AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHY SPRING 2013 SERVICES AND URBAN PATTERNS Chapters 12 & 13.

AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHYSPRING 2013

SERVICES AND URBAN PATTERNS

Chapters 12 & 13Chapters 12 & 13

USA at NightUSA at Night

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pVACTOY7E5c&feature=player_embedded#!

World at NightWorld at Night

Service = any activity that fulfills a human want or need

Services are located in settlementsLocation of services is important for

profitability Affluent regions tend to offer more

services Local diversity is evident in the

provision of services

ServicesServices

Where Did Services Where Did Services Originate?Originate?

Three types of servicesConsumer services

About 44 percent of all jobs in the United States

Business services About 24 percent of all jobs in the United

StatesPublic services

About 17 percent of all jobs in the United States

In the United States, all employment growth has occurred in the services sector

Services in early rural settlementsEarly consumer services met societal

needs Examples = burial of the dead, religious

centers, manufacturing centersEarly public services probably followed

religious activitiesEarly business services to distribute

and store food


Ancient UrAncient Ur

Ur, in modern-day Iraq, was one of the earliest urban settlements. The ziggurat, or stepped temple, was surrounded by a dense network of residences


Catal (Titris) Höyük, TurkeyCatal (Titris) Höyük, Turkey

Schematic reconstruction drawing of a section of Level VI, Çatal Höyük, Turkey, ca. 6000–5900 BCE. (after J. Mellaart).Landscape with volcanic eruption(?) / goddess(?),wall painting from - Level VII, Çatal Höyük, Turkey, ca. 6150 BCE.


The hilltop site of the Acropolis, dating to about 500 B.C., still dominates the skyline of modern Athens.

Athens, GreeceAthens, Greece


Medieval CitiesMedieval Cities

Services in medieval cities Largest settlements were in Asia European cities developed with

feudalism

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p53kJX64ieQ


Paris, FranceParis, France

Paris was originally surrounded by walls which were expanded to include new neighborhoods as the city grew.


Clustered Rural SettlementsClustered Rural Settlements

Circular Rural SettlementsKraal village in southern Africa, which have enclosures for the livestock in the center, surrounded by a ring of houses.

Zulu Village

Where Are Contemporary Services Where Are Contemporary Services Located?Located?

Gewandorf Settlements, Gewandorf Settlements, GermanyGermany

The services present in rural settlements are:1.Agriculture2.Personal Services

a.Religious Structures

b.Schools3.Handful of Public, Retail, and Producer ServicesWhere Are Contemporary Services Where Are Contemporary Services Located?Located?

Linear Rural SettlementsLinear Rural Settlements

French log-lot system houses were erected along a river, principal water source, Narrow lots – perpendicular to the river so each original settler had river access.

This would later be used in Louisiana by the French.Where Are Contemporary Services Where Are Contemporary Services Located?Located?

Clustered Settlements in Clustered Settlements in Colonial AmericaColonial America

Public buildings are grouped around a “common” which was used as a pasture.


Services in urban settlements Differences between urban and rural settlements

Large size High density Social heterogeneity

Increasing percentage of people in cities Increasing number of people in cities

MDCs have higher % of urban residents, but LDCs have more of the very large urban settlements.


Percentage of Population Living Percentage of Population Living in Urban Settlementsin Urban Settlements

Population of urban settlements exceeded that of rural settlements for the first time in human history in 2008.

(urbanization)Where Are Contemporary Services Where Are Contemporary Services Located?Located?

Urban Settlements With Urban Settlements With Populations Populations

of at Least 3 Millionof at Least 3 Million

Rapid growth of urban settlements in LDCs reflects increasing overall population plus migration from rural areas.


Why Are Consumer Services Why Are Consumer Services Distributed in a Regular Distributed in a Regular

Pattern?Pattern?

Central place theory First proposed by Walter Christaller

(1930s) Characteristics

A central place has a market area (or hinterland)

““Daily Urban Systems”Daily Urban Systems”

Delineated by functional ties, especially commuting, to the nearest metropolitan area. Everyone in the US has access to

services in at least one large settlement.Why Are Consumer Services Distributed in a Regular Pattern?

Consumer services and business services do not have the same distribution. Consumer services generally follow a regular pattern based on size of settlements. Business services cluster in specific settlements, creating a specialized pattern.

A central place is a market center for the exchange of goods and services by people attracted from the surrounding area. Central places compete against each other. This competition creates a regular pattern of settlements, according to the central place theory.

Central Place TheoryCentral Place Theory

Why Are Consumer Services Distributed in a Regular Pattern?

The area surrounding a service from which customers are attracted is the market area or hinterland . To establish the market area, a circle is drawn around the node. The closer to the periphery of the circle, the greater is the percentage of consumers who will choose to obtain services from other nodes.



Why hexagons to delineate market areas? Circles are equidistant from center to edge, but they overlap or leave gaps. Squares nest together without gaps, but their sides are not equidistant from the center. The hexagon is a compromise. Offers a compromise between the geometric properties of circles and squares.



Market areas are arranged into a regular pattern according to central place theory, with larger settlements fewer and further apart.


According to geographers, the best location is the one that minimizes the distance to the services for the largest number of people.

Gravity Model – predicts that the optimal location of a service is directly related to the number of people in the area and inversely related to the distance people must travel to access it.



Market area, range, and threshold for Kroger supermarkets (left) and UDF convenience stores in Dayton, Ohio. Supermarkets have much larger areas

and ranges than convenience stores.- Why?

Supermarket and Convenience Supermarket and Convenience Store Market AreasStore Market Areas

Optimal Location for a Pizza-Delivery Optimal Location for a Pizza-Delivery ServiceService


Geo-Pizza should located between 7th and 6th streets – Why?

PRIMATE CITY STATUSPRIMATE CITY STATUS

A country’s leading city is always proportionately large and exceptionally expressive of national capacity and feeling. The primate city is commonly at least twice as large as the next largest city and more than twice as significant.

- Mark Jefferson


PRIMATE CITY STATUSPRIMATE CITY STATUS

Not all countries have a primate city

•India – New Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata

•China & Brazil – Beijing, Shanghai, Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro


PRIMATE CITY of the WorldPRIMATE CITY of the World

New York, New YorkThe City That Never Sleeps!


Rank-Size Distribution in theRank-Size Distribution in theUnited States and IndonesiaUnited States and Indonesia


RANK-SIZE RULE ?RANK-SIZE RULE ?

• Paris (2.2 million) vs. Marseilles (800,000)

• London (6.9 million) vs. Birmingham (1 million)

• Mexico City (21.8 million) vs. Guadalajara (3.7 million)


Why Do Business Services Why Do Business Services Cluster in Large Settlements?Cluster in Large Settlements?

Hierarchy of business services Services in world cities

Business: clustering of services is a product of the Industrial Revolution (transportation and communications)

Consumer: retail services with extensive market areasMay include leisure services of national

importance due to large thresholds, large ranges, and the presence of wealthy patrons.

Public: world cities are often the center of national or international political power

World CitiesWorld Cities

Why Do Business Services Cluster in Large Settlements?

World cities are centers for the provision of services in the global economy

Business services in LDCs Offshore financial services

Two functions:Taxes – low or nonexistentPrivacy - businesses or individuals evade

disclosure in their home countries Back offices - business process

outsourcing (BPO) Ex. Call centers. LDCs are attractive because of:

Low wagesAbility to speak English (many Asian countries)


Business-Service Cities in the U.SBusiness-Service Cities in the U.S..

Below the world cities in the hierarchy of U.S. cities are command and control centers, specialized producer-service centers, and dependent

centers.Why Do Business Services Cluster in Large Settlements?

Economic base of settlements Two types:

Basic industries – exports primarily to consumers outside he settlement.

Nonbasic industries – enterprises whose customers live in the same community – consumer services.

Specialization of cities in different services Distribution of talent


Economic Base of U.S. CitiesEconomic Base of U.S. Cities


Cities that have a high proportion of their labor force engaged in the specified economic activity shown.

Distribution of TalentDistribution of Talent

Individuals possessing special talents are not distributed uniformly among cities.

The principal reason enticing talented individuals to cluster in some cities more than others is cultural rather than economic.

Significant positive relationship between the distribution of talent and the distribution of diversity in the largest U.S. cities.

Attracting talented individuals is important for a city, because these individuals are responsible for promoting economic growth and innovation.


AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHY SPRING 2013 SERVICES AND URBAN PATTERNS Chapters 12 & 13.

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