Unit 12: Abnormal Behavior. Unit 12 - Overview Introduction to Psychological Disorders Anxiety...

Unit 12:Abnormal Behavior

Unit 12 - Overview

• Introduction to Psychological Disorders

• Anxiety Disorders, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders

• Mood Disorders

• Schizophrenia

• Other Disorders

Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.

Module 65:Introduction to Psychological

Disorders

Introduction

• How should we define psychological disorders?

• How should we understand disorders?

• How should we classify psychological disorders?

Defining Psychological Disorders

Defining Psychological Disorders

• Psychological disorders–Disturbed behavior

–Dysfunctional behavior

–Maladaptive behavior

• Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Understanding Psychological Disorders


The Medical Model

• Philippe Pinel

• Medical model–Mental illness (psychopathology)


The Biopsychosocial Approach

• Interaction of nature and nurture

• Influence of culture on disorders

Classifying Psychological Disorders

Classifying Psychological Disorders

• Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)–DSM-5

• Diagnostic labels

• Criticisms of the DSM

Labeling Psychological Disorders

Labeling Psychological Disorders

• Rosenhan’s study

• Power of labels–Preconception can stigmatize

• Stereotypes of the mentally ill

• Insanity

Rates of Psychological Disorders

Module 66:Anxiety Disorders, Obsessive-

Compulsive Disorder, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Anxiety Disorders

• Anxiety disorder–Generalized anxiety

disorder

–Panic disorders

–Phobias

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

• Generalized anxiety disorder–2/3 women

–Continual worry, jittery, agitated and sleep deprived

–Free floating anxiety

Panic Disorder

Panic Disorder

• Panic disorder–Panic attacks

Phobias

Specific Phobia

• Phobias–Specific phobia

–Social anxiety disorder

–Agoraphobia

Phobias

Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

• Obsessive-compulsive disorder–An obsession versus a compulsion

–Checkers

–Hand washers

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Trauma Stressor and Related Disorders

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

• Post-traumatic stress disorder–PTSD

–“shellshock” or “battle fatigue”

–Not just due to a war situation

• Post-traumatic growth

Understanding Anxiety Disorders, OCD and PTSD


The Learning Perspective

• Classical and operant conditioning–Stimulus generalization

–Reinforcement

• Observational learning

• Cognition


The Biological Perspective• Natural selection

• Genes–Anxiety gene

–Glutamate

• The Brain–Anterior cingulate

cortex

Module 67:Depressive and Bipolar Disorders

Depressive Disorders

Major Depressive Disorder

• Major depressive disorder–Problems regulating appetite–Problems regulating sleep–Low energy–Low self-esteem–Difficulty concentrating and making

decisions–Feelings of hopelessness

• Persistent depressive disorder

Bipolar and Related Disorders

Bipolar Disorder• Bipolar Disorder

–Mania (manic)• Overtalkative, overactive, elated, little need

for sleep, etc.

–Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder

–Bipolar disorder and creativity

Understanding Depressive and Bipolar Disorders


• Many behavioral and cognitive changes accompany depression

• Depression is widespread• Women’s risk of major depression is nearly

double men’s• Most major depressive episodes self-terminate• Stressful events related to work, marriage and

close relationships often proceed depression• With each new generation, depression is striking

earlier and affecting more people


The Biological Perspective

• Genetic Influences–Mood disorders run in families

• Heritability

• Linkage analysis

• The depressed brain

• Biochemical influences–Norepinephrine and serotonin


The Biological Perspective


The Social-Cognitive Perspective

• Negative Thoughts and Moods Interact–Self-defeating beliefs

• Learned helplessness

• Rumination

–Explanatory style• Stable, global, internal explanations

–Cause versus indictor of depression?

Understanding Depressive and Bipolar DisordersThe Social-Cognitive Perspective:

Depression’s Vicious Cycle

Module 68:Schizophrenia Spectrum

Symptoms of Schizophrenia


• Schizophrenia (split mind)–Not multiple

personalities

–Psychosis (psychotic disorder)


Disorganized Thinking and Disturbed Perceptions

• Disorganized thinking–Delusions

• Delusions of persecution (paranoid)

–Word Salad

–Hallucinations

–Breakdown in selective attention


Diminished and Inappropriate Emotions

• Inappropriate Emotions–Flat affect

• Inappropriate Actions–Catatonia

–Disruptive social behavior

Onset and Development of Schizophrenia

Onset and Development of Schizophrenia

• Statistics on schizophrenia

• Onset of the disease

• Positive versus negative symptoms

• Chronic (process) schizophrenia

• Acute (reactive) schizophrenia

Understanding Schizophrenia

Understanding SchizophreniaBrain Abnormalities:

Dopamine Overactivity• Dopamine Overactivity

–Dopamine – D4 dopamine receptor

–Dopamine blocking drugs

• Glutamate


Abnormal Brain Activity and Anatomy

• Abnormal Brain Activity and Anatomy–Frontal lobe and core brain activity

–Fluid filled areas of the brain


Maternal Virus During Midpregnancy

• Maternal Virus During Pregnancy–Studies on maternal activity and

schizophrenia

–Influence of the flu during pregnancy


Genetic Factors

• Genetic predisposition

• Twin studies


Psychological Factors

• Possible warning signs– Mother severely schizophrenic– Birth complications (low weight/oxygen

deprivation)– Separation from parents– Short attention span– Disruptive or withdrawn behavior – Emotional unpredictability– Poor peer relations and solo play

Module 69:Other Disorders

Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders

Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders

• Somatic symptom disorder–Somatic (body)

–Conversion disorder• Functional neurological symptom

disorder

–Illness anxiety disorder• Hypochondriasis

Dissociative Disorders


• Dissociative disorders–Fugue state

–Dissociate (become separated)


Dissociative Identity Disorder

• Dissociative identity disorder (DID)–Multiple

personality disorder


Understanding Dissociative Identity Disorder

• Genuine disorder or not?

• DID rates

• Therapist’s creation

• Differences are too great

• DID and other disorders

Feeding and Eating Disorders

Feeding and Eating Disorders

• Eating disorders–Anorexia nervosa

–Bulimia nervosa

–Binge -eating disorder

Personality Disorders


• Personality disorders–Cluster A

• Schizoid personality disorder

–Cluster B• Histrionic personality disorder

• Narcissistic personality disorder

• Antisocial personality disorder

–Cluster C• Avoidant personality disorder


Antisocial Personality Disorder

• Antisocial personality disorder–Sociopath or psychopath

• Understanding antisocial personality disorder

Unit 12: Abnormal Behavior. Unit 12 - Overview Introduction to Psychological Disorders Anxiety...

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