Advanced microprocessor systems - New Jersey Institute …rlopes/Mod1.3.pdf · Microprocessor...

31
Advanced microprocessor systems

Transcript of Advanced microprocessor systems - New Jersey Institute …rlopes/Mod1.3.pdf · Microprocessor...

Page 1: Advanced microprocessor systems - New Jersey Institute …rlopes/Mod1.3.pdf · Microprocessor Evolution. Discrete Transistors Bipolar FET. Planar Transistors BJT FET. 1971 1972 10,000

Advanced microprocessor systems

Page 2: Advanced microprocessor systems - New Jersey Institute …rlopes/Mod1.3.pdf · Microprocessor Evolution. Discrete Transistors Bipolar FET. Planar Transistors BJT FET. 1971 1972 10,000

FirstTransistorMicroprocessorEvolution

Page 3: Advanced microprocessor systems - New Jersey Institute …rlopes/Mod1.3.pdf · Microprocessor Evolution. Discrete Transistors Bipolar FET. Planar Transistors BJT FET. 1971 1972 10,000

DiscreteTransistors

Bipolar

FET

Page 4: Advanced microprocessor systems - New Jersey Institute …rlopes/Mod1.3.pdf · Microprocessor Evolution. Discrete Transistors Bipolar FET. Planar Transistors BJT FET. 1971 1972 10,000

PlanarTransistors

BJTFET

Page 5: Advanced microprocessor systems - New Jersey Institute …rlopes/Mod1.3.pdf · Microprocessor Evolution. Discrete Transistors Bipolar FET. Planar Transistors BJT FET. 1971 1972 10,000

1971 1972

10,000nm 10,000nm

Page 6: Advanced microprocessor systems - New Jersey Institute …rlopes/Mod1.3.pdf · Microprocessor Evolution. Discrete Transistors Bipolar FET. Planar Transistors BJT FET. 1971 1972 10,000

808629000transistors3000nm

1978 1985

80386275000transistors1500nm

Page 7: Advanced microprocessor systems - New Jersey Institute …rlopes/Mod1.3.pdf · Microprocessor Evolution. Discrete Transistors Bipolar FET. Planar Transistors BJT FET. 1971 1972 10,000

1993 1995

Pentium3.1Mtransistors800nm

PentiumPro5.5Mtransitors500nm

Page 8: Advanced microprocessor systems - New Jersey Institute …rlopes/Mod1.3.pdf · Microprocessor Evolution. Discrete Transistors Bipolar FET. Planar Transistors BJT FET. 1971 1972 10,000

2006

PentiumDPresler362Mtransistors65nm

2007

Core2DuoWolfdale411Mtransistors45nm

Page 9: Advanced microprocessor systems - New Jersey Institute …rlopes/Mod1.3.pdf · Microprocessor Evolution. Discrete Transistors Bipolar FET. Planar Transistors BJT FET. 1971 1972 10,000

2011 2016

8-corei7Haswell2.6Btransistors22nm

22coreXeonBroadwell7.2Btransistors14nm

Page 10: Advanced microprocessor systems - New Jersey Institute …rlopes/Mod1.3.pdf · Microprocessor Evolution. Discrete Transistors Bipolar FET. Planar Transistors BJT FET. 1971 1972 10,000

HilevelCrosssection

Microprocessorcircuitsonchip

Page 11: Advanced microprocessor systems - New Jersey Institute …rlopes/Mod1.3.pdf · Microprocessor Evolution. Discrete Transistors Bipolar FET. Planar Transistors BJT FET. 1971 1972 10,000

Clock

Graphics

Network Comm.

Mass Storage

A/VI/O Control

ROM/FLASH

CPU

Peripherals

Power

SCSIIDE/ATA/SATAFDDI

USBIEEE488Bluetooth

Hypertransport/PCI express

10/100bT/Gb/802.11

PCI express RAML1/L2/L3

Advanced Microprocessor System Block Diagram

DDR1,2,3,4-SDRAM

1.8 – 3.8 GHz

Dual SLI

Wireless, Ethernet, Optical

SATA, RAID, DVD, Blueray

Keyboard, Mouse, scanner, USB

Up to 1KW, water cooling

3D sound,Joystick,

Page 12: Advanced microprocessor systems - New Jersey Institute …rlopes/Mod1.3.pdf · Microprocessor Evolution. Discrete Transistors Bipolar FET. Planar Transistors BJT FET. 1971 1972 10,000

CPUAdvancementMechanisms:

1)Advancesinprocessorarchitecture:

RISCPipeliningSuperscalarOut-of-orderexecution

Page 13: Advanced microprocessor systems - New Jersey Institute …rlopes/Mod1.3.pdf · Microprocessor Evolution. Discrete Transistors Bipolar FET. Planar Transistors BJT FET. 1971 1972 10,000

RISC- asystemthatusesasmall,highly-optimizedsetofinstructionsthattypicalyexecuteinoneclockcycle,ratherthanamorespecializedsetofinstructionsthatmayrequireseveralclockcycles.TherearemanytraitsassociatedwithRISC.Forexample,mostmachinesareimplementedwithmultipleinternalbusessimilartoaHarvardarchitecture.AnothercommontraitisthatRISCsystemsusetheload/storearchitecture,wherememoryisnormallyaccessedonlythroughspecificinstructions,ratherthanaccessedaspartofotherinstructionslikeanadd.

Page 14: Advanced microprocessor systems - New Jersey Institute …rlopes/Mod1.3.pdf · Microprocessor Evolution. Discrete Transistors Bipolar FET. Planar Transistors BJT FET. 1971 1972 10,000

Pipelining- atechniqueusedinthedesignofcomputerstoincreasetheirinstructionthroughput.Ratherthanprocessingeachinstructionsequentially,eachinstructionissplitupintoasequenceofstepswhichareexecutedwithinasmalloffsetfromoneanother.Thus,differentstepscanbeexecutedconcurrently(bydifferentcircuitry),andalmostinparallel.

Page 15: Advanced microprocessor systems - New Jersey Institute …rlopes/Mod1.3.pdf · Microprocessor Evolution. Discrete Transistors Bipolar FET. Planar Transistors BJT FET. 1971 1972 10,000

Superscalar- aformofparallelismcalledinstruction-levelparallelismwithinasingleprocessor.ACPUexecutesmorethanoneinstructionduringaclockcyclebysimultaneouslydispatchingmultipleinstructionstoredundantfunctionalunitsontheprocessor.

Page 16: Advanced microprocessor systems - New Jersey Institute …rlopes/Mod1.3.pdf · Microprocessor Evolution. Discrete Transistors Bipolar FET. Planar Transistors BJT FET. 1971 1972 10,000

Out-of-orderexecution– ACPUtechniqueinvolving:

• fetchinginstructionsinacompiler-generatedorder

• Theinstructionsaredynamicallyscheduled

•Inbetweentheymaybeexecutedinsomeotherorder

•Independentinstructionsbehindastalledinstructioncanpassit

•Instructionsarereshuffledbackintothecorrectorderforwriteback stage

Page 17: Advanced microprocessor systems - New Jersey Institute …rlopes/Mod1.3.pdf · Microprocessor Evolution. Discrete Transistors Bipolar FET. Planar Transistors BJT FET. 1971 1972 10,000

CPUAdvancementMechanisms:

2)Advancesinprocessormanufacturing:Lithographyprocesses:

Opticale-beamX-rayExtremeUV

Page 18: Advanced microprocessor systems - New Jersey Institute …rlopes/Mod1.3.pdf · Microprocessor Evolution. Discrete Transistors Bipolar FET. Planar Transistors BJT FET. 1971 1972 10,000

OpticalLithography-aphotograhic processusedtopatternpartsofasemiconductorfilmorthematerialof asubstrate.Ituseslighttotransferageometricpatternfromaphotomask toalight-sensitivechemical"photoresist”,onthesubstrate.Aseriesofchemicaltreatmentstheneitherengravestheexposurepattern,orenablesdepositionofanewmaterialinthedesiredpattern.

Page 19: Advanced microprocessor systems - New Jersey Institute …rlopes/Mod1.3.pdf · Microprocessor Evolution. Discrete Transistors Bipolar FET. Planar Transistors BJT FET. 1971 1972 10,000

e-beamLithography- isthepracticeofscanningafocusedbeamofelectronstodrawcustomshapesonasurfacecoveredwithanelectronsensitivefilmcalledaresist.Thepurpose,aswithphotolithography,istocreateverysmallstructuresintheresistthatcansubsequentlybetransferredtothesubstratematerial,oftenbyetching.Usingthistechnique,sub10nmstructurescanbecreated.

Page 20: Advanced microprocessor systems - New Jersey Institute …rlopes/Mod1.3.pdf · Microprocessor Evolution. Discrete Transistors Bipolar FET. Planar Transistors BJT FET. 1971 1972 10,000

X-rayLithography- usesX-raystotransferageometricpatternfromamasktoalight-sensitivechemicalphotoresist onasubstrate.Aseriesofchemicaltreatmentsthenengravestheproducedpatternintothematerialunderneaththephotoresist.Usingthistechnique,sub1nmstructurescanbecreated.

Page 21: Advanced microprocessor systems - New Jersey Institute …rlopes/Mod1.3.pdf · Microprocessor Evolution. Discrete Transistors Bipolar FET. Planar Transistors BJT FET. 1971 1972 10,000

ExtremeUVLithography- anext-generationlithographytechnologyusinganextremeultraviolet(EUV)wavelength,currentlyexpectedtobearound13.5nm.Usingthistechnique,sub20nmstructurescanbefabricated.

Page 22: Advanced microprocessor systems - New Jersey Institute …rlopes/Mod1.3.pdf · Microprocessor Evolution. Discrete Transistors Bipolar FET. Planar Transistors BJT FET. 1971 1972 10,000

CPUAdvancementMechanisms:

3)Advancesinprocessorimplementations:

SemiconductorcomputingOpticalcomputingMolecularcomputingQuantumcomputing

Page 23: Advanced microprocessor systems - New Jersey Institute …rlopes/Mod1.3.pdf · Microprocessor Evolution. Discrete Transistors Bipolar FET. Planar Transistors BJT FET. 1971 1972 10,000

Timelineofcomputationalimplementations27

00BC

1900

AD

1945

AD

1960

AD

Mechanical Electronic Semiconductor

2014

AD

1945

AD

Optical

1970

AD

1994

AD

Molecular

Quantum 2014

AD

2014

AD

2014

AD

Page 24: Advanced microprocessor systems - New Jersey Institute …rlopes/Mod1.3.pdf · Microprocessor Evolution. Discrete Transistors Bipolar FET. Planar Transistors BJT FET. 1971 1972 10,000

Semiconductorcomputing- Siliconisonlyoneoutofmanydifferentsemiconductormaterials.A combinationoftheelementsgalliumandarsenicformscrystalswhichpermitelectronstomovefasterthaninsilicon,sothatthismaterialissometimesusedwhenextremespeedisimportant.Themainreasonthatsiliconisusedincomputersisbecauseitiseasier,andthereforelessexpensive,tomakecomplicatedcircuitsoutofsiliconthanforanyothermaterial.Computercircuitsalsorequiresomepartstobemadeoutofinsulatorsinadditiontothepartsthataresemiconducting.Withsilicon,itiseasytomakeagoodinsulatorbyaddingsomeoxygentoproducesiliconoxide.Theaveragecostisnowmuchlessthanonepennyper10,000transistors.

Page 25: Advanced microprocessor systems - New Jersey Institute …rlopes/Mod1.3.pdf · Microprocessor Evolution. Discrete Transistors Bipolar FET. Planar Transistors BJT FET. 1971 1972 10,000

Opticalcomputing- usesphotonsproducedbylasersordiodesforcomputation.Photonspromisetoallowahigherbandwidththantheelectronsusedinconventionalcomputers.Photoniclogicistheuseofphotons(light)inlogicgates(NOT,AND,OR,NAND,NOR,XOR,XNOR).Switchingisobtainedusingnonlinearopticaleffectswhentwoormoresignalsarecombined.

Page 26: Advanced microprocessor systems - New Jersey Institute …rlopes/Mod1.3.pdf · Microprocessor Evolution. Discrete Transistors Bipolar FET. Planar Transistors BJT FET. 1971 1972 10,000

Molecularcomputing- aformofcomputingwhichusesDNA*,biochemistryandmolecularbiology,insteadofthetraditionalsilicon-basedcomputertechnologies.Itisinitsinfancyandiscurrentlythesubjectofresearch.

*AbioengineerandgeneticistatHarvard’sWyssInstitutehavesuccessfullystored5.5petabits ofdata— around700terabytes— inasinglegramofDNA,smashingthepreviousDNAdatadensityrecordbyathousandtimes.

Page 27: Advanced microprocessor systems - New Jersey Institute …rlopes/Mod1.3.pdf · Microprocessor Evolution. Discrete Transistors Bipolar FET. Planar Transistors BJT FET. 1971 1972 10,000

Quantumcomputing- acomputationdevicethatmakesdirectuseofquantum-mechanicalphenomena,suchassuperpositionandentanglement,toperformoperationsondata.Quantumcomputingisstillinitsinfancybutexperimentshavebeencarriedoutinwhichquantumcomputationaloperationswereexecutedonaverysmallnumberofqubits. Bothpracticalandtheoreticalresearchcontinues todevelopquantumcomputersforbothcivilianandnationalsecuritypurposes,suchascryptanalysis.

Page 28: Advanced microprocessor systems - New Jersey Institute …rlopes/Mod1.3.pdf · Microprocessor Evolution. Discrete Transistors Bipolar FET. Planar Transistors BJT FET. 1971 1972 10,000

28

Advanced Microprocessor System Block Diagram

Colorkey:Red=processorBlack=I/OLt.gray=singlechipDarkgray=containedonchip

Page 29: Advanced microprocessor systems - New Jersey Institute …rlopes/Mod1.3.pdf · Microprocessor Evolution. Discrete Transistors Bipolar FET. Planar Transistors BJT FET. 1971 1972 10,000

OMAP4430 die

Bump Underfill

Package size

Footprint (top side)

Footprint(bottom side)

intro-003

Top memory MCP package

Memory interface

Bottom PBGA547 OMAP4430POP package 0.4-mm pitch

12 x 12 mm

intro-004

Public Version

Package-On-Package Concept www.ti.com

1.4 Package-On-Package ConceptThe OMAP4430 die uses flip-chip technology. The OMAP4430 package-on-page (POP) device supportsmemory stacking using a POP implementation.The OMAP4430 die provides two LPDDR2 interfaces. Each interface supports up to two chip-selects, soup to four LPDDR2 memory dies are supported. Those interfaces are available only on device top ball out.The two stacked memory packages are directly connected to the two LPDDR2 EMIF4D interfaces of theOMAP4430 die.Figure 1-3 shows the concept of the POP solution, and Figure 1-4 shows stacked memory package on thePOP device.

Figure 1-3. POP Concept

Figure 1-4. Stacked Memory Package on the POP Device

Two types of LPDDR - SDRAM memories are supported in POP package: S4 and S2 with size up to 2GBand 32-bit data width.The POP device includes feedthroughs. The feedthroughs are defined from the bottom ball-grid array(BGA) to the stacked memory. The purpose of some of the feedthroughs is to provide power supply to thestacked memories.

270 Introduction SWPU231R–July 2010–Revised March 2011

© 2010–2011, Texas Instruments Incorporated

Stackedmemorypackage-on-package(POP)device

Page 30: Advanced microprocessor systems - New Jersey Institute …rlopes/Mod1.3.pdf · Microprocessor Evolution. Discrete Transistors Bipolar FET. Planar Transistors BJT FET. 1971 1972 10,000

QuadCore14nm1.6GHzBaseFrequency2.4GHzBurstFrequency

Page 31: Advanced microprocessor systems - New Jersey Institute …rlopes/Mod1.3.pdf · Microprocessor Evolution. Discrete Transistors Bipolar FET. Planar Transistors BJT FET. 1971 1972 10,000

CS240A: Applied Parallel Computing Introductiontyang/class/240a13w/... · Technology Trends: Microprocessor Capacity 2X transistors/Chip Every 1.5 years Called “Moore’s Law”

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Product Portfolio ROHM Electronics. LSIs ● Ｓｙｓｔｅｍ ＬＳＩ Discrete Devices ●MOS FET, Transistors, Diodes ●Resistors, Ceramic Caps, Tantalum Caps OPTO Devices.

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Lecture Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (MOS) Field-Effect Transistors (FET) MOSFET Introduction 1.

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CONTENTS 1. History 2. FET Definition 3. FET operation 4. Types of field-effect transistors 5. MOSFET development 6. MOSFET composition 6.1 metal-oxide-semicoductor.

CONTENTS 1. History 2. FET Definition 3. FET operation 4. Types of field-effect transistors 5. MOSFET development 6. MOSFET composition 6.1 metal-oxide-semicoductor.

Transistors: BJT, FET and MOSFET

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Field Effect Transistors. Introduction Two main types of FET: - JFET –Junction field effects transistor -MOSFET – Metal oxide semiconductor field effect.

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Design of Microprocessor-Based Systems · versions – Sonar ... • Flux Gate • Location – Permittivity ... • Fast • Size (transistors, switches)? • Accuracy?

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Field-Effect Transistors 1.Understand MOSFET operation. 2. Understand the basic operation of CMOS logic gates. 3. Make use of p-fet and n-fet for logic.

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CS-202 Microprocessor and Assembly Language · Microprocessor-Based Systems •Microprocessors — CPU (Central Processing Unit) •No. Of Transistors, Speed, Word Size, Pins, Cache

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Field-effect Transistors (Fet)

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Transistors Fet

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