AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHY SPRING 2014 SERVICES AND URBAN PATTERNS Chapters 12 & 13.

AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHYSPRING 2014

SERVICES AND URBAN PATTERNS

Chapters 12 & 13

USA at Night

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pVACTOY7E5c&feature=player_embedded#!

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pVACTOY7E5c&feature=player_embedded

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pVACTOY7E5c&feature=player_embedded

World at Night

Service = any activity that fulfills a human want or need

Services are located in settlementsLocation of services is important for

profitability Affluent regions tend to offer more

services Local diversity is evident in the provision

of services

Services

Where Did Services Originate?

Three types of servicesConsumer services

About 44 percent of all jobs in the United StatesBusiness services

About 24 percent of all jobs in the United StatesPublic services

About 17 percent of all jobs in the United StatesIn the United States, all employment growth

has occurred in the services sector

Percentage of GDP from Services, 2006

Over two-thirds of workers are employed in the service sector in most MDCs, while a less than one-half are in the service sector in most LDCs.


Employment Change in the U.S. by Sector

All of the growth in employment since 1970 has been in the tertiary sector, whereas employment has remained unchanged in the primary and secondary sectors. Within the tertiary sector the greatest increase has occurred in professional services.


Services in early rural settlementsEarly consumer services met societal

needs Examples = burial of the dead, religious

centers, manufacturing centersEarly public services probably

followed religious activitiesEarly business services to distribute

and store foodWhere Did Services Originate?

Ancient Cities

Services in early urban settlementsServices in ancient cities

Earliest urban settlements (e.g., Ur, Catal Titris- Höyük), Athens, Rome


Ancient Ur

Ur, in modern-day Iraq, was one of the earliest urban settlements. The ziggurat, or stepped temple, was surrounded by a dense network of residences


Catal (Titris) Höyük, Turkey

Schematic reconstruction drawing of a section of Level VI, Çatal Höyük, Turkey, ca. 6000–5900 BCE. (after J. Mellaart).Landscape with volcanic eruption(?) / goddess(?),wall painting from - Level VII, Çatal Höyük, Turkey, ca. 6150 BCE.


The hilltop site of the Acropolis, dating to about 500 B.C., still dominates the skyline of modern Athens.

Athens, Greece


Medieval Cities

Services in medieval cities Largest settlements were in Asia European cities developed with

feudalism

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p53kJX64ieQ


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p53kJX64ieQ

Brugge, Belgium

Brugge (or Bruges) was amajor port and wool Manufacturing center from the12th century. It is marked bysquares surrounded by publicbuildings.


Paris, France

Paris was originally surrounded by walls which were expanded to include new neighborhoods as the city grew.


Medieval cities

Carcassonne, France. These cities were often surrounded by walls for protection. The walls have been demolished in most places, but they still stand around the medieval center of Carcassonne.


Where Are Contemporary Services Located?

Services in rural settlements Half of the world’s population lives in rural

settlements Two types

Clustered rural settlements Circular or linear Clustered settlements in Colonial America

Dispersed rural settlements In the United States In Great Britain

• Enclosure movement

Clustered Rural Settlements

Circular Rural SettlementsKraal village in southern Africa, which have enclosures for the livestock in the center, surrounded by a ring of houses.

Zulu Village


Rural Settlement Patterns


Gewandorf Settlements, Germany

The services present in rural settlements are:1.Agriculture2.Personal Services

a.Religious Structures

b.Schools3.Handful of Public, Retail, and Producer ServicesWhere Are Contemporary Services Located?

Linear Rural Settlements

French log-lot system houses were erected along a river, principal water source, Narrow lots – perpendicular to the river so each original settler had river access.

This would later be used in Louisiana by the French.Where Are Contemporary Services Located?

Clustered Settlements in Colonial America

Public buildings are grouped around a “common” which was used as a pasture.


Services in urban settlements Differences between urban and rural

settlements Large size High density Social heterogeneity

Increasing percentage of people in cities Increasing number of people in cities

MDCs have higher % of urban residents, but LDCs have more of the very large urban settlements.


Percentage of Population Living in Urban Settlements

Population of urban settlements exceeded that of rural settlements for the first time in human history in 2008.

(urbanization)Where Are Contemporary Services Located?

Urban Settlements With Populations

of at Least 3 Million

Rapid growth of urban settlements in LDCs reflects increasing overall population plus migration from rural areas.


Why Are Consumer Services Distributed in a Regular

Pattern?

Central place theory First proposed by Walter Christaller

(1930s) Characteristics

A central place has a market area (or hinterland)

Size of a market area Range Threshold

“Daily Urban Systems”

Delineated by functional ties, especially commuting, to the nearest metropolitan area. Everyone in the US has access to

services in at least one large settlement.Why Are Consumer Services Distributed in a Regular Pattern?

Consumer services and business services do not have the same distribution. Consumer services generally follow a regular pattern based on size of settlements. Business services cluster in specific settlements, creating a specialized pattern.

A central place is a market center for the exchange of goods and services by people attracted from the surrounding area. Central places compete against each other. This competition creates a regular pattern of settlements, according to the central place theory.

Central Place Theory

Why Are Consumer Services Distributed in a Regular Pattern?

The area surrounding a service from which customers are attracted is the market area or hinterland . To establish the market area, a circle is drawn around the node. The closer to the periphery of the circle, the greater is the percentage of consumers who will choose to obtain services from other nodes.



Why hexagons to delineate market areas? Circles are equidistant from center to edge, but they overlap or leave gaps. Squares nest together without gaps, but their sides are not equidistant from the center. The hexagon is a compromise. Offers a compromise between the geometric properties of circles and squares.



Market areas are arranged into a regular pattern according to central place theory, with larger settlements fewer and further apart.


Market-area analysis Profitability of a location

Compute the range- Maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service. Miles or Time???

Compute the threshold- Minimum number of people needed to support the service. Think: If you were a developer, what would you take into consideration?

Draw the market area Optimal location within a market

Best location in a linear settlement Best location in a nonlinear settlement


According to geographers, the best location is the one that minimizes the distance to the services for the largest number of people.

Gravity Model – predicts that the optimal location of a service is directly related to the number of people in the area and inversely related to the distance people must travel to access it.



Market area, range, and threshold for Kroger supermarkets (left) and UDF convenience stores in Dayton, Ohio. Supermarkets have much larger areas

and ranges than convenience stores.- Why?

Supermarket and Convenience Store Market Areas

Optimal Location for a Pizza-Delivery Service


Geo-Pizza should located between 7th and 6th streets – Why?

Hierarchy of services and settlements Nesting

Market areas in MDCs = a series of hexagons of various sizes

Rank-size distribution of settlements – ranking settlements from largest to smaller(population) or hierarchy. Primate city rule

Primate cities Periodic markets- services at the lower end of the

Central Place Hierarchy Collection of individuals who come together to offer

goods and services in a location on specified daysWhy Are Consumer Services Distributed in a Regular Pattern?

Walter Christaller – Central Place Theory

Nesting


PRIMATE CITY STATUS

A country’s leading city is always proportionately large and exceptionally expressive of national capacity and feeling. The primate city is commonly at least twice as large as the next largest city and more than twice as significant.

- Mark Jefferson


PRIMATE CITY STATUS

Not all countries have a primate city

•India – New Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata

•China & Brazil – Beijing, Shanghai, Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro


PRIMATE CITY of the World

New York, New YorkThe City That Never Sleeps!


The country’s nth-largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement. The second-largest city is one-half the size of the largest, the fourth-largest city is one-fourth the size of the largest, and so on.

- George Zipf

RANK-SIZE RULE


Rank-Size Distribution in theUnited States and Indonesia


RANK-SIZE RULE ?

• Paris (2.2 million) vs. Marseilles (800,000)

• London (6.9 million) vs. Birmingham (1 million)

• Mexico City (21.8 million) vs. Guadalajara (3.7 million)


Why Do Business Services Cluster in Large Settlements?

Hierarchy of business services Services in world cities

Business: clustering of services is a product of the Industrial Revolution (transportation and communications)

Consumer: retail services with extensive market areasMay include leisure services of national

importance due to large thresholds, large ranges, and the presence of wealthy patrons.

Public: world cities are often the center of national or international political power

World Cities


World cities are centers for the provision of services in the global economy

Business services in LDCs Offshore financial services

Two functions:Taxes – low or nonexistentPrivacy - businesses or individuals evade

disclosure in their home countries Back offices - business process outsourcing

(BPO) Ex. Call centers. LDCs are attractive because of:

Low wagesAbility to speak English (many Asian countries)


Business-Service Cities in the U.S.

Below the world cities in the hierarchy of U.S. cities are command and control centers, specialized producer-service centers, and dependent

centers.Why Do Business Services Cluster in Large Settlements?

Economic base of settlements Two types:

Basic industries – exports primarily to consumers outside he settlement.

Nonbasic industries – enterprises whose customers live in the same community – consumer services.

Specialization of cities in different services Distribution of talent


Economic Base of U.S. Cities


Cities that have a high proportion of their labor force engaged in the specified economic activity shown.

Distribution of Talent

Individuals possessing special talents are not distributed uniformly among cities.

The principal reason enticing talented individuals to cluster in some cities more than others is cultural rather than economic.

Significant positive relationship between the distribution of talent and the distribution of diversity in the largest U.S. cities.

Attracting talented individuals is important for a city, because these individuals are responsible for promoting economic growth and innovation.


Geography of Talent


AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHY SPRING 2014 SERVICES AND URBAN PATTERNS Chapters 12 & 13.

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