k .ekSug

wjia:dj ,nd u wruqK f'

fuu ldhh mdi, ;=< id:l j bgq lsu i|yd .=rejrhdg u`. fmkaula

jYfhka ilid we;s fuu .=re w;afmd;" udf.dmfoaYhla f,i i,lka isiq ore oehkaf.a

NjH;dj;a" m%foaYfha wjYH;d;a ie,ls,a,g .kska kjH;djhlska iy O;ajhlska

hq;= j mdv ie,iq lr .ekSug;a mka;s ldurh ;=< tajd id:l j bm;a lsug;a

uy`.= w;aje,la jkq fkdwkqudk h'

oekg isxy, NdIdfjka fuu Ih i|yd rpkd we;s .%ka: iSudiys; jk ksid

b.ekau i|yd fuu .=re w;afmd;a Yd, msgqjy,la jkq we;'

fuu .=re w;afmd; imdokfha iyh jQ ish fokdgu ia;+;sh m, lsug o fuh

wjia:djla lr.kq leue;af;'

uydpdh v,s't' wfr;ak nKavdrwOHlaI ckrd,acd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

iv

ksfhdacH wOHlaI ckrd,a;=udf.a mKsvh

2013 cQ,s udifha isg mdi,a 250 l l%shd;aul jk ;dlaIKfoh Ih

Odrdf Ihhla jQ ffcj moaO;s ;dlaIKfoh Ih" isiq ore oehka ;= ld,hla ;=< h m%foaYhl by; ld,.=Ksl o;a; wOHhkh lr olajk idudkH

mir ;;ajh foaY.=Kh f,i ykajhs'

ld,.=Ksl idOl ms

11

u;aiH wNsckk rgd fjkia fuka wNsckk f.h wvq u

,jK idkaKh wvq u ksid lsjq,a h u;aiH ludka;hg ndOd we;s u

jIdm;kh wvq fuka we;s jk n,mE ms

12

iq

13

ksmqK;d ugu 2'3 ( ld,.=Ksl o;a; jd;d lrhs'

ld,fo ixLHdj # 10 hs'

bf.kq M, ( ld,.=Ksl uOHia:dkhla ia:dmkh lsf i,ld ne,sh

hq;= lreKq ia;r lrhs'

ld,.=Ksl o;a; ,nd .ekSu i|yd Nd; lrk WmlrK k

lrhs'

ld,.=Ksl WmlrK Nd; lr wod< o;a; ,nd .kshs'

,nd .;a ld,.=Ksl o;a; ksjer j igyka lrhs'

ld,.=Ksl o;a;j,g wod< .Kkh ls is lrhs'

mdv ie,iqu i|yd Wmfoia (

myiqfjka imhd .; yels" ld,.=Ksl o;a; uekSug Nd; lrk WmlrKhla mka;shg

m%oYkh lr" ta weiqfrka idlPdjla fufyhjka mdvug msfikak'

"ld,.=Ksl uOHia:dkh" ykajkak'

ld,.=K uOHia:dkhla msysgqug iqiq ia:dkhla f;af i,ld ne,sh hq;= lreKq

ms

14

jdIamSlrKh - jdIamSlrK ;eh - ,sg ^mm&

mdxY= WIaK;ajh - mdxY= WIaK;ajudkh ^fi,aishia wxYl&

by; WmlrK uHia:dkh ;=< ia:dmkh lrk whqre rEm igyka wdOdrfhka fya;= iys; j

idlcd lrkak' tys my; lreKq ms

15

,nd .;a mdGdxl weiqka jIdm;kh Wila f,i oelau

,nd.;a o;a; Wmfhda.S lr f.k udisl yd jdIsl jIdm;kh m%ia;dr.; lsu

WIaK;ajh uekSu

idudkH WIAK;ajudkh Nd;fhka jdhq f.da,Sh WIaK;ajh uekSu i|yd isiqka

fhduq lrjkak'

fuu l%shdldrlu wjidkfha iEu isiqfjl= u w;a lr .; hq;= my; i|yka l=i,;d flfrys

ie,ls,su;a jkak'

WIaK;ajudkfha fldgia ykdf.k k lsu'

WoEik 7'30 g yd iji 1'30 g mdGdxl ,ndf.k idudkH WIaK;ajh .Kkh lsu

udisl WIaK;aj w.hhka m%ia;dr.; lsu

idfmalaI wd;dj uekSu

f;;a yd h

16

Wmu WIaK;ajudkh

wju WIaK;ajudkh

wks,udkh

iq

17

ksmqK;dj 3 # fnda. ksIAmdokfha oS mfia yd mdxY= c,fha jeo.;alu uid n,hs'

ksmqK;d ugu 3'1 # mfiys uQ,sl ix>gl ykd .kshs'


bf.kq M, # mi ykajd mfiys uQ,sl ix>gl k lrhs'

mdxY= Lksc yd ldnksl jHj, jeo.;alu ia;r lrhs'

mdxY= c, wdldr ia;r lr mdxY= f;;uk m%udK ksKh lrhs'

mdxY= jd;fha jeo.;alu ia;r lrhs'

mdxY= ka j.SlrKh lrhs'

mdv ie,iqu i|yd Wmfoia(

mia ksheoshla mka;shg bosm;a lr th kslaIKh lsug wjia:dj ,nd oS tys

wvx.= jH ykd .kska mdvug msfikak'

mi i|yd ksjpkhla f.dv ke.Sug isiqkag wjia:dj ,nd fokak'

mi hkq Lksc" ldnksl jH" O wdldr" jd;h iy c,fhka iuka;"

mDh u;=msg msysgd we;s" f.dv u Ydl jOkhg wjYH udOHhla imhk .;sl

jQ foayhls'

mfiys wvx.= jk uQ,sl ix>gl yd tajdfha jeo.;alu idlPd lrkak'

>k jH - mdxY+ Lksc yd ldnksl jH'

mdxY= Lksc - je,s" frdkauv yd ue wxY= f'

mdxY= Lkscj, jeo.;a lu

je,s" frdkauv yd ue

mfia fN!;sl .=Kdx. flfrys n,mdhs'

ue

ridhksl ,laIK flfrys m%Odk jYfhka n,mdhs'

c, wjfYdaIK yelshdj yd r|d .ekSf Od;dj je h'

mig tl;= jk O I iys; whk wjfYdaIKh lr tajdhska

is jk wys;lr n,mE wju lsu

legdhk yqjudre Od;dj by< u

mdxY= ldnksl jH

Ydl yd i;a;aj fldgia Kh fuka mig tl;= jk jH f'

mdxY= ldnksl jHj, jeo.;alu

Ydl fmdaIl iemhSu

ridhksl ,laIK oshqKq u

legdhk yqjudre Od;dj by< u

fN!;sl ,laIK oshqKq u

mdxY= jHQyh oshqKq u

ffch ,laIK oshqKq u

laIq l%shdld;ajh je u

mdxY= c,h - mdxY= wxY= w;r we;s wjldYj, yd mia wxY= jgd ;oska ne|S

mj;sk c,h f'

18

mdxY= c,h my; whqre j.SlrKh l< yels nj mjid tu wdldr idlPd

lrkak'

fN!;sl j.SlrKh

.=re;ajdlIK c,h

flaYdlIK c,h

c,dlIK c,h

ffcj oHd;aul j.SlrKh

Ydlhg ,nd .; yels c,h

Ydlhg ,nd .; fkdyels c,h

mdxY= c,fha jeo.;alu idlPd lrkak'

mdxY= jd;h - mdxY= wxY= w;r we;s wjldYj, /|S mj;sk jd;h hs'

mdxY= jd;fha jeo.;alu idlPd lrkak'

mdxY= ka - mi ;=< fjfik O m%udKfha ka f'

uyd ka - Yr mgl k lr ia;r lsu

ta ta ix>glj, jeo.;alu ,shd oelau

19

ksmqK;d ugu 3'2 # mfiys fN!;sl .=Kdx. ia;r lrhs'

ld,h # ld,fo 10hs'

bf.kq M, # mfiys fN!;sl .=Kdx. k lr tla tla ,laIKh w: olajhs'

tla tla fN!;sl .=Kdx.fha jeo.;alu olajhs'

mia ksheosj, jHqyh yd jhkh ksKh lrhs'

mia ksheosj, i;H yd oDYH >k;aj ksKh lrhs'

mia ksheosj, mdxY= ijr;dj .Kkh lrhs'


O ia;rj,ska yd ia:dkj,ska ,nd .;a mia ksheos lsysmhla isiqkag ,nd oS tajd

kslaIKh lsug Tjqkag wjia:dj ,nd fokak' w;g oefkk yd weig fmfkk

iajNdjh wkqj tajdfha ,laIK isiqkaf.ka uika mdvug msfikak'

mfiys fN!;sl ,laIK w: l:khla oelaug isiqkag wjia:dj fokak'

mil ndysr j kslaIKh l< yels ,laIK fN!;sl ,laIK f,i ykajhs'

m%Odk fN!;sl ,laIK my; wdldr nj fmkajd fokak'

mdxY= jhkh

mdxY= jHQyh

mdxY= >k;ajh

mfiys ijr;dj

mdxY= jhkh i|yd ksjpkhla f.dv ke.Sug isiqkag wjia:dj ,nd fokak'

mil wvx.= je,s" frdkauv" ue wxY=j, idfmalaI wkqmd;h mdxY= jhkh f,i

ykajhs'

mdxY= jhkh fnda. j.df oS jeo.;a jk wdldrh isiqka iu. idlPd lrkak'

mfia c,h r|d mej;Su yd bj;a u ms

20

bkamiq 5] le,a.ka djKh ^fidah fylaifugd fmdiafma& 50ml

tl;= lr meh 12 la muK fm`.u' ^fmr kfha ilia lr ;eh yel'&

by; ksheosh f,day nklg oud hdka;%sl l,;khla u.ska kdhlg jg

16"000 l YS>%;dfjka kd 2la le,;Su

^mka;s ldur mlaIKj, oS re l+rlska kd 10la le,;Su m%udKj;a f'&

djKh 1l Wia kq irdjlg oud 1 l la olajd wdi%e; c,h fhdokak'

irdf lg jid lSm jrla Wvq hl=re lr fi,u

fmK oS hdu i|yd tauhs,a uoHidr x 3la djKh u;= msgg tl;= lr

judkh ^152 H& th ;

21

ue m%;sY;h }

frdkauv m%;sY;h } ^ue+frdkauv m%;sY;h&- ue m%;sY;h

fuys oS ,efnk je,s" ue yd frdkauv m%;sY; w.hka jhk ;%sfldaKhg

fhdod mfia jhk ldKavh ksKhg isiqka fhduq lrkak'

jhk ;%sfldaKh wdOdrfhka jhk mka;sh fiug my; mshjr wkq.ukh lrk

f,i isiqka j oekqj;a lrkak'

,nd .;a je,s m%;sY; w.h je,s mdofhys i,l=Kq lsu

tu mdofha isg frdkauv mdohg iudka;r fLdjla we|Su

,nd .;a frdkauv m%;sY; w.h frdkauv mdofhys ,l=Kq lsu

tu ia:dkfha isg ue mdohg iudka;r fLdjla we|Su

,nd .;a ue m%;sY; w.h ue mdofhys ,l=Kq lsu

tu ia:dkfha isg je,s mdohg iudka;r fLdjla we|Su

;%sfldaKfha fLd ;=k yuq jk ia:dkfha we;s mka;sh tu mig wh;a jhk

mka;sh nj isiqka oekqj;a lrkak'

fuu l%shdldrlu wjidkfha oS iEu isiqfjl=g u my; i|yka l=i,;d w;a lr

.; hq;= nj i,lkak'

mia ksheos ksjeros j lsrd .ekSu

judkh Nd;fhka mdGdxl ,nd .ekSu

,nd .;a mdGdxl weiqfrka je,s" frdkauv" ue m%;sY;h .Kkh lsu

jhk ;%sfldaKh Nd;fhka jhk mka;sh fiu

mdxY= jHqyh i|yd w: oelaula f.dv ke.Sug isiqkag wjia:dj ,nd fokak'

mfia mj;sk je,s" frdkauv" ue wxY= O nkaOk ldrl u.ska tlsfkl ne|S

iEoS we;s mdxY= iuQykj, yevh mdxY= jHqyh f,i ykajhs'

mdxY= jHqyh fnda. j.djg jeo.;a jk wdldrh my; lreKq biau;= jk fia

idlPd lrkak'

mdxY= f;;ukh yd mdxY= jd;kh ms

22

isr hk mia len,sj,g yevh wkqj mdxY= jHqyh ;SrKh lsu

mdxY= >k;ajh" oDYH >k;ajh yd i;H >k;ajh f,i wdldr follg mj;sk nj

isiqka iu. idlPd lrkak'

oDYH >k;ajh w: olajkak'

mfiys iajdNdl jHqyh tf,iska u mj;sk wjia:df oS mfia talSh mudjl

mj;sk >k jHj, ialkaOh oDYH >k;ajh f,i ykajhs'

mfia oDYH >k;ajh =

oDYH >k;ajfha jeo.;alu idlPd lrkak'

mi ;o we;s m%udKh msk;ajh je k mfia ;o nj jehs'

^ oDYH >k;ajh ue mil 1'4 g o je,s mil 1'6 go jvd

wvq h hq;= hs'&

mfiys ord ish yels c, m%udKh ms

23

.e,ajkhsia ng lene,af,a ialkaOh

.e,ajkhsia ng lene,a, + mia kshefha ialkaOh

.e,ajkhsia ng lene,a, ;=< we;s f;;a mfiys uq ialkaOh

.e,ajkhsia ngh ;=< we;s mfiys hk;ajh

mfia i;H >k;ajh w: olajkak'

mfia >k jHhkaf.a ialkaOh" >k jHj, mudjg olajk wkqmd;h i;H

>k;ajh f,i ykajhs'

>k jHhkaf.a ialkaOh ^Ms&

i;H >k;ajh ( ) } >k jHhkaf.a mudj ^V

s&

i;H >k;ajfha jeo.;alu isiqka iu. idlPd lrkak'

bosls lghq;=j, oS mfiys iajNdjh msk;ajh fiug my; l%shdldrlu i|yd isiqka fhduq lrkak'

wjYH ia:dkfhka mia ksheoshla ,nd .ekSu

mia idm,h jd;fha h

24

YsIag .=re;aj l=mamsh imQK c,fhka

ms we;s g tys we;s c,fha ialkaOh

YsIag .=re;aj l=mamsfha we;s c, mudj

c,fha >k;ajh ^ f,ig ie,lsh yels h'&

c,fha >k;ajh c,fha WIaK;ajh wkqj fjkia f' ksjer .Kkhla i|yd

c,fha WIaK;ajh uek thg wod< >k;ajh fhdod .; hq;= h'

YsIaG .=re;aj l=mamsfhys mia we;s g tys c,fha ialkaOh

YsIaG .=re;aj l=mamsfhys mia we;s g tys c,fha mudj

YsIaG .=re;aj l=mamsfhys miaj, we;s mudj

i;H >k;ajh mfia hk jHj, mudjg

mfia i;H >k;ajhYaIaG .=re;ajh

c,fha >k;ajh

fuu l%shdldrlf oS my; lreKq i|yd wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'

ksjeros j mdGdxl ,nd .ekSu

YsIag .=re;aj l=mamsh ksjeros j myrKh

ksjeros j .Kkh lsu

mdxY= ijr;dj w: olajkak'

mil uq mudjg wjldY mudj ork wkqmd;fha m%;sY;h mdxY= ijr;dj

f,i ykajhs'

wjldY l,dmfha mudj 100

mfia uq mudj

mil ijr;dj oDYH >k;ajh u; fjkia jk nj isiqkag wjOdrKh lrkak'

oDYH >k;ajh yd i;H >k;ajh w;r inkaO;dj my; wdldrhg fiug

isiqka fhduq lrkak'

ijr;dj PE 1 - 100 ( oDYH >k;ajh

i;H >k;ajh

ijr;dj PE

)

25

ijr;df jeo.;alu isiqka iu. idlPd lrkak'

mfia jd;kh ms

26

ksmqK;d ugu 3'3 ( mfiys c,h r|jd .ekSf Od;dj ms

27

uQ,sl joka (Key Words)(

mdxY= c, Od;dj - Soil Water Capacity

lafIa;% Od;dj - Field Capacity

ixila; wdila; n, - Adhesion and cohesion forces

mDIal wd;;sh - Surface Tension

c,fha O%eh;dj - Polarity of water

.=Kd;aul fhojq(

mia iys; nka

c, nka

fmd,s;Ska lene,a,la

rn mhla

nr lsrk ;rdh

Wk

fm% ish

.e,ajkhsia ngh fyda m;=, bj;a l< ka tlla

fmryka lvodishla

l=vd ,S lene,a,la

we.hSu yd ;lafiarelrKh i|yd Wmfoia(

fuys oS my; i|yka lafIa;% flfrys ie,ls,su;a jkak'

mdxY= c, Od;dj ye|skau

mdxY= c, Od;df jeo.;alu ia;r lsu

mdxY= c, Od;djg n,mdk idOl k lsu

mdxY= c, Od;dj flfrys n,mdk ixisoa ia;r lsu

28

ksmqK;d ugu 3'4 ( N+ c,fha jeo.;alu uYkh lrhs'


bf.kq M, ( N+.; c,h ykajd jeo.;alu ia;r lrhs'

N+.; c,h j.SlrKh lr fmkajhs'

c, ixpdhl ykajd tajd j.SlrKh lrhs'

N+.; c,h mqkrdfrdamKh ykajd tys jeo.;alu

ia;r lrhs'

mqkrdfrdamK l%u ia;r lrhs'

mqkrdfrdamKh je oshqKq lsf l%u ia;r lrhs'


c, pl%fha yd tys ixrpl isiqkag wdjckh lrka jId c,h fmdfk jH 10"000 mg/l g je h'

c, ixpdhl ^c, Or& hkak ykajd fokak'

c,h tla /ia jk" fmdf

29

IV. W,e`.s - iqfYaIS wkjysr c,Orhls'

(Perched aquifer) - c,h iS; m%foaYhl muKla ys mj;S'

- fuys we;s c,h N+ c, ugug by

30

ksmqK;d ugu 3'5 ( mdxY= ixrlaIK l%u w;ayod n,hs'


bf.kq M, ( mdxY= ydhkh hkak ksjpkh lr thg n,mdk idOl

ia;r lrhs'

mdxY= m%;sl%shdj mlaIKd;aul j ks.ukh lrhs'

mdxY= mqkre;a:dmkh ksjpkh lrhs'

mdxY= mqkre;a:dmk l%u wkq.ukh lrhs'

ld,h ( ld,fo 6 hs'

bf.kq b.eka l%shdj,sh (

mdxY= ydhkh ykajd f,dalfha mdxY= ydhkhg ,la jQ m%foaY oelafjk is;shula

mka;shg bosm;a lr tys wys;lr m%;sM, idlPd lrkak'

mdxY= ydhkhg n,mdk idOl ms

31

YIH oHd;aul l%u rEmigyka weiqfrka ykajd " tu l%u wkq.ukh lsug isiqka

j fhduq lrkak'

my; l%shdldrl wjOdrKh jk m mdi,a j;af;a fyda fjk;a nEjq iys; ia:dkhl

SALT l%uh w;ayod ne,Sug isiqkag u. fmkajkak'

ifudap fLd ,l=Kq lsu

ta i|yd wjYH jk A rduqj ieliSug isiqkag u. fmkajkak'

nyq jdIsl rks, Ydl oa;aj je isgqu

rks, Ydl grhla muK jevqKq miq lmamd lr je w;r jiqkl f,i lmamd

fldgia fhoSu

rks, Ydl fma

32

.=Kd;aul fhojq (

mdxY= ixrlaIK l%uj, ksrEmKh flfrk rEmigyka$ixhqla; ;e

A rduqj

yqKquh jH

mai

pH grh

oHq;a ikakdhl;d grh

ldnksl jH


fuys oS my; i|yka lreKq ms

33

ksmqK;d ugu 3'6 ( mdxY= c, ixrlaIK l%u w;ayod n,hs'


bf.kq M, ( mfika c,h ydks jk l%u ia;r lrhs'

mdxY= c,h ixrlaIKfha jeo.;alu meyeos,s lrhs'

mdxY= c,h ixrlaIKh lsug l%shdud. wkq.ukh

lrhs'

bf.kq b.eka l%shdj,sh (

fnda.j,g imdokh lrk c,hg is jk brKu isiqkaf.ka uid ta

wdY%fhka mdvug msfikak'

mfika c,h bj;a jk l%u ms

34

Y+kH ieliSu - wka; fma

35

ksmqK;dj 4 # uekSu yd ug .ekSu m%dfhda.sl j Nd; lrhs'

ksmqK;d ugu 4'1 # uekSu yd ug .ekSu ykd .kshs'


bf.kq M, # uekSu yd ug .ekSu ksjpkh lr tajdfha jeo.;aluia;r lrhs'

uekSf yd ug .ekSf oS uQ,sl kq ,nd .ekSu i|ydNd; jk fuj, yd l%fudamdhhka ykd .kshs'

mdv ie,iqu i|yd Wmfoia( lafIa;%M,h okakd mdi,a f.dfmd

36

1' mshjr uekSu ^ ^ ^ ^ ^Pacing&&&&&WmlrK Nd;hla is fkdjk l%uhls' laIKsl j is l< yels uq;a ,efnkafkao< w.hka h' ,laIH folla w;r we;s mshjr .Kk tl mshjrl r u.ska.=Kkh lr ;sria r ,nd .; yels h'mshjr wxl fYdaOkfha oS ^Calibrate&

- mshjrl osf.ys idudkHh .ekSu fyda"- mshjrl okakd os.la ie,lSu l< yels h'

fuu l%ufha oS ksrjoH;dj 1$50 ^50m g 1m fjkila oelsh yels h&

2' iafhd l%uh ^ ^ ^ ^ ^Stadia Method&&&&&Stadia WmlrKh yd wod< j.= yd ilrK Nd;fhka ;sria r uekSuis lrhs' ksrjoH;dj m%udKj;a fkdf'

3' kq m Nd;h ^ ^ ^ ^ ^Taping&&&&&nyq, j Nd; jk l%uhls' kq mj,g wu;r j Forked Plumb bob "fmgl m%udKhka Nd; l< yels h'

;s`.= ms 100] wvx.= >k fuda,S iaflda;= i|yd

;s`.= ms - lsf,da .%E 1

iSks - .%E 200

udcka - .%E 180

.afldaia isrma - .%E 50

foh rys; lsms - .%E 25

flska mjqv - .%E 25

jeks,d - .%E 25

c,h - ,s ,Sg 250 ^ fuu m%udKh msj, iajNdjh

wkqj fjkia h yels h'

;s`.= ms 75] iy iy,a $ fjk;a ms 25] Y%Khla fh >kfuda,S iaflda;=

i|yd wjYH ix>gl m%udKhka jkqfha

;s`.= ms - .%E 750 fjk;a ms - .%E 250

wksl=;a wuq jH ix>gl by; i|yka m%udKj,skau Nd; lrkak'

>k fuda,sh iys; iaflda;= ksIamdokfha .e,Sf igyk

iSks udcka Kq .afldaia isrma" tl;= lr Y%Kh l%S lsu^fuys oS Y%Kfha we;s ly meyeh" l%S meyeh jk ;=re Y% lsu l< hq;= h'&

jeks,d tl;= lr Y% lsu

ms flska mjqv lsms ish,a, tl;= lr Y% lsu

;j rg;a Y% lsu

c,h tl;= lrka ms fuda,sh wkd .ekSu

;=kS lsu

yev lmd .ekSu

;e u; weisu

92

ksh; WIaK;ajhg r;a lr .kakd ,o fl Wkl mqiaid .ekSu^Wfka WIaK;ajh 180-200 0c w;r h hq;= w;r ld,h kska;= 10-15 muK f'

ie'hq' # ial m%udKh tajd wiqrd we;s l%uh iy ialj, >klu wkqj

mqiaid .ekSf ld,h fjkia h yels h'&

ldur WIaK;ajhg isis,a lsu

weiqre lsu iy f,an,a lsu

wjika ksIamdokh


fmdaIK ix>gl - Nutritive Component

fmdaIK w.h - Nutritive Value

.=Kd;aul fhojq(

Y%K hka; %hl a ^Electric Bakery/Dough Mixer&

u, fkdnef|k jdfka fyda f*dald mDIaGhla iys; fihla

bf,lafg%dksl ;rdoshla

wuqjHj, nr lsrd .ekSug iy Y%Kh ilid .ekSug W; ma,diala nka iy

l=vd ye|s'

,Sg 1 la Od;dj we;s ma,diala kq irdj

ffoksl fmdaIK wjYH;d igyk iy fmdaIK j.=j

fuda,sh ;=kS lsf WmlrKhla ^Rolling Pin&

O yeve;s ial wpq

Wka ;e iy fl Wkla

;djld,slj ial .nvd lr ;nd .ekSu i|yd jdhqfrdaOl nka ^ bkash f.dapr

mlaIKh i|yd&

ial weisu i|yd iqiq weiqre jH

fmd,s t;s,ska" fmd,s fm%dms,ska iy khsf,daka LDP weksh ia;rhla iys;

oa;aj ia;r weiqre jH

we.hSu yd ;lafiarelrKh i|yd Wmfoia (


93

weuqKqu 9'2'1

Y%S ,dxlslhska i|yd ksfoaYs; ffoksl fmdaIl wjYH;d igyk

wdydr j. lsysmhl fmdaIl ix>gl m%;sY; ^.%E 100 l&

94

ksmqK;d ugu 9'3 # wdydrhl bkaSh f.dapr;dj we.hSf ^Sensory Evaluation& l%u

Ys,am uid n,hs'

ld,fo ixLHdj # 07

bf.kq M, # bkaSh f.dapr;dj ykajd bkaSh f.dapr ,laIK k lrhs'

bkaSh f.dapr;dj we.hSf l%uYs,am i|yka lrhs

o;a; Yaf,aIKh wkqj wdydrhl bkash f.dapr;dj w.hhs'


kj wdydr ksIamdokhla fjf

95

wdydrhl mj;sk bkaSh f.dapr ,laIK u.ska tys .=Kdx. iy tys iajNdjh

ykd .ekSug

wdydr j. lsysmhl we;s bkaSh f.dapr ,laIK u.ska tys .=Kdx. iei|Sug

wdydrfha ;;a;ajh" wdydrfha je oshqKq lsug wjYH .=Kdx. ykd .ekSug

tu wdydrh ksIamdokhg iqiq$kqiqiq nj ;SrKhg

wjYH;djg wkql+,j wdydrhla ksIAmdokh fo hkak ks.ukhg'

wdydr ksIamdok wdh;khl bkaSh f.dapr;dj we.hSf mlaIKh Nd; jk

wjia:djka ms

96

bkaSh f.dapr;dj uekSf mlaIK i|yd wjYH NdKAv" WmlrK iy

wdydr ksheos bosm;a lrk whqre

bkaSh f.dapr;dj we.hSu i|yd Nd; lrk mlaIK wdldr folla we;s nj

idlPd lrkak'

1' wdydr jH i|yd mdfNda.slhdf.a leue;a;$wlue;a; ;SrKh lrk mlaIK

Wod( Preference, Acceptance-Hedonic tests

2' bkaSh f.dapr mlaIK is lrk mqoa.,hdf.a ^Panelist& bkaSh f.dapr;dj

wkqj ksIAmdokfha .=Kdx.j, we;s fjkial ;SrKh lrk mlaIK

Wod# difference, Ranking for intensity, Sooring for intensity-Descriptive analysis tests

ka Hedonic wdldrfha mlaIK wdydr ksIamdokfha oS jvd;a jeo.;a jk nj

wjOdrKh lrkak'

fuys oS wdydr idm, mlaIdjg ,la lsug wjia:dj i,id oS ;u jeu ukdmh

m%ldY lsug bv i,ihs'

my; oelafjk wdlD;sh wkqj ^weuqKqu 9'3'1& ieliq o;a; ,nd .ekSf m;%sldj

mqrjd ,nd .;a o;a;hkaf.a tla tla bkash f.dapr ,laIK i|yd we;s idudkH

w.hka fiu u.ska jvd;a fhda.H bkaSh f.dapr ,laIK wvx.= ksheosh ms

97

.=Kd;aul fhojq(

wdydr ksheos

c, nka

wdydr ;nd mCIK i|yd bosm;a lsug wjYH l=vd Ndck

jd;d ieliSug wjYH foa'

mEkla $ mekai,la



98

ksmqK;d ugu 9'4 # ieliq wdydrhl wvx.= ix>gl m%udKhka ksKh lsf l%u

uid n,hs'

ld,fo ixLHdj # 08

bf.kq M, # wdydrhl ix>gl m%udKhka ksKh lsf l%u bosm;a lrhs'

wdydrhl wvx.= f;;ukh mlaIKd;aul j fidhd n,hs'


wdydrhla fjfglh jk nj

th wdydrhl fmkqu" jHqyh iy tys .=Kd;aulNdjh flfrys n,mdk nj

wdydrh ;=< we;s c,h ^f;;ukh& tys laIq cSkaf.a l%shdld;ajh" tkaihsu

je l%shd iy wfkl=;a ridhksl l%shdj,ska is u i|yd fya;= jk nj

f wkqj wdydrhl wvx.= c, m%;sY;h wdydr krlau i|yd n,mdk nj

wdydrhla ;=< we;s c,h wdldr ;=klg wvx.= jk nj' tk wdydr ix>gl

99

osh we;s udOH f,i we;s ksoyia c,h ^Free Water&" wdydr ix>glj,g

tla ia;rhla f,i neKq c,h ^Absorbed Water& iy ridhksl f,i wdydr

ix>glj,g neKq c,h ^Bound Water&

fuhska myiqfjka bj;a jk c,h jkqfha ksoyia c,h th laIQ cS l%shdld;ajh

i|yd o n,mdk nj

jdIamSlrKh fyda h

100

c, il%Sh;dj ^aw& = iu;=,s; idfmalaI wd;dj (ERH)

100

msis c,fha ERH w.h 100] ls'

msis c,fha c, il%sh;d w.h 1 la o" ix;Dma; Kq djKfha w.h 0'755 la o f'

wdydrhla ksIAmdokh i|yd weiqre jH f;af oS;a weiqreu ksudKh lsf

oS;a" wdydr weiqre lsf oS;a ERH w.hka ms

101

ksmqK;d ugu 9'5 # wdydrhl wdhq ld,h ^Shelf life& ksKh lsf l%u ms

102

jl% l%uh hgf;a wdydrhla krla ug wjYH idOl lD;%su j ,nd oS ^Wod# je

WIaK;ajhla 40 oC - 60 oC & tu wdydr krla f l%shdj,sh f.j;a lr tys wdhq

ld,h by; i|yka l%u Wmfhda.S lr f.k ueksh yels nj idlPd lrkak'

Rcq l%uh fhdod .kska ksIamd; wdydrhl wdhq ld,h uekSu i|yd isiqka fhduq

lrkak' fuys bkash f.dapr;dj muKla ie,ls,a,g .ekSu m%udKj;a f'

ie'hq - wdhq ld,h mlaId lsu i|yd bkaSh f.dapr ,laIK w;=ka ri

ne,Sug fhduq fkdlr wfkl=;a bkaSh f.dapr ,laIK muKla

mlaId lsug Wmfoia fokak'


wdhq ld,h - Shelf life

.=Kd;aul fhojq (

weiqrelrK jH ^fmd,s t;s,Ska" fmd,sfm%dms,Ska" weksh ia;rhla iys;

weiqre jH" khsf,daka&

ksIamdokh lrk wdydrh ^>k fuda,s iaflda;=&

iS, hka;%h

l;=r

f;;ukh uksk WmlrKh

wfOdarla; f;;udk udkh

c, il%Sh;dj uksk WmlrKh



103

ksmqK;dj 10 # bf,lafg%daksl ;dlaIKh iy WmlrKSlrKh ffcj moaO;s

;dlaIKfoh i|yd Nd; lrhs'

ksmqK;d ugu 10'1 # bf,lafg%daksl ;dlaIKfofha Nd; jk wl%Sh Wmdx. iuyrla

ykd .kS'

ld,fo ixLHdj # 04

bf.kq M, # ,sh iy bf,lafg%daksl lafIa;%fha Nd; jk uQ,sl rdYSka

w;r inkaO;dj olajhs'

bf,lafg%daksl mm:j, Nd; jk wl%Sh Wmdx. wjfndaO lr

.kshs'


,sh .,d hdu i|yd uQ,sl wjYH;dj jk fjda,ah;dj;a" ta u`.ska .,d hk

Odrdj;a ms

104


m%;sfrdaOl - Resistors

Od;%l - Capacitors

fm%arl - Inductors

oHq;a pqnl fm%arKh - Electro magnetic induction

oHq;a lafIa;%h - Electric field

pqnl lafIa;%h - Magnetic field

ms

105

smqK;d ugu 10'2 # bf,lafg%daksl ;dlaIKfofha Nd; jk il%Sh Wmdx. lSmhla

ykdf.k tu Wmdx. ixfol iy mdrkdhlj,g inkaO lrhs'

ld,fo ixLHdj # 09

bf.kq M, # bf,lafg%daksl mm:j, Nd; jk ilS%h Wmdx. ms

106

Odrdj wkqj ix.%dylfha isg fudaplhg Yd, Odrdjla .,d hhs' fuu Odrd

foflys wkqmd;h" g%dkaisiagrfha Odrd ,dNh f,i ye|skaf' fuu w.h o;a;

m;%sldj, i|yka f' tfuka u tlu g%dkaisiagrhlg wfKsl ix.%dyl Odrdjla

mj;S' tu Odrd m%udKh Ic f,i o;a; igyka m;%sldj, olajd we;' tfuka u

fudaplfha isg ix.%dylhg fhosh yels fjda,ah;dfjys Wmu w.hla mj;S' tu

w.h o VCE

f,i o;a; igyka m;%sldj, i|yka f' fuu Odrd iy fjda,ah;d

w.hka ksjeros j fhoSu i|yd wl%Sh Wmdx. Wmld f' fudaplfha isg mdou

olajd fhosh yels Wmu fjda,ah;dj 0'7 la muK f'

g%dkaisiagrhla fhdod .; yels uQ,sl wjia:d ykd .ekSug Wmldr lrkak'

^g%dkaisiagrhla m%Odk jYfhka iaphla" jOlhla fyda foda,lhla f,i Nd;

l< yels h'&

g%dkaisiag iaphl;a" hdka;%sl iaphl;a we;s m%Odk fjkialu wjfndaO lrjkak'

^g%dkaisiagr iaph ( b;d f.fhka l%shd;aul l< yels h' w.% w;r mq,s`.= mekSula

is fkdf' l=vd fjda,ah;djlska md,kh l< yels h'&

ir, g%dkaisiag iaphla tl,ia lsug Wmldr lrkak'

^fudaplhg idfmalaI j mdofuys fjd,ah;dj 0'6V g jvd je jk g ix.%dylh

iy fudaplh yryd Odrdjla .,d hhs' th iaphla ixjD; lsu yd iudk h'

fudaplhg idfmalaI j mdofuys fjda,ah;dj 0V jk g ix.%dyl iy fudapl

Odrdj Y+kH f' th iaph jD; lsu yd iudk h&

wdf,dal ixfol f,i wdf,dal ixfoS m%;sfrdaO ^LDR&o WIaK;aj ixfol

f,i RK WIaK;aj ix.=Kl olajk m%;sfrdaO ^NTC& o" c, ixfol Nd;

lrka g%dkaisiag iaph m%dfhda.sl ldhhka i|yd Nd; lsug Wmfoia fokak'

^LDR j,g m;s; jk wdf,dal ;Sj%;dj u; tys m%;sfrdaOh fjkia jk w;r NTC

j, WIaK;ajh je jk g m%;sfrdaOh wvq f'&

g%dkaisiag iapfha m%;sodkh u.ska ,s mykla jeks by< Odrd iy fjda,ah;d

u.ska md,kh jk nrla inkaO lsu i|yd ix.%dylhg ms,shjkhla inkaO

lrk wdldrh meyeos,s lr mss,shjkh inkaO lsug Wmldr lrkak'

^ms,shjk o`.rhg b;d l=vd Odrdjla fh g ms,shjkfha we;s iap l%shd;aul

f' ms,shjkh wjYH fjda,ah;dj iemhq fjda,ah;djg iudk h hq;= w;r

ms,shjkh ;=

107

6V, 12V ms,shjk

ir, Odrd iemhqu

NTC, LDR, LED

C828, D400 g%dkaisiag


fuys my; i|yka lreKq flf ie,ls,su;a jkak'

g%dkaisiagrhla il%Sh ;;ajhg m;a lsu i|yd keUqre lrk wdldrh

g%dkaisiagrh Nd; l< yels wjia:d

g%dkaisiagr iaphl ,laIK

bf,lafg%daksl mm:j, Nd; l< yels ixfol

ixfol g%dkaisiag iaj,g inkaO lsu

ms,shjkhla u`.ska m%;sodkh md,kh lsu

108

ksmqK;d ugu 10'3 # ixfolj, ixfoS;dj je lsu i|yd ldrl jOl Nd; lrhs'

ld,fo ixLHdj # 05

bf.kq M, # ldrl jOlj, m%Odk ,dlaIKsl i|yka lrhs'

wmj;l jOlhla f,i iy ikaikaolhla f,i ldrl jOl

fhdod .kshs'

by; Nd;hka" ixfolj, ixfoS;dj jOkh lr .ekSug

fhdod .kshs'


ldrl jOlhl mmQK ,laIK iy m%dfhda.sl ,dlaIKsl igyka lr .ekSug

i,iajkak'

^mmQK ,dlaIKsl # m%odk iNdOkh wkka; hs'

m%;sodk iNdOkh Y+kHh hs'

m%dfhda.sl ,dlaIKsl # m%odk iNdOkh 2M muKm%;sodk iNdOkh 200 g myk fldgia i|yd jk msh lsug heu

c,fha ;;a;aj mlaId lsu

msmy c,fha Nd; wkqj ;sh hq;= ;;a;aj fjkia nj wjOdrKh lrkak'

m%d:l msh lsf oS tl;= jQ uKa ^Primary Sludge& iy oa;Shsl msh lsf

oS tl;= jQ uKa ^Secondary Sludge& >k wmjH msh lsu idlPd lrkak'

tajd ;jrg;a msh lsu

ffcj bkaOk ,nd .ekSu

fmdfydr f,i Nd; lsu

117

uQ,sl joka (Key Words):

mdkSh c, m;%Kh - Drinking Water purification

wm c,h m;%Kh - Waste water purification

.=Kd;aul fhojq (

c, msmyj oelafjk fhda oYk

wm c, msmyj oelafjk .e,S igykla



mdkSh c,fha ;sh hq;= ;;a;aj ^SLS& i|yka lsu

mdkSh c, m;%K l%shdj,sfha m%Odk mshjr ia;r lsu

wm c, m;%K l%shdj,sfha jeo.;alu oelau

O wm c, ud.j, we;s m%Odk wmjH k lsu

wm c, m;%K l%shdj,sh ia;r lsu

118

ksmqK;dj 12 # ldhh yd wjYH;dj wkqj iqiq c, fmdm f;dard .kshs'

ksmqK;d ugu 12'1 # im%odhsl yd kk c, tijq l%u ia;r lrhs'

ld,fo ixLHdj # 06

bf.kq M, # c,h tiu ykajhs'

idm%odhsl c, tijq l%u ia;r lrhs'

O c, tijq l%uj, jdis yd wjdis ii|hs'


c, fmdmhla fyda tys rEmhla isiqkag bosm;a lr thska is lrk ldhh isiqka

iu. idlPd lr c,h tiu ms

119

yyyye~e~e~e~,h,h,h,h

Outlet Valve

msgdr msgdr msgdr msgdr lmdghlmdghlmdghlmdgh

msiagkhmsiagkhmsiagkhmsiagkh

is,is,is,is,skavrhskavrhskavrhskavrh

Inlet Valve

pQIK lmdghpQIK lmdghpQIK lmdghpQIK lmdgh

c,c,c,c,h msg h msg h msg h msg

lrk jrhlrk jrhlrk jrhlrk jrh

wdrNfha is,skavrh ;=< lsisu jhla fkdue;s hehs Wml,amkh lrkak'

m

120

N%uK pd,l fmdm ^ Roto Dynamic pumps& w;ka flakadmid fmdm nyq, j

Nd; lrk nj oekqj;a lrka" rEmigykla fyda wdlD;shla weiqka tys uQ,sl

fldgia yd l%shdld;ajh ms

121

ksmqK;d ugu 12'2 # c, tijqu yd inkaO O .Kkh ls is lrhs'

ld,fo ixLHdj # 04

bf.kq M, # ick YS>%;dj w: olajhs'

pQIK ysi yd ick ysi ia;r lrhs'

>IK ysi ia;r lrhs'

c, tijqu yd inkaO .Kkh ls is lrhs'


c, fmdmhla wdOdrfhka Wia ia:dkhl msys gexlshlg c,h msru msIK ydksh iq >IKh ydkshla ^mSvk ydkshla& nj;a meye,s lrkak'

uq >IKh" >IK ysi ^ Friction Head& f,i ykajk nj;a thg m%Odk >IK

ydksh yd iq >IK ydksh hk folu wh;a jk nj;a isiqkag ;yjqre lrkak'

by; >IK wjia:d ue`vf.k c,h fmdm lsu fmdmh iska l< hq;= nj

idlPd lrkak'

c, fmdmj,g wod< .Kkh ls my; WodyrK weiqka idlPd lrkak'

Wod 1 # g 5 la .eUqre

122

Wod 2 # oskl c, wjYH;dj 4000 lit. la o fmdm l< hq;= meh .Kk 2 la o k

fmdm Od;dj ^ick YS>%;dj& fidhkak'

fmdm Od;dj ^ick YS>%;dj&


pQIK ysi - Suction Head

ick ysi - Delivery Head

>IK ysi - Friction Head

ick YS>%;dj - Discharge Rate

mdo lmdgh - Foot Valve

.=Kd;aul fhojq(

c, iemhq moaO;shl mdo lmdgh" pQIK k

123

ksmqK;d ugu 12'3 # wjYH;dj wkqj iqiq c, fmdm f;dard i lrhs'

ld,fo ixLHdj # 04

bf.kq M, # c, fmdm f;dard .ekSf oS i,ld ne,sh hq;= lreKQ ia;r

lrhs'

c, m%Njh yd Nd;h wkqj fhda.H c, fmdm j. k lrhs'

c, fmdm i lsu yd kv;a;=j is lrk wdldr ia;r lrhs'


.Dyia: wjYH;djka i|yd c,h fmdm lsug fhdod .kakd c, fmdm ms

124

c, m%Njh foig 1x wdk;shla iys; j weo .ekSf k

125

ksmqK;dj 13 # ffcj moaO;Ska ys c, Nd; ldhlaIu;dj by< kxjhs'

ksmqK;d ugu 13'1 # Y%S ,xldf im%odhsl c, imdok ;dlaIKh uid n,hs'


bf.kq M, # c, imdokh ykajd tys jeo.;alu uid n,hs'

Y%S ,xldf im%odhsl jd ;dlaIKh uid n,hs'


Y%S ,xldf mQrdK jd ludka; lafIa;%fha ksoiqkla weiqka iqiq bf.kq

m%fYhla fhdod .kak'

Wod # wkqrdOmqr" fmdf

126

ck;dj jemqr j;a jQfha h

127

bka miq ta u; yrla rxpqjla yd wk;=rej w,ska ,jd mE.

u'

wjidkfha fi'' 30 l mia ;gqjla fi'' 2'5 Wilg wvq

lsu is flrek nj b;sydifha i|yka f'

je neu ksudKfha msys mdIKh ms

128

we< ud.hla nEjq m%foaYhla yryd .,k g f.h md,kh lsug .,ska

;kk ,o w;a;sjdr yd l=vd .,a lKq we

129

ksmqK;d ugu 13'2 # fnda.fha c, wjYH;dj .Kkh lrhs'


bf.kq M, # f;dard .;a fnda.hla i|yd c, wjYH;dj yd jd c, wjYH;dj

.Kkh lrhs'


fnda.fha wjYH;dj wkqj c,h fhfuka c,h kue;s im; wmf;a hdu j

130

fnda.hl c, wjYH;dj .Kkh lsf fnda.fha tla tla jOk wjj,

jdIamSlrK W;aiafokh is jk c, m%udKh fih hq;= nj;a th my; m is

l< hq;= nj;a wjOdrKh lrkak'

fnda.hl jOk wj - c me< wjh

jOl wjh

mqIamSlrK wjh

mK; wjh

fnda.hl c, wjYH;dj ^klg ''& } fnda. jdIamSlrK W;aiafokh

^klg '&

fnda. jdIamSlrKh .Kkh lsu i|yd tu fnda.h j.d lrk m%foaYfha

ksfoaY$iuqoafoaY jdIamSlrK W;aiafokh (ET0) .Kkh l< hq;= h' ta i|yd

jdIamSlrKudk jdIamSlrKh (Ep) fhdod .; yels h'

Kp hkq jdIamSlrKudkfha ix.=Klhhs'

ld,.=K o;a; we;s g fmkaudka" fmkaudka-fudkahka jeks ilrK

fhdod f.k ET0 .Kkh l< yels h'

ETo = Ep x Kp

fnda.hl jdIamSlrK W;aiafokh" ksfoaY$iuqoafoaY jdIamSlrK W;aiafokh

w;r inkaOh my; m f'

fnda. jdIamSlrK W;aiafokh = ksfoaY$iuqoafoaY fnda. ix.=Klh

jdIamSlrK W;aiafokh

E T c r o p = ETo Kc

iuqoafoaY $ ksfoaY jdIamSlrK W;aiafokh (ETo) - Reference Evapotranspira-

t i o n

^g 0'12 l Wml,ams; Wilska hq;a grhg ;;a 70 l ia:djr mdIah m%;sfrdaaOhla

we;s 0'23 la we,afvdajla iys; taldldr Wilska hq;=" il%Sh jOkhla we;s" ukdj

c, imd; yd imQKfhka u N+h wdjrKh lrk ukdj ysKq y; ;DK

mDIaGhla u.ska jk jdIamSlrK W;aiafokhg wdikak f,i iudk uk#l,ams;

y; fnda.hlska h ld,hla ;=< jdIamSlrK W;aiafokh jk c, m%udKh&

we,afvdaj - h jia;=jla u.ska iQhdf,dalh fldmuK m%udKhla mrdj;kh

lrkjd o hkak'

Kc - fnda. ix.=Klh

fuh mfia f;;ukh fnda.fha Wi" fnda.fha jOk wjh" iq

131

jdIamSlrK W;aiafokh .Kkh lrkak' ^ fnda.fha tla tla wjia:dj,

jdIamSlrKh ms

132

WR = ER + S + IR

ER = iM, jIdm;kh - fnda.fha mdfNda.sl c, Nd;hg jIdm;kfhka

odhl jk m%udKh f'

^jIdfjka fldgila u;=msg wmOdjh f,i;a uQ, uKav, l,dmfhka .eUqrg

ldka N+.; c,h f,i;a mig m;s; ug fmr w;=relvkfha / jdIam

fukq;a bj;a f' fuu fldgi yer mfia uQ, uKav, l,dmfha / fnda.fha

mdfNda.sl c, Nd;hg odhl jk m%udKh iM, jIdm;khhs'&

S = N+.; c,fhka flaIdlIK Woa.ukfhka uQ, l,dmhg ,efnk

c, m%udKh

IR = jd c, imdok wjYH;dj

f wkqj jd c, imdok m%udKh my; ilrKfhka .Kkh l< yels h'

IR = WR - (ER+S)

IR = (Cu +AL+ SP) - (ER+S)


jdIamSlrK W;aiafokh - Evapotrans piration

fnda. c, wjYH;dj - Crop water requirement

iM, jIdm;kh - Effective rainfall

mdfNda.sl c, Nd;h - Consumption use of water

jd c, imdok wjYH;dj- Irrigation requirement

.=Kd;aul fhojq (

O fnda. i|yd fnda. ix.=Kl w.hka oelafjk j.=j

fnda. ix.=Klh wkqj fnda.hl ; ld,h fnod olajk m%ia;drh

we.hSu yd ;lafiarelr Kh i|yd Wmfoia(


fnda. c, wjYH;dj yekau

fnda.hl jdIamslrK W;aiafokh .Kkh lsu

fnda.hl jd c, wjYH;dj .Kkh lsu

133

ksmqK;d ugu 13'3 # c, imdok wjYH;dj .Kkh lrhs'

ld,fo ixLHdj # 06

bf.kq M, # Y=oaO yd o< c, imdok wjYH;dj .%y lrhs'

Y=oaO yd o< c, imdok wjYH;d ksjpkh lrhs'

Y=oAO yd o< c, imdok wjYH;dj .Kkh lsu i|yd wjYH

ilrK f.dv k.hs'

lafIa;%hla i|yd Y=oaO yd o< c, imdok wjYH;dj .Kkh

lrhs'


lafIa;%hg imhk c,h Wmu j m%fhdackhg .ekSf jeo.;alu ms

134

FCv

= lafIa;% Od;df mdud;sl c,h ^wkqmd;hla f,i&

WPv

= u,dksl ix.=Klfha mud;sl c,h ^wkqmd;hla f,i&

D = W!k;dj wkqmd;hla f,i'

WPw

= u,dksl ix.=Klfha Ndr;sl c,h ^wkqmd;hla f,i&

FCw

= lafIa;% Od;df Ndr;sl c,h ^wkqmd;hla f,i&

Ndr;sl c, m%udKh mfia YsIaG .=re;ajfhka .=K lsu u.ska mud;sl c,h

m%udKh njg yrjd .; yels h'

fuys In hkak uQ, l,dmfha .eUqr ^d& i|yd fhdok tallfhkau ,efk nj

fmkajd fokak'

o< c, imdok wjYH;dj i|yd isiqka iu. ksjpkhla f.dv k.kak'

c, imdok ldhlaIu;dj 100]la fkdjk ksid Y=oaO c, imdol wjYH;djg

jvd jemqr c, m%udKhla lafIa;%hg iemhsh hq;= f' fuf,i iemhsh hq;= uq

c, m%udKh o< c, imdok wjYH;dj hs'

ksjpkh weiqka o< c, imdok wjYH;dj .Kkh lsug ilrKhla f.dv

ke.Sug isiqkag Wmfoia fokak'

o< c, imdok } Y=oaO c, imdok imQK ydks jQ c, wjYH;dj wjYH;dj m%udKh

my; ilrKh u.ska o" o< c, imdok wjYH;dj .Kkh l< yels nj isiqkag

fmkajd fokak'

o< c, imdok } Y=oaO c, imdok wjYH;dj

wjYH;dj c,h fhf ldhlaIu;dj

O fnda. i|yd o< yd Y=oaO c, imdok wjYH;d .Kkh ls i|yd isiqka j

fhduq lrjkak'

Wo# 1' tla;rd fnda.hl c, wjYH;dj 6'4 cm ls' c, fhf ldhlaIu;dj 80]

k" lafIa;%fha o< c, imdok wjYH;dj .Kkh lrkak'

= 6.4 cm = 8 cm

0.8

2' ngq j.d lr we;s lafIa;%hl lafIa;% Od;df we;s mfiys wvx.= Ndr;sl

c, m%;sY;h 25] ls' tys uQ, uKav, l,dm .eUqr 100 cm yd mfia oDYH

>k;ajh 1.5 g cm-3 f' mfiys u,dksl ix.=Klh 5] ls ^Ndr;sl&' 50] l

W!ks; ugf c, imdokh l< hq;= j we;ak" mfia Y=oaO c,

wjYH;dj .Kkh lrkak'

} ^25 -5& 50 1'5 100

100 100

= 15 cm


Y=oaO c, imdok wjYH;dj - Net Water Requirement

o< c, imdok wjYH;dj - Gross Water Requirement

135



jd c, imdokfha wjYH;dj .%y lsu

Y=oaO yd o< c, imdokh hkak ksjpkh lsu

Y=oaO yd o< c, imdok wjYH;d .Kkh lsug wod< ilrK bm;a lsu

Y=oaO yd o< c, imdok wjYH;d .Kkh lsu

136

ksmqK;d ugu 13'4 # lafIA;%hl c, imdok ldhlaIu;dj .Kkh lrhs'

ld,fo ixLHdj # 06

bf.kq M, # c, imdok ldhlaIu;dj w: olajhs'

c, imdok ldhlaIu;djg wod< O .Kkh ls ilrK

wdY%fhka is lrhs'

f;dard .;a ia:dk lsysmhl c,h f.k hdf ldhlaIu;dj

.Kkh lrhs'

c, ldhlaIu;dj by< kexu i|yd wjYH lghq;= is lrhs'


j.d lafIa;%fha c,h ydks h yels wjia:d ms

137

4& c, imdok fhdackd l%ufha ldhlaIu;dj ^Scheme irrigation efficiency& c,

imdok fhdackd l%uhl c,h f.khdf ldhlaIu;dj yd c,h fhf

ldhlaIu;dj wkqj c, imdok fhdackd l%ufha ldhlaIu;dj ;SrKh f'

c,h f.khdf c,h fhf

ldhlaIu;dj (%) ldhlaIu;dj (%)

100

ia:dk lsysmhl c,h f.k hdf ldhlaIu;dj .Kkh lsug isiqkag Wmfoia

fokak'

c, imdok ldhlaIu;dj by< kexug .; yels l%shdud. idlPd lrkak'

Wod # iq

138

ksmqK;d ugu 13'5 # mDIah c, imdok l%u ie,iq lrhs'

ld,fo ixLHdj # 04

bf.kq M, # mDIah c, imdok l%u ia;r lrhs'

mDIah c, imdok l%u ii|hs'


mDIAh c, imdok l%u oelafjk rEmigyka isiqkag bm;a lsu u.ska iqiq

m%fYhla ,nd .kak'

mDIah c, imdokh yekau i|yd idlPdjla fufyhjkak'

mDIah c, imdokh hkq .=re;aj n,h u.ska mi u;=mska c,h fnodyef yd

c,h fnod yef l%u Ys,am tl;=jls'

c, imdok moaO;shl fldgia k lsug isiqka fhduq lrkak' c, iemhqu

^Water Supply&" c,h fnod yk moaO;sh ^Water Delivery System&" c,h Nd;

lrk moaO;sh ^Water Use System& iy c,h bj;a lrk moaO;sh ^Water Removal

System&

c, imdokh lsu i|yd c,h ,efnk wdldrh ms

139

fokak'

Gated pipe

ihsmk

head ditch

Bankless system

ifudap we,s fhdod .ekSf wjYH;dj meye,s lsug idlPdjla fufyhjkak'

we,s ;=< c, myf f.h r|d mj;sk idOl ms

140


mDIah c, imdokh - Surface Irrigation

msgdr c, imdokh - Flood Irrigation

fi c, imdokh - Basin Irrigation

we,s c, imdokh - Forrow Irrigation

;Sre c, imdokh - Border Irrigation

.=Kd;aul fhojq (

c, imdok l%uj, rEm igyka

O mia j. j, f;;uk rgd oelafjk rEmigyka ^wetting Patterns&



mDIah c, imdok l%u k lsu

mDIAh c, imdok l%u ia;r lsu

mDIAh c, imdok l%u ieiu

141

ksmqK;d ugu 13'6 # Wm mDIah c, imdok l%u ia;r lrhs'

ld,fo ixLHdj # 02

bf.kq M, # O Wm mDIah c, imdok l%u ia;r lrhs'

bf.kq-b.eka l%shdj,sh (

Wm mDIAh c, imdok l%uhla lafjk rEmigykla isiqkag fmkajd fyda Wm

mDIah c, imdok l%u yekau i|yd iqiq msiqula fhdod .kak'

Wm mDIah c, imdokfha wruqK meye,s lsu i|yd idlPdjla fufyhjkak'

Wm mDIAh c, imdok l%u ,ehsia;=.; lsu i|yd iy tajdfha rEm igyka

weug isiqka fhduq lrkak'

jD; ldkq

ijr k

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