Chapter 13: Psychological Disorders. Abnormal Behavior The medical model What is abnormal behavior?...
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Transcript of Chapter 13: Psychological Disorders. Abnormal Behavior The medical model What is abnormal behavior?...
Abnormal Behavior
• The medical model
• What is abnormal behavior?– Deviant– Dysfuntional/Maladaptive – Distressing
Psychodiagnosis:The Classification of Disorders
• American Psychiatric Association
• Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – 4th ed.rev. (DSM – IV-TR)
Psychological Disorders
• Not uncommon – 26% in a given year, 46% in a lifetime.
• Cultural– What is accepted in one culture, may not
be in another• Not Dangerous
– Most people who suffer from a disorder are not dangerous.
Five Axes
• Axis I – Clinical Syndromes
• Axis II – Personality Disorders or Mental Retardation
• Axis III – General Medical Conditions
• Axis IV – Psychosocial and Environmental Problems
• Axis V – Global Assessment of Functioning
Important Terms
• Diagnosis– Identification of a disorder
• Prognosis– Indication of the outcome of a disorder
• Etiology – Apparent cause or developmental history
of a disorder.
Anxiety Disorders
• Generalized anxiety disorder– “free-floating anxiety”
• Phobic disorder– Specific focus of fear
• Panic disorder and agoraphobia• Obsessive compulsive disorder
– Obsessions– Compulsions
• Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Etiology of Anxiety Disorders
• Biological factors– Genetic predisposition– GABA circuits in the brain
• Conditioning and learning– Acquired through classical conditioning– Maintained through operant conditioning
• Cognitive factors– Judgments of perceived threat
• Stress/Adverse experiences—a precipitator
Somatoform Disorders
• Somatization Disorder
• Conversion Disorder
• Hypochondriasis
• Etiology of somatoform disorders– Cognitive factors– Personality factors– The sick role
Dissociative Disorders
• Dissociative amnesia and fugue
• Dissociative identity disorder
– Etiology• severe emotional trauma during
childhood– Controversy
• Media creation?
Mood Disorders
• Major depressive disorder– Dysthymia
• Bipolar disorder– Cyclothymia
• Etiology– Genetic vulnerability– Neurochemical factors– Cognitive factors– Interpersonal roots– Precipitating stress
Schizophrenia
• General symptoms
– Delusions and irrational thought– Deterioration of adaptive behavior– Distorted perception– Disturbed emotion
Subtyping of Schizophrenia
• Four subtypes– Paranoid type– Catatonic type– Disorganized type– Undifferentiated type
• New model for classification– Positive vs. negative symptoms
Etiology of Schizophrenia
• Genetic vulnerability
• Neurochemical factors
• Structural abnormalities of the brain
• The neurodevelopmental hypothesis
• Expressed emotion
• Precipitating stress