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Chapter 13

Changes in the western frontier

1786 1862-1900 1879

Great Plains were the grass land existing through the west-central portion on the US, while distinctive and highly developed Native American ways of life existed.

The Homestead Acts were several United States federal laws that gave an applicant ownership of land, typically called a "homestead", at little or no cost. In the United States, this originally consisted of grants totaling 160 acres

Exodusters was a name given to African Americans who migrated from states along the Mississippi River to Kansas in the late nineteenth century, as part of the Exoduster Movement or Exodus of 1879.[

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Chapter 13

Changes in the western frontier

1786 1862-1900 1879

Great Plains were the grass land existing through the west-central portion on the US, while distinctive and highly developed Native American ways of life existed.

The Homestead Acts were several United States federal laws that gave an applicant ownership of land, typically called a "homestead", at little or no cost. In the United States, this originally consisted of grants totaling 160 acres

Exodusters was a name given to African Americans who migrated from states along the Mississippi River to Kansas in the late nineteenth century, as part of the Exoduster Movement or Exodus of 1879.[

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1864 1868 1876

The Sand Creek Massacre (also known as the Chivington Massacre, the Battle of Sand Creek or the Massacre of Cheyenne Indians) was an atrocity in the Indian Wars of the United States that occurred on November 29, 1864

George Armstrong Custer (December 5, 1839 – June 25, 1876) was a United States Army officer and cavalry commander in the American Civil War and the Indian Wars.

Sitting Bull (Lakota: Tȟatȟáŋka Íyotake in Standard Lakota Orthography,[2] also nicknamed Slon-he or "Slow"; c. 1831 – December 15, 1890) was a Hunkpapa Lakota Sioux holy man who led his people as a tribal chief during years of resistance to United States government policies.

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The Dawes Act of 1887 (also known as the General Allotment Act or the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887),[1][2] adopted by Congress in 1887, authorized the President of the United States to survey Indian tribal land and divide it into allotments for individual Indians. Dawes Act was amended in 1891 and again in 1906 by the Burke Act.

1887

Chapter 13Changes in the western frontier

The Ghost Dance (Caddo: Nanissáanah,[1] also called the Ghost Dance of 1890) was a new religious movement which was incorporated into numerous Native American belief systems.

1890

Long Drive- overland transport of the animals often lasted about three months

1866-1885

James Butler Hickok (May 27, 1837 – August 2, 1876), better known as Wild Bill Hickok, was a folk hero of the American Old West

1876

.

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1839-19871890

1859-1901

Monopoly is a complete control over it’s industry’s production ,wages and prices.

John P. Rockefeller was an owner of Standard Oil Company established by john P.,they took a different approach, they joined with competing companies in trust agreements.

Sherman Antitrust Act made it illegal to form a trust that interfered with free trade between states or with other countries.

Chapter 14

•A new industrial age

•Main events

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Eugene V, Debs attempted to form such an industrial union- The American Railway Union.

Collective bargaining is a process of negotiations between employers and a group of employees, aimed at reaching at reaching agreements that regulate working conditions.

Samuel Gompers led the Cigar Maker’s International Union to join with other craft unions.

1891 1894-19051886

Chapter 14-main events

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William Jennings Bryan signed his position as secretary of state. He gave a ' Cross of Gold Speech'.

Socialism is an economic and political system based on government control of business and property and equal distribution of wealth.

Trust is referred to as corporations such as Standard Oil company that took a different way by joining with competing companies in trust agreements.

1885 1861-1870 1877 1884 1865 1860s

Vanderbilt Family is an American family of dutch origin prominent during the Gilded Age began with Cornelius Vanderbilt

Mugwumps were Republican political activities who bolted from the US Republican Party by supporting Democratic candidate Grover Cleveland in the US Presidential Election of 1884

Culture Shock is a personal disorientation,may feel when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life due to immigration. It started in 1865 when millions of immigrants came to America from different countries.

Sweat shop is a negatively connoted term for any working environment considered to be unacceptably difficult or dangerous. Used for builders of early skyscrapers in New York City

Bessemer Process developed independently by the British manufacturer Henry Bessemer and American iron maker William Kelly around 1850-1866. Soon became widely used . Injecting air into molten iron to remove carbon and other inpurities.

Credit Mobilier is an American railroad construction company setup by the Union Pacific Railroad to build the 1st Transcontinental Railroad in 1860s

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Chapter 15Immigrants and Urbanization.

1870-1892

Ellis Island In New York Harbor. About 20 % of the immigrants at Ellis Island were detained for a day or more before being inspected. However, only 2% of those were denied entry.

1894

Melting Pot is a mixture of people of different cultures and races blended together by abandoning their native languages and customs. Thought by Native Americans.

1890s

Angel Island in San Francisco Bay .Asians,primarily Chinese, were arriving on the West coast gained admission at Angel Island.

1890s

Urbanization is a growth of cities; mostly in the regions of the Northeast and Midwest.

1880s

Settlement House were community centers in slum neighborhoods that provided assistance to people in the area ,especially immigrants, established by a few reformers.

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Chapter 15Immigrants and Urbanization

1868-1890

Graft is an illegal use of political influence for personal gain;

1868

Tammany Hall is the New York City’s powerful democratic political machine in 1868;Boss Tweed was in head.

1876-1890

Patronage is the giving of government jobs to people who had helped a candidate get elected;in Andrew Jackson’s administration this political system was called a Spoils System

1876-1890

Civil Service was a government administration- job should to the most qualified persons, reformers believed in Civil Service.

1869-1871

Tweed Ring was a group of corrupt politicians in defrauding the city;Boss Tweed led it in 1869-1871

1870s

Kickback is an illegal payment for the services , enriched the political machines and individual politicians.

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Chapter 15Main events

1879

Jacob Riis pointed out , these multifamily urban dwellings,called tenements ,were overcrowded and unsanitary

1880s

Political machine was an organized group that controlled the activities of a political party in a city; also offered services to voters and businesses in exchange for political and financial support

1883

The resulting Pendleton Civil Service Act of 1883 authorized a bipartisan civil service commission to make appointments to federal jobs through a merit system based on candidates` performance on examination.

1886-1890

Jane Addams was one of the most influential members of the movement of Settlement Houses.

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Chapter 16Life At The Turn Of The 20th Century

1870s

Frederick Law Olmsted was a landscape architect;spearheaded the movement for planned urban parks

1900

Booker T. Washington was a prominent African American educator;believed that racism would end when blacks will get a good education

1860s-1870s

Poll tax is an annual tax that had to be paid before qualifying to vote

1870s

Southern States passed racial segregation laws to separate white and black people in public and private facilities.

1895

W.E.B. Du Bois is the 1st African American to receive a doctorate from Harvard in 1895

1888

George Eastman developed a series of more convenient alternatives to the heavy glass plates previously used.

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Chapter 16-main events

1870sJim Crow Laws were

passed in Southern States to separate whites and blacks in public and private facilities

1895William Randolph Hearst

purchased the New York Morning Journal in 1895.

1870s-1880sMark Twain is a novelist and

humorist declared the “ independence of literature and all that bosh”. Also the author of “ Adventures of Huckleberry Finn”

1911Debt Peonage was a system

that bound laborers into slavery in order to work off a debt to the employer

1896In Plessy v. Ferguson, the

Supreme Court ruled that the separation of races in public accommodations was legal and did not violate the 14th Amendment.

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Chapter 16

1872Mail order catalog launched in 1872,

grew from a single sheet the 1st year to a booklet with ordering instructions in 10 languages

1883Joseph Pulitizer was a Hungarian immigrant

who had brought the New York World in 1883, pioneered popular innovations.

1892Ida B. Wells was born into slavery shortly before

emancipation;worked as a teacher in Memphis; later an editor of a local paper;radical justice.

1899-1890Vaundeville was a performance like

chorus,song, jugging. African Americans filled roles ,mainly in shows