SETTLEMENT SETTLEMENT PATTERNS/PATTERNS/

URBAN GEOGRAPHY URBAN GEOGRAPHY

SUBJECT OVERVIEWSUBJECT OVERVIEW

►Defining UrbanismDefining Urbanism►SETTLEMENTSSETTLEMENTS►ORIGINS OF SETTLEMENTSORIGINS OF SETTLEMENTS►TYPES OF SETTLEMENTSTYPES OF SETTLEMENTS►DEVELOPMENT OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT OF URBAN

SETTLEMENTSSETTLEMENTS►CITY HISTORYCITY HISTORY►URBAN PATTERNSURBAN PATTERNS

What is Urbanism?What is Urbanism?

►Depends on time and culture: Depends on time and culture: The size of the stationary population is part The size of the stationary population is part

of the picture… but it varies according to the of the picture… but it varies according to the historical context and locationhistorical context and location

The size of a city varies geographically; The size of a city varies geographically; Portugal=10,000, Ethiopia=2,000, Portugal=10,000, Ethiopia=2,000, Norway=200Norway=200

Therefore, urbanism usually is qualified by a Therefore, urbanism usually is qualified by a population considered large for its time and population considered large for its time and placeplace

What makes a City a City?What makes a City a City?

►Population alone does not make a city; a Population alone does not make a city; a stadium may hold many people, but is it stadium may hold many people, but is it a city?a city?

►There must also be There must also be governmentgovernment of some of some kind. kind.

►There must also be definable There must also be definable boundariesboundaries; ; even if they change over time. even if they change over time.

Metropolitan Statistical AreaMetropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) used to (MSA) used to calculate a city’s boundaries: a city calculate a city’s boundaries: a city center and its immediately interacting center and its immediately interacting countiescounties

What makes a City a City…What makes a City a City…

►The economy is another layer in The economy is another layer in classifying it as rural or urban… classifying it as rural or urban… economic diversityeconomic diversity

►A cultural layer also plays a role in A cultural layer also plays a role in defining a place’s degree of urbanity or defining a place’s degree of urbanity or “cityness”… “cityness”… cultural diversitycultural diversity

►So, a clear definition of urban or city So, a clear definition of urban or city more of a process of comparison than a more of a process of comparison than a sentence or two… it depends!sentence or two… it depends!

Hearths of UrbanizationHearths of Urbanization

►Where did cities and urbanism, or Where did cities and urbanism, or urban life begin?urban life begin? The earliest cities were born around 3500 The earliest cities were born around 3500

BCE spawned from agricultural villages:BCE spawned from agricultural villages:►MesopotamiaMesopotamia►Indus River regionIndus River region►Nile ValleyNile Valley►Huang He River valleHuang He River valle►MexicoMexico►PeruPeru

SettlementSettlement►Settlement - a permanent collection of Settlement - a permanent collection of

buildings and inhabitantsbuildings and inhabitants

GEOGRAPHIC PERSPECTIVE GEOGRAPHIC PERSPECTIVE OF SETTLEMENTSOF SETTLEMENTS

►Geographers are interested in the Geographers are interested in the patternspatterns of settlements and the of settlements and the interrelationshipinterrelationship of settlements of settlements

►How do the patterns of settlements How do the patterns of settlements explain human culture?explain human culture?

ORIGINS OF SETTLEMENTSORIGINS OF SETTLEMENTS

►ReligiousReligious - graves, churches, temples - graves, churches, temples

►CulturalCultural - schools, libraries - schools, libraries

►Political/MilitaryPolitical/Military - leader’s house, walls - leader’s house, walls

►EconomicEconomic - stores, food - stores, food

TYPES OF SETTLEMENTSTYPES OF SETTLEMENTS

►Rural SettlementsRural Settlements - agriculture as - agriculture as the the predominant occupation.predominant occupation.

►Urban settlementsUrban settlements - principal - principal industries industries are secondary and are secondary and tertiary.tertiary.

RURAL SETTLEMENTSRURAL SETTLEMENTS

►Clustered rural settlementsClustered rural settlements - -grouped grouped settlements in rural settlements in rural areas to areas to minimize travelminimize travel

RURAL SETTLEMENTSRURAL SETTLEMENTS

►Dispersed rural SettlementsDispersed rural Settlements - - isolated isolated farms with enclosed farms with enclosed continuous continuous fieldsfields

RURAL SETTLEMENTS IN THE RURAL SETTLEMENTS IN THE EASTERN U.S.EASTERN U.S.

►New EnglandNew England - clustered villages of the - clustered villages of the colonistscolonists

►Mid AtlanticMid Atlantic - dispersed isolated farms - dispersed isolated farms of the Dutch, Swedes, Irish and of the Dutch, Swedes, Irish and GermansGermans

►SouthSouth - plantations (mansions - plantations (mansions surrounded by plantation services)surrounded by plantation services)

DEVELOPMENT OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT OF URBAN SETTLEMENTSSETTLEMENTS

►Prior to modern times most Prior to modern times most settlements settlements were ruralwere rural

►First Urban SettlementFirst Urban Settlement UR (modern day of Iraq)UR (modern day of Iraq)

►Other Early CitiesOther Early Cities Mycenae,Troy, & Isle of Crete in GreeceMycenae,Troy, & Isle of Crete in Greece Settlements along the world’s great riversSettlements along the world’s great rivers

DEVELOPMENT OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT OF URBAN SETTLEMENTSSETTLEMENTS

►AthensAthens - first city over 100,000 - first city over 100,000 by the 5th century BC over 300,000by the 5th century BC over 300,000

►RomeRome - center of an empire 200 BC-400 AD - center of an empire 200 BC-400 AD ““all roads lead to Rome”all roads lead to Rome” Paris, London, Vienna - all old Roman sitesParis, London, Vienna - all old Roman sites

►Mid-Evil EuropeMid-Evil Europe - after the fall of Rome - after the fall of Rome urbanization decreasedurbanization decreased patterns of castles, walls & narrow streetspatterns of castles, walls & narrow streets compact space surrounded by wallscompact space surrounded by walls

DEVELOPMENT OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT OF URBAN SETTLEMENTSSETTLEMENTS

►Renaissance-Baroque CitiesRenaissance-Baroque Cities Renaissance 15-16th centuriesRenaissance 15-16th centuries Baroque 16-18th centuriesBaroque 16-18th centuries development of wide avenues & monumentsdevelopment of wide avenues & monuments Paris & London rebuilt, Washington D.C.Paris & London rebuilt, Washington D.C.

► Industrial City Industrial City 19th century to present19th century to present city designed around industry and city designed around industry and

transportationtransportation most modern citiesmost modern cities

DEVELOPMENT OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT OF URBAN SETTLEMENTSSETTLEMENTS

►Megalopolis - Megalopolis - conurbation of a number of cities blended conurbation of a number of cities blended

together without separationtogether without separation ““The Blob” Lewis MumfordThe Blob” Lewis Mumford

SMSA- Standard Metropolitan Statistical AreaSMSA- Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area

40% of the world’s population lives in urban 40% of the world’s population lives in urban areasareas

URBAN SMSA’sURBAN SMSA’s

►First city with 1 million - London in First city with 1 million - London in 18101810

►Over 1 millionOver 1 million - 180+ cities - 180+ cities►Over 10 millionOver 10 million - LA, Buenos Aires, - LA, Buenos Aires,

London, Bombay, Jakarta, Mexico City, London, Bombay, Jakarta, Mexico City, New York City, Osaka, Paris, Rio De New York City, Osaka, Paris, Rio De Janeiro, Sao Paulo, SeoulJaneiro, Sao Paulo, Seoul

►Over 30 millionOver 30 million - Tokyo - Tokyo

DEFINITION OF THE CITYDEFINITION OF THE CITY►Physical Definition of the CityPhysical Definition of the City - Non- - Non-

rural settlement that is, rural settlement that is, built upbuilt up, , economically functional,economically functional, has a local has a local government, and a government, and a legal boundarylegal boundary..

►Environmental Definition of the CityEnvironmental Definition of the City urban dust domes urban dust domes

►(defined by pollution)(defined by pollution)

heat islandheat island►(defined by increased temperatures)(defined by increased temperatures)

GROWTH OF THE CITYGROWTH OF THE CITY

►Skyscrapers - using vertical spaceSkyscrapers - using vertical space intensive use of landintensive use of land

►shops at street levelshops at street level professional offices at higher levelsprofessional offices at higher levels

►Outward ExpansionOutward Expansion advent of the automobile & transportation advent of the automobile & transportation

routesroutes decline of public transportdecline of public transport

OUTWARD EXPANSION OUTWARD EXPANSION (con’t)(con’t)

►Squatter SettlementsSquatter Settlements - illegally erected - illegally erected shacks, cardboard structures and shacks, cardboard structures and tents, due to rapid growth in cities of tents, due to rapid growth in cities of developing countriesdeveloping countries

►De-urbanization of the CityDe-urbanization of the City suburbansuburbanism - ism - legally independent citieslegally independent cities cluster citiescluster cities rural areas- preferable to urban lifestylerural areas- preferable to urban lifestyle telecommutingtelecommuting - economic activity from a - economic activity from a

distancedistance

Sao Paulo squatter Sao Paulo squatter settlementsettlement

DISTRIBUTION OF CITIESDISTRIBUTION OF CITIES

►Physical RestraintsPhysical Restraints Manufacturing - North & EastManufacturing - North & East Retail Cities serving farmers - Mid Retail Cities serving farmers - Mid

WestWest Resorts & Retirement - SouthwestResorts & Retirement - Southwest

►Economic FunctionsEconomic Functions site & situation factorssite & situation factors International Trade - Port CitiesInternational Trade - Port Cities Entertainment Centers - Las VegasEntertainment Centers - Las Vegas

DISTRIBUTION OF CITIESDISTRIBUTION OF CITIES

► International Distribution International Distribution Developed countries have a higher Developed countries have a higher

population living in urban population living in urban areasareas

►Two thirds live in urban areasTwo thirds live in urban areas

Developing countries have the Developing countries have the greatest greatest increases in the increases in the number of large urban number of large urban settlementssettlements

►One quarter live in urban areasOne quarter live in urban areas►Most of the largest cities are in the Most of the largest cities are in the

developing regionsdeveloping regions

URBAN PATTERNS

URBAN PATTERNSURBAN PATTERNS

►City CenterCity Center best known area, most visually distinctivebest known area, most visually distinctive

►San Francisco, LondonSan Francisco, London

original site of settlementoriginal site of settlement

►Central Business DistrictCentral Business District retail & office spaceretail & office space assessableassessable often a focal point with skyscrapersoften a focal point with skyscrapers specialized stores for the office workersspecialized stores for the office workers

URBAN PATTERNSURBAN PATTERNS

►Zones in TransitionZones in Transition mixed use with light industrymixed use with light industry transition from business to residentialtransition from business to residential older neighborhoods (slums)older neighborhoods (slums)

►home to ethnic groups not culturally integratedhome to ethnic groups not culturally integrated►ghettos vs. ethnic neighborhoodghettos vs. ethnic neighborhood

►SuburbsSuburbs residentialresidential nodes of retail servicesnodes of retail services

CENTRAL PLACE THEORYCENTRAL PLACE THEORY

►ThresholdThreshold - number of people to - number of people to supportsupport

►RangeRange - distance people will travel for - distance people will travel for serviceservice

SUBJECT REVIEWSUBJECT REVIEW

►SETTLEMENTSSETTLEMENTS►ORIGINS OF SETTLEMENTSORIGINS OF SETTLEMENTS►TYPES OF SETTLEMENTSTYPES OF SETTLEMENTS►DEVELOPMENT OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT OF URBAN

SETTLEMENTSSETTLEMENTS►CITY HISTORYCITY HISTORY►URBAN PATTERNSURBAN PATTERNS