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Transcript of Algae1
Algae: Future fuel and value
added products
By
Anupama Yadav
Dr. A. M. LallDepartment of Biochemistry and Biochemical Engineering
Jacob School of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering
Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture Technology and Sciences
Allahabad
© [Anupama.Yadav] [2014]
Energy: Our basic requirement
© [Anupama.Yadav] [2014]
Understanding Energy and its socio-
economic significance
• Fuel + Energy+ chemicals for fertilizers = 70% Economy of the planet
• Funding of this largest economy is 1/30th of medical research and for algae its 1/100th of that of agriculture
• Requirement of Energy, rate so high that we would burn petroleum accumulated over 300 million years in less than 200 years or in less than Eight Generations of Human beings.
© [Anupama.Yadav] [2014]
Energy crisis
Biofuels
60% of Fossil Fuels used
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First Generation•from sugar, starch, vegetable oil or animal
fats
•used conventional technology
•criticized for diverting food from the
human food chain
•Leads to food shortage and price rise
© [Anupama.Yadav] [2014]
Comparison of some sources of
BiodieselS. No Crop Oil Yield
(L/ha/yr)
Land area needed
M ha
1 Corn 172 1540
2 Soybean 446 594
3 Canola 1190 223
4 Jatropha 1892 140
5 Coconut 2689 99
6 Oil Palm 5950 45
7 Microalgae 136,900 2
© [Anupama.Yadav] [2014]
• from non-food crops.
• Does not divert food away from the animal
or human food chain.
• needs agricultural land for cultivation
• Low yield per hectare cultivation
Second Generation
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Third Generation• Algae are low-input, high-yield feedstock to produce
biofuel.
• Fastest growing photosynthesizers
• Very efficient biological system for harvesting solar
energy
• 100 tonnes of algal biomass fixes approx. 183 tonnes
of CO2
• Store energy in form of Lipids and oils
© [Anupama.Yadav] [2014]
Oil content of some algaeS. No. Microalgae Oil Content (% dry
weight)
1 Botrycoccus Braunii 25-75
2 Chlorella sp. 28-32
3 Crypthecodinium cohnii 20
4 Cylindrotheca sp. 16-37
5 Dunaleilla primolecta 23
6 Isochrysis sp. 25-33
7 Monallanthus salina >20
8 Nannochloris sp. 20-25
9 Nannochloropsis sp. 31-68
10 Neochloris oleoabundans 35-54
11 Nitzschia sp. 45-47
12 Phaeodactylum tricornutum 20-30
13 Schizochytrium sp. 50-77
14 Tetraselmis sueica 15-23© [Anupama.Yadav] [2014]
Advantage of algal biodiesel
• Degrades four times faster than diesel
• Higher flash point for safety
• Can be used in existing diesel engines
• Sulphur free, less CO, HC, particulate matter and aromatic compounds emissions
• Biodiesel is carbon neutral
© [Anupama.Yadav] [2014]
Algal oil percentage and physico-chemical properties
Samples Oil Percentage (w/w)
pH Densityg/cm
Viscosity at 40ᵒC
(Mm2/sec)
Non-saponifiable
fat (%)
Tolypothrix 12.78 7 0.857 4.1 0.137
Pithophora 10.37 7 0.873 4.2 0.181
Spirogyra 14.82 7 0.884 4.4 0.232
Hydrodictiyon 13.58 6 0.868 3.9 0.231
Rhizoclonium 11.64 7 0.889 4.3 0.237
Cladophora 11.76 6 0.892 3.8 0.244
© [Anupama.Yadav] [2014]
Current approach for Biodiesel
extraction
© [Anupama.Yadav] [2014]
Requirement for value added products
bottleneck in extracting value added products from algae is to separate the different fractions without damaging one or more of product fractions
Till now the focus was on obtaining only one product
Focus in obtaining the products should be on cell disruption to release the products or to make them available for extraction
© [Anupama.Yadav] [2014]
Proposed approach for biodiesel
extraction
© [Anupama.Yadav] [2014]
Value added products
• Current scenario:
– Nutraceuticals including carotenoids like beta
carotenes and asaxanthine commercially sold at
value $8 billion worldwide
– Kelp and other sea weeds prominently used in
different cultures for food and cosmetic purposes
– Benefits from Spirulina are widely known
© [Anupama.Yadav] [2014]
Future Prospects
Industrial fine chemicals and bulk products e.g. fats
polyunsaturated fatty acids, oils natural dyes, sugars pigments,
antioxidants, high value bioactive compounds and biomass
Ranging from simple dried Fucus for home baths to high value
spa & cosmetics ranges
Phlorotannins(weight management, anti-inflammatory),
fucoidan(immunomodulatory, antimicrobial) ,
fucoxanthin(weight management)
© [Anupama.Yadav] [2014]
References
• Vanthoor-Koopmans M., Wijffels R. H., Barbosa M.J and Eppink M.H.M., Biorefineryof microalgae for food and fuel, Bioresour. Technol. (2012), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.10.135
• Bajhaiya A.K., Mandotra S.K., Suseela M.R., Toppo K., and Ranade S., Algal Biodiesel: the next generation biofuel for India, Asian J. Exp. Biol.Sci. Vol I (4) 2010:728-739
• Kumar P., Suseela M.R. and Toppo K., Physico-Chemical Characterization of Algal oil: a Potential Biofuel, Asian J. Exp. Biol. Sci. Vol 2(3) 2011: 493-497
• Mata T. M., Martins A.A. and Caetano N.S., microalgae for Biodiesel Production and other applications: A review, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 14(2010) 217-232
• Mayfield S., The Green Revolution 2.0: the potential of algae for the production of biofuels and bioproducts, Genome 56: 551-555(2013)
• Chishti Y., Biodiesel from microalgae, Biotechnology Advances 25(2007) 294-306
• Naikwade P.V., Bansode R.P., and Sankpal S.T., Biofuels: Potential, Current Issues and Future Trends, Journal of Today’s Biological Sciences : Research & Review Vol.1,(1) (2012) 186-198
© [Anupama.Yadav] [2014]
Thank You
Chlamydomonas reinhardtiiPhoto credit: Beth Rasala, UC San Diego
© [Anupama.Yadav] [2014]