Supplementary Information

A Novel Zinc-Ion Hybrid Supercapacitor for Long-Life and Low-Cost Energy Storage Applications

Fig. S1. SEM images of the prepared activated carbon.

Fig. S2. Pore size distribution: (a) pore volume vs. pore diameter; (b) differential pore volume vs. pore diameter.

Fig. S3. Effects of the charge ending potentials on the electrochemical performances of Zn-HSC.

Fig. S4. CV curves of the Zn-HSC in DOL-DME with various scan rates ranging from 10 to 100 mV s-1.

Fig. S5. (a, b) Galvanostatic charge-discharge curves of Zn-HSC in DOL-DME with different current densities.

Fig. S6. Cycling stability of the Zn-HSC in DOL-DME at current density of 0.1 A g-1.

Fig. S7. Long-term cycling stability of the Zn-HSC in DOL-DME at current density of 2 A g-1.

Fig. S8. Electrochemical impedance spectra of the Zn-HSC with DOL-DME and AN as electrolyte solvent (the inset is the equivalent circuit diagram, EIS spectra were measured at fully charged states after 5 times charge-discharge cycles)

Fig. S9. SEM images of Zn anode before (a) and after 10,000 cycles measurement (b). (The insets are their corresponding digital images, respectively)

Fig. S10. Elemental mapping images of zinc anode at charged state, displaying the existence of O, S, Zn, F and C elements.

Fig. S11. Normalized XRD patterns of fresh Zn foil anode and Zn foil anode at charged state. The two patterns show little intensity change of all the diffraction peaks, suggesting that the electrochemical deposition of Zn2+ on zinc anode is not specific orientation preferred.

Table S1. Estimated specific energy and power densities of the Zn-HSC at different current densities with 1M Zn(CF3SO3)2 in DOL-DME as the electrolyte.

Current density (A g-1)

T

(sec)

C

(F g-1)

Ea

(Wh kg-1)

Pa

(W kg-1)

0.1

2752

144

54.4

71

0.5

418

116

44.9

387

1

138

74

26.5

691

2

59

64

19.0

1159

Table S2. Estimated specific energy and power densities of the Zn-HSC at different current densities with 1M Zn(CF3SO3)2 in AN as the electrolyte.

Current density (A g-1)

T

(sec)

C

(F g-1)

E

(Wh kg-1)

P

(W kg-1)

0.1

3086

170

61.6

72

0.5

508

156

60.3

427

1

271

150

57.8

768

2

110

130

52.7

1725

1

0.0

0.4

0.8

1.2

1.6

-0.006

-0.004

-0.002

0.000

0.002

0.004

0.006

Current (A)

Voltage (V)

10 mV s

-1

20 mV s

-1

50 mV s

-1

100 mV s

-1

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

0.0

0.4

0.8

1.2

1.6

Voltage (V)

Time (s)

0.1 A g

-1

0.5 A g

-1

1 A g

-1

2 A g

-1

(a)

0

40

80

120

160

0.0

0.4

0.8

1.2

1.6

Voltage (V)

Specific capacitance

(

F g

-1

)

0.1 A g

-1

0.5 A g

-1

1 A g

-1

2 A g

-1

(b)

0

50

100

150

200

0

100

200

300

Charge capacitance

Discharge capacitance

Coulombic Efficiency

Cycle number

Specific capacitance

(

F g

-1

)

0

20

40

60

80

100

Coulombic efficiency (%)

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

Charge capacitance

Discharge capacitance

Coulombic Efficiency

Cycle number

Specific capacitance

(

F

g

-1

)

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

Coulombic efficiency (%)