Abnormal PsychologyAbnormal PsychologyPsychological DisordersPsychological DisordersChapter 14Chapter 14

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Defining Psychological Defining Psychological DisordersDisorders

Mental health workers view Mental health workers view psychological psychological disordersdisorders as persistently harmful thoughts, as persistently harmful thoughts,

feelings, and actions.feelings, and actions.

When behavior is deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional psychiatrists and

psychologists label it as disordered (Comer, 2004).

Intern’s Syndrome - diagnose yourself or those around you while studying a

particular disorder

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Deviant, Distressful & Deviant, Distressful & DysfunctionalDysfunctional1.1.DeviantDeviant behavior behavior

(going naked) in one (going naked) in one culture may be culture may be considered normal, considered normal, while in others it may while in others it may lead to arrest.lead to arrest.

2.2.Deviant behavior Deviant behavior must accompany must accompany distressdistress..

3.3. If a behavior is If a behavior is dysfunctionaldysfunctional it is it is clearly a disorder.clearly a disorder. MaladaptiveMaladaptive

In the Wodaabe tribe men wear costumes to

attract women. In Western society this would be considered

abnormal.

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AbnormalityAbnormality

Statistically rareStatistically rare Deviant from social normsDeviant from social norms

Situational contextSituational context - the social or - the social or environmental setting of a person’s behavior.environmental setting of a person’s behavior.

Subjective discomfortSubjective discomfort - emotional distress - emotional distress or emotional pain.or emotional pain.

MaladaptiveMaladaptive - anything that does not allow - anything that does not allow a person to function within or adapt to the a person to function within or adapt to the stresses and everyday demands of life.stresses and everyday demands of life.

Abnormality vs. InsanityAbnormality vs. Insanity

InsanityInsanity is a legal term is a legal term

The The insanity defenseinsanity defense is used to argue is used to argue that a mentally ill person should not be that a mentally ill person should not be held responsible for his or her actions.held responsible for his or her actions.

Not everyone diagnosed with a mental Not everyone diagnosed with a mental disorder would be able to claim insanity – disorder would be able to claim insanity – that designation is determined by judges that designation is determined by judges and juries.and juries.

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Understanding Psychological Understanding Psychological DisordersDisorders

Ancient Treatments Ancient Treatments of psychological disorders of psychological disorders include trephination, exorcism, being caged include trephination, exorcism, being caged

like animals, being beaten, burned, castrated, like animals, being beaten, burned, castrated, mutilated, or transfused with animal’s blood.mutilated, or transfused with animal’s blood.

Trephination (boring holes in the skull to remove evil forces)

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Perspectives and Perspectives and DisordersDisorders

Psychological Psychological School/PerspectiveSchool/Perspective

Cause of the DisorderCause of the Disorder

Psychoanalytic/PsychodynamicPsychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Internal, unconscious drivesInternal, unconscious drives

HumanisticHumanistic Failure to strive to one’s potential or Failure to strive to one’s potential or being out of touch with one’s being out of touch with one’s feelings.feelings.

BehavioralBehavioral Reinforcement history, the Reinforcement history, the environment.environment.

CognitiveCognitive Irrational, dysfunctional thoughts or Irrational, dysfunctional thoughts or ways of thinking.ways of thinking.

SocioculturalSociocultural Dysfunctional SocietyDysfunctional Society

Biomedical/NeuroscienceBiomedical/Neuroscience Organic problems, biochemical Organic problems, biochemical imbalances, genetic predispositions.imbalances, genetic predispositions.

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Medical PerspectiveMedical Perspective

Philippe Pinel (1745-1826) from France, Philippe Pinel (1745-1826) from France, insisted that madness was not due to demonic insisted that madness was not due to demonic

possession, but an ailment of the mind.possession, but an ailment of the mind.

Dance in the madhouse.

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Medical ModelMedical Model

When physicians discovered that syphilis led to When physicians discovered that syphilis led to mental disorders, they started using mental disorders, they started using medical modelsmedical models

to review the physical causes of these disorders.to review the physical causes of these disorders.

1. Etiology: Cause and development of the disorder.

2. Diagnosis: Identifying (symptoms) and distinguishing one disease from another.

3. Treatment: Treating a disorder in a psychiatric hospital.

4. Prognosis: Forecast about the disorder.

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Biopsychosocial Biopsychosocial PerspectivePerspective

DSM IVDSM IV Diagnostic Diagnostic Statistical Manual Statistical Manual of Mental Disordersof Mental Disorders: : the big book of the big book of disorders.disorders.

Operational definitions Operational definitions of each disorderof each disorder

DSM will classify DSM will classify disorders and describe disorders and describe the symptoms.the symptoms.

DSM will NOT explain DSM will NOT explain the causes or possible the causes or possible curescures..

400 psychological 400 psychological disorders compared to disorders compared to 60 in 1950’s60 in 1950’s

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Two Major Classifications in Two Major Classifications in the DSMthe DSM

Neurotic DisordersNeurotic Disorders

Distressing but one Distressing but one can still function in can still function in society and act society and act rationally.rationally.

Psychotic DisordersPsychotic Disorders

Person loses contact Person loses contact with reality, with reality, experiences distorted experiences distorted perceptions.perceptions.

John Wayne Gacy12

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Multiaxial ClassificationMultiaxial Classification

Are Psychosocial or Environmental Problems (school or housing issues) also present?Axis IV

What is the Global Assessment of the person’s functioning?Axis V

Is a General Medical Condition (diabetes, hypertension or arthritis etc) also present?Axis III

Is a Personality Disorder or Mental Retardation present?Axis II

Is a Clinical Syndrome (cognitive, anxiety, mood disorders [16 syndromes]) present?Axis I

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Goals of DSMGoals of DSM

1.1. Describe (400) disorders.Describe (400) disorders.2.2. Determine how prevalent the Determine how prevalent the

disorder is.disorder is.

Disorders outlined by DSM-IV are reliable. Therefore, diagnoses by different professionals are similar.

Others criticize DSM-IV for “putting any kind of behavior within the compass of psychiatry.”

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Labeling Psychological Labeling Psychological DisordersDisorders

1.1. Critics of the DSM-IV argue that labels may stigmatize Critics of the DSM-IV argue that labels may stigmatize individuals.individuals.

2.2. David Rosenhan “pseudopatient” study 1970David Rosenhan “pseudopatient” study 1970

Asylum baseball team (labeling)

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Labeling Psychological Labeling Psychological DisordersDisorders3. Labels may be helpful 3. Labels may be helpful

for healthcare for healthcare professionals when professionals when communicating with communicating with one another and one another and establishing therapy.establishing therapy.

4. “Insanity” labels raise 4. “Insanity” labels raise moral and ethical moral and ethical questions about how questions about how society should treat society should treat people who have people who have disorders and have disorders and have committed crimes.committed crimes.

Theodore Kaczynski(Unabomber)

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Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders A group of conditions A group of conditions

where the primary where the primary symptoms are anxiety symptoms are anxiety or defenses against or defenses against anxiety.anxiety.

the patient fears the patient fears something awful something awful willwill happen to them.happen to them.

They are in a state of They are in a state of intense apprehension, intense apprehension, uneasiness, uneasiness, uncertainty, or fear.uncertainty, or fear.

Important that their Important that their behavior is behavior is maladaptivemaladaptive

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PhobiasPhobias A person experiences A person experiences

sudden episodes of sudden episodes of intense dread.intense dread.

Must be a deep seated, Must be a deep seated, irrational fear.irrational fear.

3 Basic Categories3 Basic Categories SpecificSpecific SocialSocial AgoraphobiaAgoraphobia

Phobia List

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Generalized Anxiety Generalized Anxiety DisorderDisorderGADGAD An anxiety disorder in An anxiety disorder in

which a person is which a person is continuously tense, continuously tense, apprehensive and in a apprehensive and in a state of autonomic state of autonomic nervous system arousal.nervous system arousal.

The patient is constantly The patient is constantly tense and worried, feels tense and worried, feels inadequate, is inadequate, is oversensitive, can’t oversensitive, can’t concentrate and suffers concentrate and suffers from insomnia. from insomnia.

No specific stimulusNo specific stimulus Free FloatingFree Floating

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Panic DisorderPanic Disorder An anxiety disorder marked An anxiety disorder marked

by a minutes-long episode by a minutes-long episode of intense dread in which a of intense dread in which a person experiences terror person experiences terror and accompanying chest and accompanying chest pain, choking and other pain, choking and other frightening sensations.frightening sensations.

Can be recurrent; Can be recurrent; unexpectedunexpected Symptoms: chest pain, Symptoms: chest pain,

muscle tightness, muscle tightness, numbness and dizzinessnumbness and dizziness

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Obsessive-compulsive Obsessive-compulsive disorderdisorder

Persistent unwanted Persistent unwanted thoughtsthoughts (obsessions) (obsessions) cause someone to feel cause someone to feel the need (compulsion) to the need (compulsion) to engage in a particular engage in a particular actionaction..

Interfere with everyday Interfere with everyday living and cause the living and cause the person distressperson distress

Example: Obsession Example: Obsession about dirt and germs about dirt and germs may lead to compulsive may lead to compulsive hand washing.hand washing.

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Obsessive-Compulsive Obsessive-Compulsive DisorderDisorder

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A PET scan of the brain A PET scan of the brain of a person with of a person with

Obsessive-Compulsive Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). High Disorder (OCD). High

metabolic activity (red) metabolic activity (red) in the frontal lobe areas in the frontal lobe areas

are involved with are involved with directing attention.directing attention.

Brain ImagingBrain Imaging

Brain image of an OCD

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Post-Traumatic Stress Post-Traumatic Stress DisorderDisorder

Four or more weeks of the following Four or more weeks of the following symptoms constitute post-traumatic stress symptoms constitute post-traumatic stress

disorder (PTSD) after a deeply troubling disorder (PTSD) after a deeply troubling event:event:

1. Haunting memories2. Nightmares

3. Social withdrawal

4. Jumpy anxiety5. Sleep problems

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Resilience to PTSDResilience to PTSD

Only about 10% of women and 20% of men react Only about 10% of women and 20% of men react to traumatic situations and develop PTSD. to traumatic situations and develop PTSD.

Survivor Resilience- Holocaust survivors show remarkable resilience against

traumatic situations.

Post-traumatic Growth- All major religions of the world suggest that surviving a

trauma leads to the growth of an individual and a new positive view on life.

Causes of Anxiety Causes of Anxiety DisordersDisorders PsychoanalyticPsychoanalytic explanations point to repressed urges explanations point to repressed urges

and desires that are trying to come into conscious, and desires that are trying to come into conscious, creating anxiety that is controlled by the abnormal creating anxiety that is controlled by the abnormal behavior.behavior.

BehavioristsBehaviorists state that disordered behavior is learned state that disordered behavior is learned through both positive and negative reinforcement; through both positive and negative reinforcement; conditioning; observationconditioning; observation

Cognitive psychologistsCognitive psychologists believe that excessive anxiety believe that excessive anxiety comes from illogical, irrational thought processes.comes from illogical, irrational thought processes.

Biological explanationsBiological explanations of anxiety disorders include of anxiety disorders include chemical imbalances in the nervous system, in particular chemical imbalances in the nervous system, in particular serotonin and GABA systems; biologically prepared serotonin and GABA systems; biologically prepared

Somatoform DisordersSomatoform Disorders

Occur when a Occur when a person manifests a person manifests a psychological psychological problem through a problem through a physiological physiological symptom without symptom without a physiological a physiological causecause

Three types……Three types……

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HypochondriasisHypochondriasis

Has frequent Has frequent physical complaints physical complaints for which medical for which medical doctors are unable to doctors are unable to locate the cause.locate the cause.

They usually believe They usually believe that the minor issues that the minor issues (headache, upset (headache, upset stomach) are stomach) are indicative are more indicative are more severe illnesses.severe illnesses.

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Conversion DisorderConversion Disorder

Report the existence of Report the existence of severe physical severe physical problems with no problems with no biological reason; tied biological reason; tied with psychological with psychological stressstress Like blindness, paralysis, Like blindness, paralysis,

pain, or the inability to pain, or the inability to swallow.swallow.

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Body Dysmorphic Body Dysmorphic DisorderDisorder

Intense anxiety about Intense anxiety about perceived physical perceived physical deformity or defectdeformity or defect Flaw is usually minor or Flaw is usually minor or

imagined imagined

Western Civilization Western Civilization and its effect…and its effect…

Dissociative DisordersDissociative Disorders

These disorders These disorders involve a disruption in involve a disruption in the conscious process.the conscious process. Separated from Separated from

previous memories, previous memories, thoughts, and feelings thoughts, and feelings in response to a in response to a stressful situationstressful situation

Three types….Three types….

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Dissociative AmnesiaDissociative Amnesia

A large scale loss of A large scale loss of memory for events memory for events or one’s own identityor one’s own identity Injury or highly Injury or highly

traumatic eventtraumatic event

Retrograde AmnesiaRetrograde Amnesia

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Dissociative FugueDissociative Fugue

People with People with psychogenic amnesia psychogenic amnesia that find themselves that find themselves in an unfamiliar in an unfamiliar environment. environment.

People travel miles People travel miles from home unaware from home unaware of how they got thereof how they got there

““Traveling Amnesia”Traveling Amnesia”

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Dissociative Identity Dissociative Identity DisorderDisorder

Used to be known as Used to be known as Multiple Personality Multiple Personality Disorder.Disorder.

A person exhibits A person exhibits two or more distinct two or more distinct and alternating and alternating personalitiespersonalities May not know about May not know about

one anotherone another People with DID People with DID

commonly have a commonly have a history of childhood history of childhood abuse or trauma.abuse or trauma.

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DID CriticsDID Critics

Critics argue that the diagnosis of DID Critics argue that the diagnosis of DID increased in the late 20increased in the late 20thth century. DID century. DID has not been found in other countries.has not been found in other countries.

Critics’ Arguments

1. Role-playing by people open to a therapist’s suggestion.

2. Learned response that reinforces reductions in anxiety.

Psychoanalytic Viewpoint – protect us against a painful memory

Mood DisordersMood Disorders Experience extreme or inappropriate Experience extreme or inappropriate

emotion.emotion. Also known as Affective DisordersAlso known as Affective Disorders

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Major DepressionMajor Depression A.K.A. unipolar depressionA.K.A. unipolar depression Unhappy for at least two Unhappy for at least two

weeks with no apparent weeks with no apparent cause.cause.

Sadness, hopelessness and Sadness, hopelessness and worthlessness, loss of worthlessness, loss of energy, changes in appetite energy, changes in appetite and sleepand sleep

Depression is the common Depression is the common cold of psychological cold of psychological disorders.disorders. 5.8% Men vs. 9.5% Women 5.8% Men vs. 9.5% Women

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Theory of DepressionTheory of Depression

Gender differences

Women get sadder, men get madder.

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Neurotransmitters & Neurotransmitters & DepressionDepression

Post-synapticNeuron

Pre-synapticNeuron

Norepinephrine Serotonin

•A reduction of norepinephrine and serotonin has been found in depression.

•Drugs that alleviate mania reduce norepinephrine.

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The Depressed Brain & Genetic The Depressed Brain & Genetic InfluencesInfluences

PET scans show that brain energy PET scans show that brain energy consumption rises and falls with manic and consumption rises and falls with manic and depressive episodes. (Left Frontal Lobe)depressive episodes. (Left Frontal Lobe)

Identical Twins- 1 in 2 will have depressive Identical Twins- 1 in 2 will have depressive disorder; 7 in 10 will have bipolar disorderdisorder; 7 in 10 will have bipolar disorder

Seasonal Affective Seasonal Affective DisorderDisorder Experience depression Experience depression

during the winter months.during the winter months.

Based not on temperature, Based not on temperature, but on amount of sunlight.but on amount of sunlight.

Treated with light therapy.Treated with light therapy. Vitamin DVitamin D

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Seasonal Affective Seasonal Affective DisorderDisorder

Bipolar DisorderBipolar Disorder Formally manic Formally manic

depression.depression. Involves periods of Involves periods of

depression and manic depression and manic episodes.episodes.

Manic episodes involve Manic episodes involve feelings of high energy, feelings of high energy, euphoria, inflated self euphoria, inflated self esteem esteem but they tend to differ a but they tend to differ a

lot…some get confident lot…some get confident and some get irritableand some get irritable

Engage in risky Engage in risky behavior during the behavior during the manic episode.manic episode.

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Bipolar DisorderBipolar Disorder

Many great writers, poets, and composers suffered from bipolar disorder. During

their manic phase creativity surged, but not during their depressed phase.

Whitman Wolfe Clemens Hemingway

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Explain mood disorders from the following Explain mood disorders from the following perspectives:perspectives:

BehavioralBehavioral PsychodynamicPsychodynamic HumanisticHumanistic CognitiveCognitive Socio-culturalSocio-cultural BiologicalBiological

Causes of Mood Causes of Mood DisordersDisorders

PsychoanalyticPsychoanalytic theories see depression as theories see depression as anger at authority figures from childhood anger at authority figures from childhood turned inward on the self.turned inward on the self.

LearningLearning theories link depression to learned theories link depression to learned helplessness; can be reinforcedhelplessness; can be reinforced

CognitiveCognitive theories see depression as the theories see depression as the result of distorted, illogical thinking.result of distorted, illogical thinking. Internal, Stable, LogicalInternal, Stable, Logical

BiologicalBiological explanations of mood disorders look explanations of mood disorders look at the function of serotonin, norepinephrine, at the function of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine systems in the brain.and dopamine systems in the brain.

Personality DisordersPersonality Disorders

Well-established, Well-established, maladaptive ways of maladaptive ways of behaving that behaving that negatively affect negatively affect people’s ability to people’s ability to function.function.

Dominates their Dominates their personality.personality.

Hard to tell apart Hard to tell apart and treatand treat

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Antisocial Personality Antisocial Personality DisorderDisorder

Lack of empathy.Lack of empathy. Little regard for other’s Little regard for other’s

feelings.feelings. View the world as hostile View the world as hostile

and look out for and look out for themselvesthemselves.. Manipulative, rebellious, Manipulative, rebellious,

hurtfulhurtful

Sociopath or psychopathSociopath or psychopath Conduct DisorderConduct Disorder

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Understanding Antisocial Understanding Antisocial Personality DisorderPersonality Disorder

PET scans of 41 murderers revealed reduced PET scans of 41 murderers revealed reduced activity in the frontal lobes. In a follow-up study activity in the frontal lobes. In a follow-up study

repeat offenders had 11% less frontal lobe repeat offenders had 11% less frontal lobe activity compared to normals (Raine et al., activity compared to normals (Raine et al.,

1999; 2000).1999; 2000).

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Histrionic Personality Histrionic Personality DisorderDisorder

Needs to be the Needs to be the center of attention center of attention and a tendency and a tendency toward highly toward highly emotional behavior.emotional behavior.

Whether acting silly Whether acting silly or dressing or dressing provocatively.provocatively.

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Narcissistic Personality Narcissistic Personality DisorderDisorder

Having an Having an unwarranted sense of unwarranted sense of self-importance and self-importance and an extreme an extreme preoccupation with preoccupation with themselves.themselves.

Thinking that you are Thinking that you are the center of the the center of the universe.universe.

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Paranoid Personality Paranoid Personality DisorderDisorder

Persistent suspicion Persistent suspicion marked by the marked by the chronic sense of chronic sense of being observed and being observed and persecutedpersecuted

Highly suspicious of Highly suspicious of othersothers

Borderline Personality Borderline Personality DisorderDisorder

Sudden and intense rages, Sudden and intense rages, deep insecurity and fear of deep insecurity and fear of abandonment, and general abandonment, and general instability in relationships instability in relationships ImpulsiveImpulsive High suicide risk groupHigh suicide risk group

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Dependent Personality Dependent Personality DisorderDisorder

Extreme dependence Extreme dependence on others, submissive on others, submissive and clingy behavior, and clingy behavior, difficulty making difficulty making decisions, and decisions, and helplessnesshelplessness

Causes of Personality Causes of Personality DisordersDisorders

PsychoanalystsPsychoanalysts blame an inadequate resolution to the blame an inadequate resolution to the Oedipal complex for personality disorders, stating that this Oedipal complex for personality disorders, stating that this results in a poorly developed superego.results in a poorly developed superego.

Cognitive-learningCognitive-learning theorists see personality disorders as a theorists see personality disorders as a set of learned behavior that has become maladaptive—bad set of learned behavior that has become maladaptive—bad habits learned early on in life.habits learned early on in life.

BiologicalBiological explanations look at the lower than normal explanations look at the lower than normal stress hormones in antisocial personality disordered stress hormones in antisocial personality disordered persons as responsible for their low responsiveness to persons as responsible for their low responsiveness to threatening stimuli.threatening stimuli.

Other possible causesOther possible causes of personality disorders may include of personality disorders may include disturbances in family communications and relationships, disturbances in family communications and relationships, childhood abuse, neglect, overly strict parenting, childhood abuse, neglect, overly strict parenting, overprotective parenting, and parental rejection.overprotective parenting, and parental rejection.

Schizophrenic DisordersSchizophrenic Disorders

If depression is the common If depression is the common cold of psychological cold of psychological disorders, schizophrenia is the disorders, schizophrenia is the cancer.cancer. About 1 in every 100 people are About 1 in every 100 people are

diagnosed with schizophrenia.diagnosed with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia strikes young Schizophrenia strikes young

people as they mature into people as they mature into adults.adults. It affects men and women It affects men and women

equally, but men suffer from it equally, but men suffer from it more severely than women.more severely than women.

Symptoms of SchizophreniaSymptoms of Schizophrenia1.1. Disorganized thinking.Disorganized thinking.2.2. Disturbed PerceptionsDisturbed Perceptions3.3. Inappropriate Emotions and Inappropriate Emotions and

ActionsActions 56

Disorganized ThinkingDisorganized Thinking

The thinking of a The thinking of a person with person with Schizophrenia is Schizophrenia is fragmented and fragmented and bizarre and distorted bizarre and distorted with false beliefs.with false beliefs. Word SaladWord Salad

Disorganized thinking Disorganized thinking comes from a comes from a breakdown in breakdown in selective attention.- selective attention.- they cannot filter out they cannot filter out information.information.

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Disturbed PerceptionsDisturbed Perceptions

hallucinationshallucinations- - sensory sensory experiences experiences without sensory without sensory stimulation.stimulation. Usually auditoryUsually auditory The do not exist!The do not exist!

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Disturbed PerceptionsDisturbed Perceptions

Delusions- false beliefs Delusions- false beliefs

Delusions of Delusions of Persecution or Persecution or Paranoia Paranoia

Delusions of GrandeurDelusions of Grandeur

Delusions of ReferenceDelusions of Reference Beautiful Mind Beautiful Mind

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Inappropriate Emotions and Inappropriate Emotions and ActionsActions

ApathyApathy Laugh at inappropriate times.Laugh at inappropriate times. may laugh at the news of may laugh at the news of

someone dying orsomeone dying or Flat Effect- Flat Effect- show no emotion at show no emotion at

all all

CatatoniaCatatonia motionless Waxy Flexibilitymotionless Waxy Flexibility senseless, compulsive acts.senseless, compulsive acts.

may continually rub an arm, rock a may continually rub an arm, rock a chair, or remain motionless for hourschair, or remain motionless for hours

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Types of SchizophreniaTypes of Schizophrenia

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Positive and Negative Positive and Negative SymptomsSymptoms

Positive SymptomsPositive SymptomsSchizophrenics have inappropriate symptoms Schizophrenics have inappropriate symptoms (hallucinations, disorganized thinking, deluded (hallucinations, disorganized thinking, deluded

ways) that are not present in normal individuals.ways) that are not present in normal individuals.((presencepresence) )

Negative SymptomsSchizophrenics also have an absence of

appropriate symptoms (apathy, expressionless faces, rigid bodies) that are present in normal

individuals.(absence)

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SubtypesSubtypes

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Understanding Understanding Schizophrenia: Biological Schizophrenia: Biological ModelModel

Schizophrenia is a disease of the brain Schizophrenia is a disease of the brain exhibited by the symptoms of the mind.exhibited by the symptoms of the mind.

Dopamine Overactivity: Researchers found that schizophrenic patients express higher levels of dopamine D4 receptors in

the brain.

Brain Abnormalities

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Abnormal Brain ActivityAbnormal Brain Activity

Brain scans show abnormal activity in the Brain scans show abnormal activity in the frontal cortex, thalamus, frontal cortex, thalamus, andand amygdala amygdala of of

schizophrenic patients. Adolescent schizophrenic patients. Adolescent schizophrenic patients also have brain lesions.schizophrenic patients also have brain lesions.

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Abnormal Brain Abnormal Brain MorphologyMorphology

Schizophrenia patients may exhibit morphological Schizophrenia patients may exhibit morphological changes in the brain like enlargement of fluid-filled changes in the brain like enlargement of fluid-filled

ventricles.ventricles. Effects frontal lobes and temporal lobesEffects frontal lobes and temporal lobes

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Viral InfectionViral InfectionSchizophrenia has also been observed in individuals who contracted a Schizophrenia has also been observed in individuals who contracted a

viral infection (flu) during the middle of their fetal development.viral infection (flu) during the middle of their fetal development.

Low birth weight and lack of oxygen may also contribute to higher risk Low birth weight and lack of oxygen may also contribute to higher risk of Schizophrenia. of Schizophrenia.

Disruptions of the normal maturation process of the brain Disruptions of the normal maturation process of the brain

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Genetic FactorsGenetic Factors

The likelihood of an individual suffering from The likelihood of an individual suffering from schizophrenia is 50% if their identical twin schizophrenia is 50% if their identical twin

has the disease (Gottesman, 1991).has the disease (Gottesman, 1991).

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Genetic FactorsGenetic Factors

The following shows the prevalence of The following shows the prevalence of schizophrenia in identical twins as seen in schizophrenia in identical twins as seen in

different countries. Averages out to about 1 different countries. Averages out to about 1 in 2in 2

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Diathesis-Stress ModelDiathesis-Stress Model

Psychological and environmental factors Psychological and environmental factors can trigger schizophrenia if the individual can trigger schizophrenia if the individual

is genetically predisposed (Nicols & is genetically predisposed (Nicols & Gottesman, 1983).Gottesman, 1983).

Socio-cultural Perspective

Income levels and home environments can play a role

Low socioeconomic correlation

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Warning SignsWarning Signs

Early warning signs of schizophrenia include:Early warning signs of schizophrenia include:

Birth complications, oxygen deprivation and low-birth weight.

2.

Short attention span and poor muscle coordination.3.

Poor peer relations and solo play.6.

Emotional unpredictability.5.

Disruptive and withdrawn behavior.4.

A mother’s long lasting schizophrenia.1.