A Manual of Organic Materia Medica and Pharacognosy

7/28/2019 A Manual of Organic Materia Medica and Pharacognosy

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Sayres Materia Medica - Page 1


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P RE FACE TO TH E FOU RTH E D ITION

The Ninth Revision of the United States Pharmacopoeia, as in no

previous edition, ma kes it import a nt , an d even necessary , tha t a ll w orksof a pha rma ceutica l cha ra cter be revised.

The last revision of the Pharmacopoeia has required, on the part of therevisers, very exceptional w ork directed t ow a rd t he subject of sta nda rds;and inasmuch as the United Sta tes Pharmacopoeia , as wel l as theNational Formulary, is mentioned in the statute, known as the Fooda nd D rugs La w , this revision ha s become of great est import a nce.

Recognizing this, great pains have been taken in the revision of thepresent edition, that the standards, whenever mentioned, shall conformto the lega l sta nda rd a bove referred to.

Man y cha nges have been ma de necessar y by the fact tha t t he U.S.P . IXhas deleted fifty-three vegetable drugs and has added, or raised toofficia l recognit ion, but four of w ell know n dr ugs.

Among the conspicuous changes in U.S.P. IX, is the adoption of Mil(singular), Mils (plural), for cubic centimeter (cc.). This coined word,Milfor Milliliter, is more accurate than cubic centimeter, (cc.) for thethousandth of a liter, which the cubic centimeter was intended toexpress. Throughout this present edition mil and mils have beenused, repla cing t he less a ccura t e cc.

The Families of plants yielding organic drugs have been rearranged inthe present volume. The order of arrangement adopted is that which isfollowed by all botanists of any note at the present time, commencingwith the Alg, Fungi, and other cryptogamous growths, the order andsequence of such authors as Engler and Prantl have been practicallyfollow ed. This ha s required a n ent ire tra nsposition of th e na tu ra l ordersof t he former edition.

The Chapter on Inorganic Chemicals has been enlarged to meet thedemand of many students. Added to this is a brief Chapter onTherapeutic Action, which is intended as a suggestion to students ofhow to expand their knowledge in this direction by reference to otherworks.



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The chapters relating to histological study of plant tissues have beenentirely omitted in the present edition in order to economize space fornew material, and, secondly, because Professor Stevens, formerlyassociated in this work, has published an entirely satisfactory volume

for class-room work and covered the ground more completely in hisPla nt Ana tomy.

A Chapter on Serotherapy has been incorporated which, in treatment,w hile it is concise, it is hoped w ill meet t he present dema nd of student sof Mat eria Medica , wh o first must ha ve studied the element s of this veryextensive subject.

The a ut hor desires to ma ke specia l ment ion of valua ble service renderedby his associate, Mr. Chas. M. Sterling, who has revised that portion of

th e work included in the va rious cha pters of P a rt IV. The au th or regretsthat he has been obliged to reduce rather than lengthen many articlesin Materia Medica in order that the present volume should not beunduly expanded.

L. E. S.



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P RE FAC E TO TH E FI RS T E D ITION

The present volume is, in a slight degree, a revision of a w ork w ritt en bythe author in 1879, entitled Organic Materia Medica and PharmacalBotany. This work has been out of print a number of years, and untilrecently the author has had no time to rewrite i t in such a manner asseemed necessar y t o bring it up to th e present st a nda rd; it ha s a lso beendeemed advisable to change completely the model of the former work.The task now accomplished presents not so much a revision, as a newtreatise.

Two methods of classification of drugs are here brought into useaclassification according to physical characteristics, and a classificationaccording to botanical relationshipsboth of which are, though,occupying separate divisions of the book, so brought together by asyst em of numbering t ha t th e pla ce of th e drug in ea ch of the cla sses isa t once apparent. The a uthor w ould here suggest t ha t those who makeuse of the work in connection with a cabinet of specimens, should havethe containers in the cabinet numbered to accord with numbers in thebook, in order that students may readily find specimens forident ifica tion and st udy.

I t is perhaps needless to state that the nomenclature and generalcha ra cter of t he text is ma de to conform w ith t he present st a nda rdThe

United States Pharmacopoeia; but the capitalization of specific namesderived from proper nouns has been discarded, in accordance withpresent bota nical pra ctice. The descript ive head ing of ea ch of th e officia ldrugs has been in most cases given in the pharmacopoeial language.The unofficial drugs are distinguished in the text by the use of adifferent type and by a different setting of the article from that whichtr eat s of th e official dru gs. In th is connection t he a ut hor desires to givecredit to Mr. George S. Davis, who has aided in the work by placing atthe author's disposal most excellent material regarding rare unofficialdrugs, and the use of material from his publication, credited under

Bibliography.

The scope of the work, it will be seen, embraces not only the officialdrugs of the vegetable and animal kingdoms, but a vast variety ofunofficial drugs, some of which are of rare occurrence in the market.These have been included because of the greater field this inclusiongives for pharmacal and botanical study; the greater variety of forms



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presented to the student of pharmacognosy, the wider will be his rangeof observa tion. It is hoped tha t in t he 624 drugs ment ioned, the st udentor instructor will be able to make a selection which will be ample tosupply material to illustrate the principles of the subject underconsideration. In a work of this size an exhaustive treatment of this

number of drugs could not be given, but by a brief mention of themmaterial for study is indicated. It may be mentioned in this connectionthat wherever metric measurements are given, these are stated inmillimeters; this has been deemed advisable for the purpose ofcomparison.

The illustrations included in Part I are taken mainly from Bentley'sManual of Botany, to the author of which our thanks are due. Anexception, however, is found in the drawings of the starches, whichwere prepared from original specimens. The remaining illustrations,

w ith th e exception of th ose in t he Ch a pter on Anima l Dru gs, ha ve beenprepared under the direction of C. E. McClung, P h. G . , a gra dua te of th eKansas State University School of Pharmacy, class of '92. All thedra w ings of th e cross-sections a re dra w n directly from sections prepar edby him, t he cell content s being first removed by th e meth od described inAppendix C. I t ha s been our a im t o present t he element s of ea ch dr ug int heir t rue proport ions.. As oft en a s possible, t he cells in t heir exact s ha peand relative size have been drawn, and in no case has meaninglessshading been employed. For some of the drawings of the medicinalplants credit is given below in the Bibliography. The illustrator has

kindly furnished a Chapter on Pharmacal Microscopy, which will befound in Appendix C.

The author is much indebted to Professor Vernon Kellogg forinformation concerning animal drugs used in pharmacy; also forAppendix B , in w hich he t rea ts of insect s a tt a cking drugs. The dra w ingsto illustrate the material furnished by Professor Kellogg are herebycredited to Miss Ma ry Wellma n, a rt ist.

For aid in the preparation of , the text in Part I our thanks are due to

Mr. A. O. Garrett, who, in his university course, has made botany aspecial st udy.

Appendix B , upon t he synt hetic remedies, is th e work of Mr. F. B . Da ins,who has made a specialty of organic chemistry and was instructor inth is subject in the University of Ka nsa s during t he year 1894. In t hissection the new spelling of chemicals has been adopted only in a few



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cases.

To Dr. S. W. Williston, Professor of Physiology and Anatomy, who hasaided in the condensed description of therapeutic action; to Mr. O. H.P a rker a nd Mr. William Cla rk, members of the S enior C lass of '94, w ho

a ssisted in t he st udy of char a cterist ics from crude specimens of drugs inth e open m a rket; t o Mr. W. O. St rother, of the sa me cla ss, w ho supplieda few drawings of cross-sections; and to Mr. W. F. Newton, of the juniorCla ss, who mat erially aided not only in th e stu dy of drug cha ra cteristics,but a lso in arra nging the mat eria l , our th a nks are due.

L. E. S.



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P ART IA STU DY OF DRU G S

CLASSIFICATION

Drugs may be arranged in several different ways, to suit the aim andconvenience of the student. The prominent systems of classification incommon use a re a s follow s:

I . Therapeutical.This sy st em of cla ssifica t ion is especia lly va lua ble toth e student of medicine. Here the physiologica l a ction a nd t hera peut ica lapplication are made most prominent.

I I . Chemical.Cla ssifica tion of orga nic drugs is not infrequ ently ba sedupon the character of the constituents. In this way alkaloidal drugs,glucosidal drugs, drugs containing volatile oil, etc., form the subgroups.Oth er subgroups of chemical cla ssifica t ion a re:

I norganic Chem icals.To the pha rma cist th e chemica l a ction, th ecrystalline form, the solubility, and other physical properties are ofespecial value. For mineral substances, therefore, he adopts theclassification of the chemist. Some therapeutists, seeing a certainrelation between therapeutical action and chemical constitution, adoptth e sa me method of grouping a lso for t hese minera l substa nces.

Synthetical Remedies.This class of remedial agents is mostdifficult to classify in a manner consistent with science, partly because

our materia medica is becoming overloaded with proprietarycombina tions a nd mixtu res of synt hetic medicina l products w ith va riousadjuvants to modify their action. These latter have oftentimes certainunscient ific na mes, w hich give litt le or n o idea of t heir composition.

I I I . Physical.According to this method, drugs having allied physicalpropert ies a re brought together. Roots, lea ves, flow ers, fruits, a nd seedsform the principal divisions. Under this head two differentarrangements are present in this volume: (a) Classification intosubgroups based upon such prominent features as odor, taste, etc. By

this means the aromatic, bitter , acrid, sweet, and mucilaginous drugsare brought together. (b) Classification into subgroups based uponstru ctu ra l cha ra cteristics. Here drugs ha ving similar st ructure are founda ssociat ed. In the t a ble ha ving this a rra ngement the official drugs onlya re found . Appended t o ea ch there is a phy sica l descript ion in t he fewestpossible terms-such prominent terms as are used in describing thephysica l an d stru ctura l cha ra cteristics.



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Each drug has a number, so that a ready reference to the same drug in the body ofth e work is ma de easy. H ere a fuller description is found.

Instructors in pharmacognosy who use this book are recommended to employ thisconspectus and to have the students use these numbers. When labeling the drug (orits container) for class work, these numbers should be employed. The experience ofthe author in teaching the subject under consideration has been most favorable tothis method. B y t he use of the numbers a t first , t he student q uickly grows to lea rn,not only th e drug, but t he place in th e syst em to wh ich it belongs. The subject gr owsin interest u nt il he is a ble to recognize th e drug a nd t o properly cla ssify it.

IV. Botanical.By this arrangement drugs belonging to the samenatural order are brought together. In subdividing these ordersbotanical relationship is emphasized to as large an extent as ispracticable in dealing with drugs from a pharmaceutical standpoint.

From the point of view of the scientist this is the ideal system. Thismethod ha s been a dopted in th e body of this w ork.

Geographical.Drugs are rarely classified according to the locality of theiroccurrence. It is, how ever, inst ructive to the st udent to refer individua l, or classes ofdrugs, to t heir loca lity. Dr ugs of ancient t imes w ere obta ined chiefly from Asia. Ma nyof these have survived, and are official to-day; notably aloes, myrrh, etc. With thediscovery of the new world many important drugs were made accessible.Geographical classification is therefore of interest from many points of view. Thepresenta tion of th is subject is facilita ted by outline ma ps wit h t he drugs indicated intheir na tur a l loca lities. As a n example of such a m a p, see Cinchona.

Al phabeti cal Ar r angement.In a ll the sta nda rd books of reference, such a s t he

Pharmacopoeia and the Dispensatories, a strictly alphabetical arrangement isfollowed, no attention being paid to systems of classification. The arrangement isma de wh olly subservient t o quick a nd r eady reference.

In t he follow ing order four cla ssifica t ions w ill be presented: I. A synopsisof therapeutical agents. 2. Chemical agents. 3. Classification of organicdrugs, as indicated under (a) and (b). 4. Botanical arrangement, wheredrugs w ill be treat ed at some length.



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TAB LE OF TH E RAP E U TIC AL AG E NTS

I. INTER NAL RE MED IE S

A. Affectin g Nutr i t i on:

H a ema tics (B lood Tonics).Alkalies. Acids.Digestants.Antipyretics.Alteratives.

B . Affecti ng the Ner vous and Muscul ar Systems:(a ) The B ra in

Cerebral Excitants.Cerebral Depressants.Narcotics.Hypnotics.

Analgesics.Anesthetics.

(b) The S pina l C ordMotor Excita nts.Motor Depressant s.

(c) Nerve Centers a nd G a nglionic Sy stemAntispasmodics.Tonics.Antiperiodics.

(d) Hea rt a nd Circulatory Syst emCa rdiac St imulants.Ca rdiac Sedat ives.Vascular St imulant s.Va scular S edat ivesVasoconstrictors.Vasodilators.

(e) ExcretoriesDiuretics.Renal Depressants.Vesical Tonics and Sedatives.Urinary Sedat ives.Diaphoretics and Sudorifics.Anhidrotics.

Antilithics.C . Af fecti ng Special Or gansPar tl y thr ough the Ner vous System:

(a ) Orga ns of Respirat ionExpectorants.Pulmonary Sedatives.Errhines.Sternutatories.



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(b) Alimenta ry Ca na lSialagogues.Emetics.Purgat ives.Astringents.Stomachics.

(c) The Liver Hepatic St imulan ts.Cholagogues.Hepatic Depressants.

(d) Generat ive SystemE cbolics or Oxyt ocics.Emmenagogues.Aphrodisiacs.Anaphrodisiacs.

(e) E yes (Cilia ry Muscle)Mydriatics.

Myotics.

II . EXTER NAL REME DI ES

A. I r r i tants:Rubefacients.Epispastics.Pustulants .Escharotics.

B . L ocal Sedat ives:Demulcents.

Emollients.

III . AG ENTS WHI CH ACT U P ON ORG ANISMS WHI CH INFE ST THEHU MAN B ODY

Antiseptics.Disinfectants.Antizymotics.Anthelmintics.Antiparasitics.Antiperiodics.

TH E RAP E U TIC AL AG E NTS D E FI NE D

HMATICS restore the quality of the blood to normal condition. Theyexert a direct influence on the composition of the blood: e.g.,prepar a t ions of iron, of ma nga nese, cod-liver oil, etc.



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ALKALIE S a ct, in t he concent ra t ed form, a s cau stics (escha rotics), butwhen diluted, as antacids. Dilute alkalies, if given before meals,however, will stimulate the production of the acid gastric juice. Theca rbona tes of pota ssa a nd soda a nd t he bica rbona tes, a lso prepa ra tions

of the alkaline earths, such as lime-water and mixtures of magnesiumcarbonate, are good examples. Some of the salts of the alkalies have aremote a nt a cid effect , becoming decomposed in t he blood a nd excret ed inth e urine, which they r ender less a cid.

ACIDS.These have an action opposite to that of the alkalies. Whenmuch diluted, they are administered for the purpose of checkinghyperacidity of the stomach, by stimulating the production of thea lkaline pan crea tic juice a nd checking t he a cid ga str ic juice. Exa mples:Dilute hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid.

DIGESTANTS.Agents which effect solution (digestion) of food in thea limenta ry cana l. Exa mples: Pepsin, pancreat in, trypsin, papa in, etc.

ANTIPYRETICS.Agents which reduce the temperature of the body,either by reducing the circulation or diminishing tissue change, ormetabolism, or favoring the loss of heat through radiation, conduction,etc. Exa mples: Quinine, aconite, a nt ipyrine, a nt imony, et c.

ALTE RATIVES .A t erm used t o designa t e a cla ss of ag ent s w hich alt er

t he cours e of morbid conditions, modifying t he nu t rit ive processes wh ilepromoting waste, by stimulating secretion, absorption, and theelimina t ion of morbid deposits ; especia lly used in t he chronic disea ses ofthe skin. Employed in the treatment of phthisis, syphilis, gout,neuralgia, asthma, etc. Examples: Arsenious acid, mercury, iodine andth e iodides, sar sa pa rilla, gua ia c, colchicum, st illingia , etc.

CEREBRAL EXCITANTS.Agents which increase the functionalactivity of the cerebrum, without causing any subsequent depression ofbrain function. Examples: Camphor, valerian, caffeine, cannabis (in

sma ll doses), etc.CEREBRAL DEPRESSANTS have an opposite effect to the preceding,lessening bra in a ctivity . Some of th e drugs of this cla ss a re employed a shypnotics or as analgesics.

NARCOTICS.Agents which lessen the sensibility to pain and cause



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sleep. A narcotic will abolish pain, while an anodyne will frequentlymerely overcome wakefulness. Examples: Opium, cannabis indica,belladonna , humu lus, etc.

HYPNOTICS.Agents which induce sleep and will often abolish pain

and cause neither deliriant nor narcotic effects. Examples: Chloral,sulphona l, triona l, the bromides, etc.

ANALGESICS.Agents which relieve pain by their effect upon thesensory centers; the term is synonymous with anodynes. The generalanodynes, which taken internally, affect the whole organism; localanodynes affect the part to which they are applied. Examples: Opium,belladonna , hyoscya mus, a conite, a nt ipyrine, a ceta nilid, a spirin,chlora l hydra te, etc.

ANSTHETICS.Agents which suspend consciousness andtempora rily destroy sensat ion. The loca l an sth etics a ffect only t he par tto which they are applied. Examples: Ether, chloroform, nitrous oxide,etc. Loca l a n st hetics: Cocaine, ca rbolic a cid, ether spra y, etc.

MOTOR E XCI TANTS .Agent s w hich increa se t he fun ctiona l a ctivity ofthe spinal cord a nd t he motor a ppa ra tus, invigora ting t he a ction of thehea rt a nd lungs. Exa mples: Nux vomica , strychnine, etc.

MOTOR D EP RE SS ANTS ha ve a n opposite effect to t he motor excita nt s,

lowering the functional activity of the spinal cord and motor apparatus.Examples: Alcohol, opium, aconite, conium, belladonna, etc.

ANTISPASMODICS.Agents acting on the nervous system in variousways. They prevent or allay irregular action or spasm of voluntary andinvoluntary muscles. This is accomplished frequently by a sedativeinfluence upon the nerve centers, while a few others exert theirinfluence by stimula ting th e nerve cent ers employed t o relieve spasm s.Examples: Alcohol, ether, valerian, camphor, asafoetida, musk, thebromides, hy drocya nic a cid, etc.

TONICS.Agents which increase the vigor and tone of the system byimproving the appetite, favoring digestion and assimilation, and addingstrength to the circulatory system. Examples: Gentian, columbo,quinine, etc.

ANTIPERIODICS.Agents which prevent or check the return of



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diseases which recur periodically, possibly by a toxic action upon themicrobes in th e blood, w hich a re supposed to ca use th e disea se; but litt leis known of their mode of action. The typical antiperiodic, quinine, has,however, a decided effect upon the heart and brain, as well as otherpart s of th e nervous system.

CARDIAC STIMULANTS, as the name implies, are agents whichincrease the heart's action, the force and frequency of the pulse.E xa mples:E t her, a lcohol, a t ropine, spa rt eine, nit roglycerine, etc.

CARDIAC SEDATIVES allay and control palpitation and overaction ofth e hear t. Exa mples: Aconite, verat rum viride, digita lis, a nt imony, etc.

VAS CU LAR STIMU LANTS.Agents w hich dilat e t he peripheral vesselsand increase the peripheral circulation. Members of this class also

strengthen the heart 's action, and are advantageously employed indebilita ted conditions of t he cent ra l orga ns of th e circula tion. Exa mples:Alcohol, preparations of ammonia, caffeine, digitalis, strophanthus,epinefrin, etc.

VASCULAR SEDATIVES.Agents which lessen the capillarycirculation and raise the blood pressure by stimulating the vasomotorcenter or its mechanism and the walls of the vessels. Examples: Ergot,digitalis, opium, salts of iron, etc.

DIURETICS.Agents which increase the secretion of urine, actingeither directly upon the secreting cells of the kidneys or by raising thegeneral or local arterial tension. Employed in acute congestion andinflammation of the kidneys and in dropsies. Examples: Squill,scopar ius, trit icum, a nd organ ic sa lts of t he alka lies.

RENAL DEPRESSANTS.Agents which lower the activity of the renalcells, thereby lessening the urinary secretion. Examples: Morphine,qu inine, ergot , et c.

VESICAL TONICS AND SEDATIVES.Agents acting upon thebladder, in the one case increasing the tone of the muscular fibers andin the other lessening the irritability of that organ. Examples: Tonics-strychnine, cantharis, belladonna, etc. ; sedatives-opium, buchu, uvaursi, pa reira , et c.

RENAL SEDATIVES.Agents which exert a sedative action upon the



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w hole urina ry t ra ct. E xamples: Copaiba, cubebs, etc.

DIAPHORETICS AND SUDORIFICS.Agents which increase theaction of the skin and promote perspiration. Examples: Dover's powder,ja bora ndi, ca mphor, sweet spirits of niter, etc,

ANHIDROTICS.Agents which check perspiration. Examples: Acidca mphoric, a t ropine, zinc salt s, a cids, alum , etc.

ANTILITHICS.Agents used to prevent the formation of insolubleconcretions or to dissolve concretions when formed in the ducts.E xam ples: Sa lts of lithia , pota ssium, benzoic a cid, etc.

EXPECTORANTS.Agents which are employed to facilitate theexpulsion of bronchial secretions and to modify the character of these

when abnormal. Examples: Ammonium chloride, the aromatic balsams,squ ill, licorice, senega , etc.

PULMONARY SEDATIVES.Agents which allay the irritability of therespiratory center and the nerves of the lungs and bronchial tubes.Exa mples: B elladonna , opium, hyoscya mus, hy drocya nic acid, etc.

ERRHINES AND STERNUTATORIES.The latter are agents whichaffect locally the nasal mucous membrane, producing sneezing; theformer produce an increase of nasal secretion and discharge. They- also

indirectly stimulate the vasomotor centers and at the same time excitethe respira tory centers. Exa mples: Ipeca cua nha , san guinaria , verat rine,etc.

SIALAGOGUES.Agents which promote the secretion and flow ofsaliva from the salivary glands. Examples: Pyrethrum, mezereum, themercurials a nd a nt imonials, etc.

EMETICS.Agents which cause vomiting, acting directly upon thenerves of the stomach or acting through the blood upon the vomiting

center, or by r eflex irrit a tion of th e vomiting center. E xam ples: Musta rd,zinc sulphat e, apomorphine, ipeca cua nha , ta rt a r emetic, etc.

PURGATIVES produce evacuation of the contents of the intestinalcanal by increasing secretion along the tract, by exciting peristalticaction, etc. Examples: Podophyllum, colocynth, jalap, croton oil,ma gnesium sulphat e, etc.



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ASTRINGENTS.Agents which produce contraction of muscular fiber,which coagulate albumen and lessen secretion from mucousmembranes, arresting discharges. Examples: Tannic and gallic acids,a lum, lea d a ceta te, persulphat e of iron, etc.

STOMACHICS.Agents which increase the appetite and promotega str ic digestion. They a lso check fermenta tion a nd dispel a ccumula t ionof fla tu s. Exa mples: P eppermint , ca rda mom, ginger, ca psicum, etc.

H E P ATIC S TIMU LANTS (Ch ola gogues).Agent s w hich excite t he livera nd increase the functiona l activity of tha t organ so tha t t he amount ofbile is augmented, etc. Hepatic stimulants increase the activity of theliver-cells, while cholagogues remove the bile from the duodenum.E xa mples: P odophyllum, a loes, ja la p, colocynt h, mercurous chloride, et c.

HEPATIC DEPRESSANTS.Agents which reduce the functionalactivity of the liver, having the opposite effect of the foregoing, that ofdiminishing the formation of the bile, urea, and glycogen. Examples:Opium, q uinine, ar senic, a nt imony, etc.

ECBOLICS, OR OXYTOCICS.Agents which stimulate the pregnantuterus and produce contraction of that organ, either by direct irritationof the muscles of the womb, or indirectly by affecting the uterine centerof t he cord. E xa mples: Erg ot , cot ton-root ba rk, sa vin, cimicifuga , etc.

EMMENAGOGUES.Agents which stimulate the uterine muscularfibers and restore the normal menstrual function. Examples: Ergot,a piol, iron, etc.

APHRODISIACS.Agents used to excite the function of the genitalorgans when they are morbidly depressed. Examples: Phosphorus, zincphosphide, sa lts of iron, gold, or a rsenic, et c.

ANAPHRODISIACS.Agents which diminish the sexual desire.

E xa mples: The bromides, cam phor, etc.MYDRIATICS.Agents which cause dilatation of the pupil; used totemporarily destroy accommodation by causing paralysis of the ciliarymuscle. Exa mples: Atr opine an d homa tr opine.

MYOTICS.Agents acting in a manner contrary to that of the above,



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producing cont ra ction of th e pupil by stimula t ing t he circular muscularfibers of the iris and at the same time contracting the ciliary muscle.E xam ples: P iloca rpine, eserine, etc.

IRRITANTS.Agents which are applied locally to the skin to produce

certain effects, as rubefacients (simply reddening the skin); epispastics(blistering); pustulants (causing blebs in which is found pus);escharotics, or caustics (actually destroying the tissue). Examples:Mustard (rubefacient); cantharides (epispastic); croton oil (pustulant);ca ust ic pota ssa , ca rbolic a cid, a nd st rong minera l a cids (escha rotics).

LOCAL SEDATIVES.Agents which diminish irritation in the part tow hich a pplied, relieving loca l inflam ma tion. E xam ples: Aceta te of lead,opium, bella donna , et c.

DEMULCENTS.Bland remedies used to allay and mechanicallyprot ect inflamed su rfa ces. They a re used a lso interna lly for t his purpose,a s in a cute infla mma tion of the a limenta ry cana l . Examples: Mucila gesof a ca cia , fla xseed, Icela nd a nd I rish m oss, elm, etc.

EMOLLIENTS resemble the above; are used externally to soften andsoothe the irritated and abraded skin. Examples: Lard, olive oil,ca ca obut ter, etc.

ANTISEPTICS.Agents which arrest putrefaction, either by

preventing the growth of micro-organisms causing putrefactivedecomposition or by destroying these micro-organisms. Examples:Carbolic acid, corrosive sublimate, etc.

DI SI NFE CTANTS.Some a ut horities limit t he use of th is term to th oseagents which destroy the micro-organisms. The terms antiseptic anddisinfectant are frequently used interchangeably. Examples: Corrosivesublima t e, ca rbolic a cid, iodoform , zinc chloride, euca lypt ol, etc.

ANTIZYMOTIC S.A term a pplied t o a gents w hich a rrest fermenta t ion.

Exa mples: S ee above.ANTHELMINTICS.Agents which destroy such parasitic worms asinfest th e a limenta ry can a l. T nia fuges destr oy t a pe-w orms; vermifugesexpel these intestinal parasites. Examples: Santonin, spigelia,chenopodium, etc. T nia fuges: F ilix ma s, pellet ierin, cusso, etc.



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ANTIPARASITICS.Agents which destroy those parasites which infestthe human body externally. Examples: Mercurial preparations,chrysa robin, car bolic a cid, cocculus, et c.

ANTIP ER IODI CS .See a bove.

Thus fa r w e ha ve only very briefly ca lled a tt ention to thera peut ica l an dphysiological action of drugs, giving but a few examples. We willtemporarily leave the further consideration of this, and for the timerefer t o th e thera peut ica l agent s th emselves. 1

1 Sayre, in order to be comprehensive, briefly defines all chemicals, synthetic or organic, then used inmedicine. I have deleted much of this as the primary value and the preponderance of the text isplant and a nimal drugs,MM



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P ART II

DRU G DES CRIP TION

SE CTION I.ORG ANIC D RU G S F ROM TH E VEG ETAB LEKING DOM, DESC RIB ED AND ARRANG ED ACCORDING TO

FAMILIES.

CRYPTOGAMS(P LANTS P RODUCING SP ORES)

ALG

Structure very various, growing for the most part in water, mostly instagnant water in warm climates, but some on moist rocks or ground,etc. En tirely cellular , producing fronds.

I . CHONDRUS.-IRISH MOSS

CARRAGEEN

The dr ied plan t Chon'drus cris'pus Lyngbye. (P a m. Giga rtina ce.)

BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS.Thal lusfleshy, cartilaginous, compressed,dividing into short , moniliform fila ment s. Antherid iaor oogoniain superficial spots.Chondr us cr ispushas four vessels or capsules imbedded in the frond. Gigar t inamami l losa(Chondr us mami l l osa) ha s a n ova l one raised upon a short sta lk, a nd its

frond is slightly channeled t ow a rd t he base.

SOURCE.These plants inhabit the rocks on the American andEu ropean shores of the Atla nt ic Ocean . In th e spring th ey a re collectedon the coast of New England and Ireland, the Massachusetts coastyielding a bout 15,000 ba rrels a nnu a lly.

DESCRIPTION OF DRUG.Yellowish or white, horny, translucent;many times forked; when softened in water, cartilaginous; shape of thesegments va rying from w edge-sha ped t o linea r; a t the a pex emargina te

or 2-lobed. It has a slight seaweed-like odor, and a mucilaginous,somewhat saline, taste.

TE S T.When one par t of Ch ondr us is boiled for a bout t en minu t es w iththirty parts of water replacing water lost by evaporation, the solutionshould form a t hick jelly upon cooling.



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When softened in cold water chondrus should become gelatinous andtransparent the thallus remaining nearly smooth and uniform and notsw ollen except a t t he tips.

A solution made by boiling 0.3 Gm. in 100 mils of water and filtering

gives no precipitate on the addition of tannic acid T.S. (gelatin), anddoes not give a blue color when cold upon addition of iodine T.S.(starch).

CONSTITUENTS.The principal constituent (go per cent.) ismucilage, which is precipitated by lead acetate; traces of iodine andbromine have also been detected. There seems to be no starch present,but the cell-walls acquire a dark blue color in contact with iodine(Flckiger). Literature rather contradictory as to the nature of itsvarious constituents.

ACTION AND U SE S.Demulcent a nd slight ly nut ritious. A diet etic is

specially prepared from the powder, made in the form of jelly withw a t er. D ose: 6 dr. (24 mils) in d ecoct ion.

2. FUCUS VESICULOSUS, N.F.BLADDER-WRACK. The whole plant, Fu'cusvesiculo'sus Linn, growing on muddy r ocks a nd floating to the shores of the NorthAtla nt ic a nd Nort h P a cific Ocea ns, consist s of long, flat tened, bra nched fronds, uponw hich a re dispersed bla ckish a ir-vessels (tu bercles) in pa irs, one on ea ch side of t he



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midrib. These ca vities conta in thin, gelat inous ma tt er, and bear on their inner w a lls,w hen young, hair or tra nspa rent filiform. cells. Odor ma rine-like; ta ste mucilaginousa nd sa line. Wra cks or r ock w eeds of other s pecies a re a lso collected, su ch a s Fucusnodosus. 2a . The medicina l properties proba bly lie in th e inorga nic mat ter, t he a sh ofthe plant containing chlorides, bromides, iodides, phosphates, and sulphates; theorga nic ma tt er is mainly mucila ge. The medicinal va lue of the drug a s a n a lterat ivehas been questioned; it is used in obesity. The fl'ext. and extract are irrational,prepa ra tions, the only form in w hich t o obta in th e effects of the pla nt being t he recentdecoction (S hoema ker).

Fucus, N.F., constit utes t he dried tha llus of t he a bove plant , yielding not m ore tha n20 per cent. of ash.

3. LAMINARIA.SEA-GIRDLES or TANGLES. From Lamina'ria digita'taLamouroux. A dark-spored seaweed having a ribless expansion resembling a leaf-blad e. The stipita te port ion ha s been used in gyn ecology as a subst itut e for sponge inmaking sponge tents for dilating the cervical canal. Contains salts, mucilage, and

mannite; the latter principle is especially prominent in another speciesLamina r i asaccharinalike th e above, abun da nt on the sea-coa st.

4. AGAR OR AGAR-AGAR U .S.P . IX.The dried mucilag inous substa nce extra ctedfrom G ra cila ria (Sphoercocus) lichenoides.

Gracilaria and other marine Alg, growing along the eastern coast of Asia,par ticula rly severa l species of G elidium or G loiopeltis (cla ss Rh odophyce ). Mostly inbundles 4 to 6 dm. in length, t hin t ra nslucent, membra nous, agglutina ted pieces from4 to 8 mm. in w idth; externally yellow ish-w hite, shiny; tough wh en da mp, britt le whendry ; odor, slight ; ta st e, mucila ginous. Tests s how it to be insoluble in cold but slowlysoluble in hot water. No gelatin or no starch, etc. TEST.Practically the same asth a t for chondrus. Ash, not more th a n 5 per cent. Avera ge dose, 10 G m. (2 1/2 dr.).

ACTION AND USES.Agar-agar is practically never used in medicine.It possesses demulcent a nd emulsifying properties in common w ith oth erspecies of Algae. It is principally used at present in bacteriologicallabora tories as a cultu re medium for micro-orga nisms.

Aga r-a gar in the dry st a te passes through the stomach undigested a ndon rea ching t he bow els ta kes up wa ter a nd sw ells considerably, th erebyincreasing the volume of the evacuations; it is therefore considered alaxative.

FUNGI

Spore-bearing pla nt s destit ut e of chlorophyll a nd reproduced by mean sof spores, not by tr ue seeds.



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5. ERGOTA.ERGOT

E RG OT. (E rgot of Rye)

The carefully dried sclerotium of fungus Clav'iceps purpu'rea Tulasne (Pam.Hypocreace), replacing the grains of rye, Secale cereale Linn (G ra mineae), wit hnot more tha n 5 per cent. of ha rmless seeds, fruits a nd other foreign ma tt er.

DE VELOP ME NT.Selerotium described: The ear ly st a ge of th e fungus consist s of aprofuse growt h of myceliumin th e tissues an d upon t he surfa ce of the young ovary. I nthe sphacelia stage, as it is called, a multitude of conidia(non-sexual spores) areproduced on th e ends of the hyph; aft er the conidial sta ge the myceliuma t the baseof the ovary becomes greatly increased and assumes a hard and compact form. Itgrows w ith considerable rapidity, a nd carries upon its summ it th e old sphacelia a ndthe remains of the now destroyed ovary. The compact, horn-shaped, dark-coloredbody w hich results (and is officia l) is called th e sclerotium, w hich occupies the position

of the displaced ovary. This sclerotium remains dormant in w inter, a nd in the springproduces spores, a s follow s: st a lked recepta cles (Fig. 3) grow up from t he tiss ue of theergot, in which are developed a number of perithecia(Fig. 4). These peritheciaa resomewha t fla sk-sha ped ca vities (P ig. 5) filled w ith asci(Fig. 5), the la tt er cont a ininglong, slender spores t ermed ascospores(Fig. 6), w hich a ga in, by germinat ing on the ryeand other grasses, give rise to a new growth, and to the development of Claviceps.Ergot, in short consists in its earliest stage of a mass of mycelium (threads orfilam ents of fungi) in a nd upon the grow ing ovary . Conidia a re produced (non-sexualspores) in great a bunda nce w hich q uickly germinat e.

Following the conidial stage the mycelium at the base of the ovary assumes a hardand compact form, increases in size, becoming a horn-shaped and darkcolored body,the so-called ergot. Such a compact mass of hyphae (the vegetative threads orfilam ents of th e fungi) is called a sclerotium.

The officia l fungus grow s on rye, but t he ergot a lso grow s on oth er gra sses a nd someof these ergots from other gra sses have been found to be stronger t ha n t ha t of rye.The different gr a des a re Russian, German, Austr ian, Spanisha nd Swedish.

PREPARATION AND PRESERVATION.Ergot should be driedwithout artificial heat kept in tin or glass containers free from light. Afew drops of chloroform or carbon tetrachloride should be added fromtime to time to prevent development of insects. The powdered drugshould not be kept longer than one year. Suggestion forpreservationkeep over slaked lime. Dip into ethereal solution of tolua nd keep in st oppered bott les. Also by removing t he oil from th e drug.



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DESCRIPTION OF DRUG.The official ergot of rye is from 10 to 30mm. (2/5 t o 11/5 in.) long a nd fr om 2 t o 6 mm . (1/12 t o 1/4 in.) in dia meter.

On other grasses it is usually of less size. Triangular, slightly curved,tapering toward, but obtuse at, the ends; externally purplish-black,

interna lly wh itish w ith pinkish lines; fra ctu re short (not very britt le). Ifa portion be macerated in water containing hydrate of potassium orsodium, then carefully crushed under the blade of a spatula, thefragments of mycelium threads are plainly discernible under themicroscope. Odor (especially in pow der or w hen t rea ted w ith a n a lkali)heavy a nd unpleasa nt; ta ste oily a nd disagreea ble.

When more than one year old, it is unfit for use. Old ergot, whichbreaks with a sharp snap, is almost devoid of pinkish tinge upon thefracture, is hard and britt le between the teeth, and is comparativelyodorless an d t a st eless, should be rejected.

CONSTITUENTS.The active constituents of ergot are still somewhatin doubt due probably to the amorphous condition in which they exist.Barger and Carr have extracted a substance called ergotoxine(noncrystalline) to which the dangerously poisonous character of ergotis due including the power to produce gangrene. Barger and Dale haveshown it to contain amines derived from amino acids. Two of especialphysiological activity are:

- 1. p. H ydroxyphenylethyla mine or (Trya mine) ha s a ction of sa metype as active constituents of suprarenal glands and substance

chiefly concerned in standardization of ergot by rise in bloodpressure.

- 2. b. Iminoazolethyla mine (E rga mine) ha s a n a ction of peculiarint ensity on pla in mu scle especially on u t erine muscle.

Ergotine an alkaloid thought by some to be identical with ergotonine.Ecboline same as cornutine. Others say ergotine and ecboline areident ica l. Different sa mples of ergot m a y cont a in very different a mountsof the three main constituents. The yield of ash should not exceed 5 percent.

Assay of E r got.The physiological test for ergot, originated by E. M. Houghton,consists in feeding t he prepa ra tion or d rug t o roosters, a nd n oting t he blackened a ndgan grenous a ppeara nce produced in t he comb a nd w a tt les. The ra pidity w ith w hichthis change takes place and the depth of color produced denote the strength of thedrug. An assay of the drug can be made by estimating the proportion of cornutinepresent, w hich, according to B eckurt s, is as follow s: 25 G m. of the drug a re freed fromoil by percolat ion w ith petroleum spirits, t hen dried a nd w ell sha ken wit h 100 Gm . ofether an d 1 Gm . of ma gnesia, the lat ter ha ving been suspended in 20 mils of wa ter.



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After repeat ed agit a tion the mixtur e is a llow ed to st a nd for three or four hours. Then60 G m. of the clea r eth ereal solution (to 15 G m. of ergot) ar e sha ken four su ccessivetim es w ith 25, 10, 10, a nd 10 mils of dilute H Cl (0.5 per cent.), th e united solutionsrendered alkaline by NH4OH, and the alkaloid shaken out with three successiveportions of ether. On evaporation, drying, and weighing the somewhat crystallineyellowish-white cornutine the assay is completed. The results of such assay areunsa tisfactory, but ha ve proved of value a s a check in qua litat ive estimat ions.

Preparati on of Er goti n(Wiggers).Trea t ergot w ith ether to deprive it of fixed oil, thenextra ct w ith h ot a lcohol, eva pora te, a nd purify. I t r esembles cinchonic red, is solublein a lcohol, but ins oluble in eth er a nd w a ter. B onjeau 's ergotin corresponds to a purifiedextra ct of ergot (a queous extr a ct, precipita ted by a lcohol, filtered, a nd eva pora ted); issoluble in a lcohol and w a ter.

ACTION AND USES.Produces vascular contraction, especially of thea rt eries, all over t he body. This propert y is sa id to be due t o its a ction onth e vasomotor cent ers in th e cord. B eca use it cont ra ct s t he a rt erioles it ishemostatic. The flow of urine is also diminished. It is ecbolic andparturient, powerfully exciting the pregnant uterus and expelling itscont ents. Recent ly it ha s been discovered t o be of va lue in th e tr eat mentof insomnia, the sleep produced being more natural than that fromoth er drugs.

P oisonous symptoms: dimness of vision, loca l a nesthesia , a nd numbnessare sometimes produced, even by medicinal doses. Antidotes: evacuants(stomach-pump, emetics, etc.), stimulants, nitrite of amyl, inhalations,frict ion, etc. Dose: 20 t o 30 gr . (1.3 t o 2 Gm.) in fr eshly prepa red pow der,

w ine, or fluidextr a ct ; ergotin s olut ion, 1 t o 3 gr. 0.65 to 0.2 G m.)

OFFIC IAL P REP ARATIONS.Extractum Ergot Dose: 3 to 12 gr. (0.2 to 0.8 Gm.)Fluidextractum Ergot, Dose: 1/2 to 2 fl. dr . (2 to 8 mils)

6. USTILAGO.CORN SMUT. A fungous growth upon Zea mays, moreparticularly upon the inflorescence. Consists of blackish, irregular, roundish massesenveloping innumera ble spores; of a disa greeable odor an d ta st e. It conta ins proba blysclerotic acid. Used as a parturient and emmenagogue. Dose: 15 to 30 gr. (1 to 2 Gm.).

7. AGARICUS ALBUS, N.F.LARCH AGARIC. PURGING AGARIC. WHITEAGARIC. From Polypo'rus officina'lis Fr ies. The int erna l, decorticat ed port ion ofthe fungus comes in light, colorless, spongy masses of irregular shape. Tastesweetish, acrid, and bitter. In large doses cathartic. In doses of 8 gr. , graduallyincreased to 1 dr., it has been found useful in checking nightsweats of phthisis.Su rgeon's a ga ric, from Polypor us fomentar iumFries, is used externa lly as a styptic inhemorrhage.



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7a . FUNGUS CHIRURGORUM.Surgeon's Agaric. Same as Polyporus. Seeabove.

8. CEREVISI (Saccharomyces).FERMENTUM COMPRESSUM (CompressedYeast), N.F.An organized ferment. Yeast is the name applied to the frothy scumtha t forms on t he surface of sa ccha rine liquids an d rises from the bungholes of newlybrewed beer. Under the microscope this froth is shown to consist of particles whichmult iply w ith extraordinar y ra pidity w hen placed in a moderately wa rm t emperature.The globular forms are considered as the spores of a fungus belonging to the genusToru la, the cells of which are but slightly united, sometimes forming branchingchains, the mycelium being almost absent. Yeast is employed in hastening thefermenta tion of w orts a nd in lea vening dough in bread-ma king. Bottom or sedimentyeast is found on the bottom of fermenting vessels. Two quite distinct methods ofbrewing are produced, depending upon the employment of one or the other of thesevar ieties of yeast. F or t he purpose of the ba kery, yeast is dried a nd formed into ca kes.B eer yea st is official in t he B .P . Yea st, under th e title of fermentum, w a s official in th eU.S.P., 1820-40, 1860-80, used as a tonic, laxative, etc., but at present rarely

employed. As a local remedy, as poultice, in treatment of eruptions of boils, it stillfinds some fa vor.

LICHENES

Consisting ma inly of a th a llus (often leaf-like), w ithout stem a nd lea ves,wholly cellular. Reproduced by spores.



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9. CETRARIA.IC E LAND MOSS . The entire pla nt , Cetra'riaislan'dica Acharius.Off. U. S. P. 1890. The crisp, leaf-like lobes are cartilaginous, whitish on the undersurface, channeled and fringed at the margins. A strong decoction gelatinizes oncooling; ta ste mucilaginous a nd bitt er. The P ha rma copoeia ca lls a tt ention t o the fa cttha t the drug is frequently mixed w ith pine lea ves, moss, and other lichens; from t heseit sh ould be freed. Constituents: It is la rgely composed (70 per cent.) of lichen starch,lichenin, and isolichenin, a solution of the latter producing a blue color with iodine.U nlike the gum of chondrus, it furnishes but a tra ce of mucic acid w hen trea ted w ithnitric acid. Boiling with dilute acids converts the mucilage into sugar solution. Asolution of I cela nd moss is precipita ted by a lcohol. The bitt er principle, cetra ric a cid(cetr a rin, C 18H 16O8), forms y ellow sa lts, w hich a re equa l in bitterness to quinine; thisbitt er principle ma y be removed by prolonged ma cera tion in wa ter, or, still bett er, bytrea ting the drug w ith tw enty-four times its weight of a wea k solution of an a lkalinecarbona te. Demulcent, nut rit ive, a nd, if the bitt er principle be present, t onic; used ina dva nced st a ges of phthisis w hen str onger remedies ar e unsuit a ble. Dose: 30 to 60 gr.(2 to 4 G m.).

Prepar ati on of Cetr ar in: Boil drug with alcohol; express and add acidulated (HCl)w a ter to the filtra te; then allow cetra rin to deposit.

10. LITMUS.A fermented coloring extract from various species of lichens (e.g.,L ecanora tar tar ea), other varieties of which also yield the dyes orchil and cudbear.Habi ta t: North ern Europe a nd Africa n coa st, a nd a dja cent islands. Lit mus is in a bout1/2 to 1 inch rectangular cakes, blue, light, friable, finely granular. Unlike mostvegeta ble dyes, it is not t urned green by a lkalies. I t is turn ed red by a cids, for w hich itis used as a test in the form of infusion (tincture), or litmus paper, made by dippingunsized paper in th e strong infusion.

10 a . Orchil is a purplish-red, thickish liquid, w ith a n a mmoniaca l odor.

10 b. Cudbear (P ersio, N.F.) is a purplish -red pow der, somet imes us ed to colorpreparations.

POLYTRICACEAE

11. POLYTRICHUM J UNIPERUM Hedwig.HAIR-CAP MOSS. This commonmoss is a powerful diuretic; in full doses given at very short intervals it has provedvery beneficia l in dr opsy. Dose: 1 to 2 dr . (4 to 8 G m.), in infu sion.

FILICES.Ferns

Leafy plants wi th the f rondsraised on a stipe (petiole) rising from arhizome, circinate in vernation. The spor e-casesare found on the underside of t he frond. The life history of t he fern is a s follow s:

When t he minut e spore from t he spora ngium on t he frond drops t o theground, it germinates into a more or less heart-shaped body called aprothallus. The under surface of this body is provided with root-hairs



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and also female organs of generation, archegonia, and male organs,antheridia; the frond-stage is a direct outgrowth from the fertilizedarcheogonia.

12. ASP ID IU M.ASPlDIUM

MALE FERN.



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The dried rhizome of Dryop'teris fil'ix-mas Schott , and ofDryop'teris margina'lis Asa Gray (family Polypodiace). Collected inautumn, freed from the roots and dead portions of rhizome and stipes,a nd dr ied a t a tempera tu re not exceeding 70C.

BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS.Fruit-dotsround, borne at the back of theveins; indusium covering th e spora ngia . St ipe cont inuous w ith t he root-stock. Frondlanceolate (A. f i l ix -mas) or ovate-oblong (A. mar gina l i s); fruit-dots in the formernearer the mid-vein tha n the ma rgin, in the lat ter nearer the ma rgin.

HABITAT.North America.

DESCRIPTION OF DRUG.As taken from the ground the rhizomeconsists of a caudex around which are arranged the dark brown,somewhat curved leaf-stalk remnants or stipes, about 25 to 50 Mm-(1 to 2 in.) in length, imbricated like the shingles of a roof; at the basethey are densely surrounded by thin, glossy, chaffy scales of alighter color a nd somewha t t ra nspa rent . The entire rh izome is from 100to 300 mm- (4 to 12 in.) long, and from 50 to 62 mm. (2 to 21/2 in.) t hick,

flexible, tapering toward one end, usually split longitudinally, roughlyscarred with remains of stipe bases or bearing several coarselongitudinal ridges or grooves, pale green when fresh and becomingpale brown and with occasional elongated areas of the still adheringbrow nish-black out er layers, fra ctu re short , pale green in t he inner ha lf,the texture rather spongy and exhibiting from 6 to 12 fibrovascular

bundles in a loose and interrupted circle; it generally comes into marketbroken into pieces of various lengths; internally palegreen, spongy or corky; odor slight and disagreeable;taste sweetish, somewhat bitter and astringent, acridand nauseous. Only such portions as are still greenshould be used in making preparations. Thedeteriora t ion of the root is r a pid-loses its a ctivity in oneor tw o years.

MICROSCOPICAL STRUCTURE.The prevailingtissue is parenchyma, the polyhedral, porous-walledcells of which contain starch, greenish or brownishtannin-like substances, and drops of a greenish fixedoil. The thin subserous outer layer consists of smallerbrown cells. Toward the center of the rhizome is anirregular circle of ten (A. f i l i xmas) or six (A.marg ina l i s) vascular bundles, outside of which are



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smaller scattered bundles. Distributed throughout the tissue are largea ir pores.

Powder.Microscopica l elements of: See P a rt iv, Cha p. I, B .

CONSTITUENTS.Filicic acid, C 35H 42O13, filicin (filicic acidanhydrid, C 31H 40O12), aspidin, C 23H 27O7, the latter being poisonous,

fixed oil, a t ra ce of volat ile oil, an d chlorophyll. Ash 3 per cent .

Prepar ati on of Fi l ic ic Acid.This principle is deposited a s a g ra nula r sediment w henthe oleoresin is a llow ed to sta nd.

ACTION AND USES.Tniafuge. D ose: 1/2 to 2 dr . (2 t o 8 G m.).Theoleo resin is t he most efficient prepa ra t ion.

OFFICIAL PREPARATION.Oleoresina Aspidii, Dose: 1/2 to 1 fl. dr. (2 to 4 mils)

13. ADIANTUM.MAIDENHAIR. Adian'tum peda'tumLinn, a n indigenous fernw hich ha s been used a s a pectora l in chronic ca ta rrh a nd other a ffections of the a ir-passages.

14. CIBOTIUM.P E NG HAWAR. P AKU -KI DANG . The chaffy ha irs collected fromthe base of the fronds and stems of many varieties of ferns especially of the genusCibotium, growing in Suma tra a nd J a va. Long, silky, yellow ish or brownish, curlingfilam ents (under th e microscope flat a nd joint ed), used t o stop the flow of blood from

capilla ries by mecha nical a bsorption of th e serum.15. POLYPODIUM.POLYPODY. The leaves of Polypo'dium vulga're Linn,common in Europe and North America . Expectoran t in chronic cata rrh a nd a sthm a .Dose: 1 dr. (4 G m.), in in fusion.

16. OSMUNDA REGALIS Linn (order Osmundaceae). BUCK-THORN BRAKE.A common fern in sw a mps, th e root-stock of w hich is used a s a demulcent , tonic, a ndst ypt ic. Dose of fl'ext.: 1 t o 3 fl. dr. (4 to 12 Mils).

EQUISETACEAE.Horsetail Family

17. EQUISETUM.SC OURI NG RU SH . The herb of Equise'tum hyema'le Linn.Habi ta t: Northern United States. Diuretic and astringent. Dose of fl 'ext. : 15 to 60drops (1 to 4 mils).



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LYCOPODIACE.Club-moss Family

Low pla nt s looking like very la rge mosses, more or less bra nching, a ndwith the 1- to 3-celled sporangia (spore-cases) in the axils of the

lanceolate, subulate, or rounded, persistent leaves. S pores homogeneous.

18. LYCOP ODIU M.LYCOPODIUM

VEG ETAB LE SULP HU R

The spores of Lycopo'dium clava'tum Linn , an d of other species of Lycopodium.

BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS.Stem creeping extensively, with ascendingvery leafy branches. Leaveslinea r-a w l-sha ped, a rista te. Spikes1 to 4 on a slenderpeduncle 4 to 6 inches long.

SOURCE AND COLLECTION.Europe, Asia, and North America;collected mostly in Russia , G ermany, a nd Sw itzerla nd, in J uly andAugust , by cutt ing off t ops of t he moss, sha king out spores, a nd sifting.

DESCRIPTION OF DRUG.A fine, pale-yellowish powder, verymobile, free from odor and taste. I t f loats in water without being wetby it (due to the fixed oil), but sinks on being boiled. When slowlyheated it burns quietly and should not leave more than 5 per cent. ofa sh, but w hen thrown into a f lame it flashes up. U nder t he microscope

the granules are seen to be tetrahedral , the basal side convex and theoth er th ree coming t ogether t o form a t ria ngula r pyra mid. The surfa cesa re t ra versed in a ll directions by ridges w hich form regula r, five- or six-sided meshes; at the points of intersection are small elevations, anda long t he edges sh ort pr oject ions. L ike lupulin, lycopodium is one of t heint erestin g object s for microscopic st udy . P ollen of pine, an illustr a t ion ofw hich is show n a bove, is sometimes used a s a n a dultera nt .

ADULTERANTS.These may be easily detected by the microscope orsimple tests. Pine pollen consists of an elliptical cell with a globular cell



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attached to each end. Starch is detected with iodine; turmeric, byturning reddish-brown with alkalies; inorganic mixtures, by increasingthe yield of ash over 5 per cent., and by sinking in carbon disulphide.Dext rin h a s been foun d in lycopodium t o t he extent of 50 per cent .

Powder.Microscopical elements of: S ee P a rt iv, Cha p. 1, 13.

CONSTITUENTS.Fixed Oil 47 to 50 per cent. , volatile bases invery small quantity , and ash containing alumina and phosphoric acid,not exceeding 3 per cent .

ACTION AND USES.Absorbent and protective application toexcoria ted surfa ces; in phar ma cy, to fa cilita t e the rolling of pill ma sses,a nd t o prevent th e adh esion of the pills.

PHANEROGAMS(P lan ts producing t rue seed)

Pinaceae.Pine Family

Trees or shrubs with a resinous juice. The wood differs from that ofdicotyledons in that it is destitute of ducts, but has instead bordereddisks. The leaves are usually fascicled, and are mostly awl- or needle-sha ped. Fruit a cone or ga lbulus.



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19. SABINA.SABINA

SAVINE

The tops of J unip'erus sabi'na Linn. The young and tender green

shoots are stripped off in the spring, coming into the market as short,thin, quadrangular branchlets, clothed with alternate pairs ofminute, opposite, scale-like leaves, appressed (more pointed anddivergent in older twigs); each scale has a shallow groove and aconspicuous, depressed oil-gland in the back. The berry-like cone fruit isabout the size of a pea, si tuated on a short, recurved pedicel, andcovered with a bluish bloom; it is dry, but abounds in essential oil, andcontains from 1 to 4 small, bony seeds. Odor strong, balsamic; tastebitt er a nd a crid. Adult era t ion: Red cedar t ops (20).

Powder.Yellowish-brown. The microscopic elements consist of:Tra cheids w ith bordered pits; parenchyma w ith nu merous stoma ta ; longbast f ibers a nd sta rch gra ins.

CONSTITUENTS.Tannin, resin, gum, etc., and a volatile oil (19 a)(2 per cent . in t ops, 10 per cent . in berr ies) ha ving t he sa me compositiona s oil of tu rpentin e.

ACTION AND USES.Savine is an irritant, acting especially as auterine stimulant; also diuretic, emmenagogue, and vermifuge. Dose:

5 to 15 gr. (0.3 to 1 G m.). It is used externa lly in ointm ent a s a stimula ntdressing for bruises.

19 a. OLEUM SABIN.OIL OF SAVINE . A near ly colorless, sometim es yellow ,limpid, volat ile oil, having a str ong, terebinthina te odor, and a bitterish, int ensely a cridtaste. It has the same composition as oil of turpentine. Dose: 1 to 5 drops (0.065 to0.3 mils )



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20. J UNIPERUS VIRGINIANA.The t ops of t he red ceda r, or America n s a ivne,are often used to adulterate savine, from which they can scarcely be recognizedexcept by difference in t a ste a nd sm ell. The ga lbulus of the fa lse var iety is borne onan erect pedicel.

21. Pinus Alba N.F. Lin.WHITE PINE. The inner bark of Pinus strobus(Weymouth Pine), from eastern and central North America. In flat pieces about 6inches long by 3 inches in w idth a nd 1/24 inch in th ickness. B a rk brit tle, fra ctureirregula r, not fibrous, but showing severa l w oody la yers. Reddish-brow n st reaked w ithgray outside; inner, yellowish blotched with light brown; bland odor; mucilaginous,slightly bitt er and a stringent t ast e.

PROPERTIES.Those of balsamic preparations generally.

USES.An emollient and expectorant in chronic affections of air-passages. Dose offluidextract: 1/2 to 1 fluidra chm (2 to 4 mils) .

21a. PINUS MONTANA MILLER .P inus Pum ilio Ha enkeDw a rf P ine. From thefresh lea ves of this dw a rf pine a volatile oil is obta ined which is official in t he U.S .P. I Xa s Oleum Pini Pumilionis, Oil of Dw a rf P ine Needles. I t is employed as a n inha lentin cata rrh of the respirat ory pa ssa ges, chronic lary ngitis a nd bronchitis; used loca llyin treat ment of chronic rheuma tic affections and w hen add ed to ether alla ys irrita tiona nd dimin ishes bronchial secretion.

22. THUJ A N.F.ARBOR VIT. The leafy tops of Thu'ja occidenta'lisLinn, aNorth America n evergreen tree. Sm a ll fla tt ened tw igs ha ving a sca lloped a ppeara nce,due to the flat , lateral leaf-scales, each of which has an oilgland near its apex; the

other leaves folded lengthwise, boat-shaped, mostly glandless; odor balsamic,somewha t t erebinthina te; ta ste pungently a romat ic, ca mphora ceous, an d bitt er. Themedicina l properties of Thuja d epend m a inly upon a vola tile oil. It resembles sa vine inits genera l a ction. Dose: 15 to 60 gr. (1 to 4 G m.), in infu sion or fl'ext.

23.J UNIPERUS, N.F.J UNIP ER B ERRIE S. The fruit ofJ unip'erus commu'nisLinn, an evergreen shrub or sma ll tree inhabiting t he North ern Hemisphere, bearingsma ll cones, the scales of which coa lesce in th rees, become fleshy, a nd r ipen int o theso-called berry. These berries or fruits a re globula r, a bout th e size of a la rge pea, w itha triangular depression at the top caused by a three-rayed furrow where the scalesare united; at the base are a few small scales, remnants of undeveloped whorls;externa lly of a g lossy, purplishbla ck color, covered wit h a gra yish bloom; th ey conta in

a brownish-yellow pulp with oil-glands, in which are imbedded three small, bony,angular seeds, also covered with large oil-glands; odor disagreeably aromatic,balsamic; taste sweetish, warm, and balsamic, slightly bitter. The Smyrna berryfrom J . phoeni ceaLinn, yields an oil of great er optical a ctivity.

CONSTITUENTS.Volatile oil, most abundant in the full-grown green berries,being partially converted into resins on ripening, entirely so in the dead-ripe, black



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berries; also juniperin, sugar (15 to 30 per cent.), wax, fat, proteids, mucilage, etc.Their virtues are extra cted by w a ter a nd a lcohol.

ACTION AND U SE S.St imulant a nd diuretic, chiefly used as a n a djuvant to morepow erful diuret ics in dropsica l compla int s. D ose: 15 to 60 gr. (1 to 4 G m.), in infusion,water spirit, etc., the volatile oil, however, obtained from the wood and branches,being principally used. They a re lar gely used in the ma nufa cture of gin, wh ich ow es itsdiuret ic properties t o them.

23a. OLEUM J UNIPERI, U .S.OIL OF J U NIP ER . A colorless orgreenish-yellow volatile oil, with a strong, terebinthinate odor and ahot, acrid taste. Specific gravity 0.850 to 0.865. It consists of pinene,C10H 16, cadinene, a nd juniper ca mphor.

OFFIC IAL P REP ARATIONS.Spiritus J uniperi (5 per cent .) Dose: 30 drops (2 mils ).

Spiritus J uniperi Co. (0.4 per cent .) Dose: 2 fldr . (8 mils ).

24. OLE U M CADI NU M.OIL OF CADE(Oleum J uniperi Empyreuma ticum)

J UNIP ER TAR OIL

An empyreumatic, oily liquid obtained from the heart-wood of J unip'erusoxyce'drusLinn, by dry d istillat ion in ovens.

BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS.A tree 10 to 12 feet high, with spreading topa nd d rooping tw igs. Leaves aw l-sha ped. Fruit globular, reddish-brow n, a bout the sizeof a filbert.

H AB ITAT.Mediterra nea n B a sin.

DE SC RIP TION OF D RU G .A brow nish or dar k brow n, oily liquid, lessthick a nd more mobile th a n t a r , ha ving a ta rry but cha ra cteristic odor,a nd an a roma tic, bitter , and a crid tast e.

ACTION AND USES.Used mostly externally in the treatment ofcutaneous diseases and as an insecticide in the form of liniments,

ointments, or soaps. Dose: 3 drops (0.2 Mil).

25. TSUGA CANADENSIS Carriere.HEMLOCK SPRUCE. (Bark.) Tonic anda st ring ent. D ose: 15 to 60 gr. (1 to 4 G m.).

26. LARIX AMERICANA Michaux.TAMARAC. AMERICAN LARCH. (Bark.)Tonic a nd gent ly a str ingent, it s chief a ction being upon mucous membra nes. Dose: 1/2



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to 2 dr . (2 to 8 G m.).

27. TE RE B INTHINA, N.F.TURPENTINE

TURPENTINE

A concrete oleoresin obtained from Pi'nus palus'tris Miller (Fam. Pinaceae, U.S.P.1900), a nd other s pecies of P inus.

B OTANIC AL C H ARACTE RIS TIC S.A la rge t ree, 60 to 100 feet, w ith th in, sca ledbark, a nd ha rd, very resinous wood. L eaves10 to 15 inches long, in threes, from longsheaths. Ster il e fl ower srose-purple. Conesla rge, cylindr ical or conica l-oblong.

SOURCE AND COLLECTION.Southern United States, particularlyNort h Ca rolina . The oleoresin is secreted in th e sa pwood; some of it flow s

spontaneously, but it is generally obtained by a process called boxing,a s follow s: Dur ing t he w inter from one to four exca va tions, ea ch h oldingfrom 4 to 8 pints, a re cut into th e tree th rough t he sa pwood. After a fewdays the bark above these cavities is removed for about a height Of 3feet, and some of the wood is hacked off, the hacks being in the shape ofthe letter L. The oleoresin begins t o flow a bout t he middle of Mar ch, a ndcontinues until September or October. The turpentine is removed bymean s of dippers const ructed for t he purpose, an d t hen usua lly distilled.That which flows the first year is considered the best, being termedvirgin dip, and yields about 6 gallons of oil per barrel, and window-

glass rosin; that of the next and subsequent years is known as yellowdip, yielding about 4 gallons of oil per barrel, and medium grades ofrosin. The turpentine which hardens on the tree is known asscrapings, and yields about 2 gallons of oil per barrel, leaving a darkresin.

DE SC RIP TION OF D RU G .In yellow ish, opaque, tough ma sses, britt lein the cold, crumbly-crystalline in the interior, of a terebinthinate odorand taste. In warm weather i t is a yellowish, viscid semiliquid whenfresh, but ultima tely, t hrough exposure t o the a ir, becomes perfect ly dryand hard .

CONSTITUENTS.Volatile Oil 20 to 30 per cent. (27b), abietinicanhydride, C 44H 62O4, in rosin (27c), the acid of which, abietic acid,

C44H 64O5, is crystalline, soluble in CS 2, benzol, alcohol, ether,

chloroform, gla cia l a cetic acid, an d a lkalies.



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27a. Terebinthinae Laricis, N. F.Venice Turpentine.A yellow ish or gr eenishliquid of honey-like consistence, collected in S w itzerla nd a nd port ions of Fr a nce fromL ar i x eur opaDe Ca ndolle. Obta ined by boring holes into the center of the w ood a nddipping the liquid out a s it a ccumula tes. I t received its na me from ha ving formerlybeen a lmost entirely dist ribut ed from th e Venetia n port . G enuine Venice turpentin e iscompar a tively scar ce in the ma rkets t o-da y, most of it being a factit ious brow n liquidma de by d issolving rosin in oil of t urpentine.

A number of other turpentines are obtained from various species of pine, larch, andfir, but hardly any of them enter our markets. The turpentines all agree in theirmedical properties, and diff er only slightly in their physical characteristics, all ofthem being liquid a t first , thickening th rough the evapora tion an d oxida tion of theirvolat ile oil, and ult ima tely solidifying They melt by heat, a nd a t a high tempera tureignite wit h a wh ite fla me at tended with dense smoke.

CONSTITUENTS.Volatile Oil 20 to 30 per cent., resin (abietic anhydride,crystallizing out as abietic acid), a bitter principle, and traces of succinic and acetic

acids.ACTION AND U SE S.The turpent ines ar e rar ely used interna lly, the vola tile oil, towhich the medicinal virtues are due, being used instead. Dose: 15 to 60 gr. (1 to 4G m.), in pills. Externa lly irritant a nd rubefacient, in ointments a nd plasters.

27b. OLEUM TEREBINTHIN, U.S.OIL OF TURPENTINE. SPIRITS OFTURPENTINE. A volatile oil distilled from turpentine, the markets of the UnitedStates being chiefly supplied by the North Carolina forests. A perfectly limpid,colorless liquid when pure, but generally somewhat colored from resin contained, orfrom oxidation; odor peculiar, strong, penetrating; taste hot, pungent, somewhatbitter. I t is very volatile and inflammable. When purified by distilling with caustic

soda, it constitutes the Oleum Terebinthin Rectificatum, U.S., which is officiallydirected t o be dispensed wh en oil of turpentine is required for int erna l use.

CONSTITUENTS.Oil of turpentine consists of several terpene hydrocarbonshaving the formula C 10H 16 (pinene), sp. gr. 0.855-0.870. When exposed to the air, itbecomes thick from t he oxida tion of some of t hese hydr oca rbons int o resin. When t herectified oil is treat ed w ith n itric acid, large crysta ls of terpin hyd ra te (Terpini H ydra s,U .S.) separ a te out, ha ving properties simila r t o the oil of tur pentine. Dose, 2 gr. (0.1Gm.). The European turpentine oil contains pinene and sylvestrine; it forms withhydrochloric acid a crystalline compound, C 10H 16HCl (artificial camphor).Terebenum is a liquid d erived from th e oil (consist ing chiefly of pinene) by t rea tm entwith sulphuric acid, boiling point 156-160C. Dose: 8 drops (0.5 mil).

ACTION AND USES.Stimulant, diuretic, hemostatic, occasionally diaphoretic; inlar ge doses ant helmintic a nd cat ha rtic; externa lly rubefa cient, in rheumat ism, etc. Asa stimula nt it is often beneficia l in low forms of fever, and, w hen deat h is inevitable, toprolong life beyond t he na tu ra l limit . Dose: 5 to 15 drops (0.3 to 1 mil) in emuls ion.



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OFFICIAL PREPARATIONS.Linimentum Terebinthin(35 per cent . w ith resin cera te).Oleum Terebinthinae Rectificatum, Dose, 5 to 15 dr ops (0.3 to 1 mil) .Ceratum Cantharidis. E mulsum Olei Terebinth ina e.

27c. RESINA, U .S.RE SIN. ROSIN. C OLOP HONY. The clar ified residue left a fterdistilling off the volatile oil from turpentine. I t has been asserted that Pinuspalustris, the official species, contains -more resin than any other German orAmerican pine. When pure, rosin is of a clear, pellucid, amber color, but thecommercia l rosin is yellowish-brown, m ore or less da rk, sometimes a lmost bla ck, th ecolor depending upon its purity and the amount of heat used in its preparation; itbreaks with a shining, shallow, conchoidal fracture; odor and taste faintlyterebinth inat e. White rosin is an opaque var iety ma de by incorpora ting it w ith w a ter.

CONS TITU E NTS.Rosin is t he a nhy dride of abietic a cid, C44H 62O4, into which a cidit ma y be converted by w a rmin g w ith d ilute a lcohol. Ash, 0.05 per cent.

ACTION AND USES.An important ingredient of ointments and plasters, and issaid to have the property of preserving them from rancidity by preventing theoxidation of the fatty base.

OFFICIAL PREPARATION. Emplastrum Resinae.

28. P IX LIQU ID A.-TAR

TAR

SOURCE.An empyreumatic oleoresin obtained by the destructive

distillation of the wood of Pinus palustris Miller, and of other speciesof P inus. The pine logs a re cut into billets, a nd built up int o a sta ck a ndcovered with earth, as in making charcoal. Slow combustion is startedthr ough a n opening in t he top of the st a ck, and the resinous ma tt er , asit melts out and collects in a cavity in the center, is drawn off intobarrels.

DESCRIPTION.A resinous, black semiliquid, of an empyreumatic,terebinthinate odor, and a sharp, bitterish, empyreumatic taste. Acid inreaction. P a rt ly soluble in w a ter.

B irch t a r, Da gget, or Oleum Rusci, from Betul a albaLinn, has an odorsimilar t o th a t of Russian leat her.

CONSTITUENTS.Tar is a very complex substance, varying with thekind of wood, amount of resins present therein, and the care exercisedin its prepa ra t ion, th e chief const ituent s being a n empyreuma tic volat ile



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oil, pyrocatechin, acetone, xylol, toluol, cresols (creosote), guaiacol,phenol, etc. The acid reaction which characterizes tar is due to acetica cid, obta ined in a n impure sta te a s pyroligneous a cid by distilla tion. Int he retort is left behind t he ordina ry solid an d fusible pitch of commerce.

ACTION AND USES.Stimulant, irritant, insecticide, similar to, butless irritant than, the turpentines. Dose: 8 to 60 gr. (0.6 to 4 Gm.). Thesyrup is much used in pulmona ry a ffections.

OFFICIAL PREPARATIONS.Syrupus Picis Liquid(0.5 per cent )Dose: 1 to 4 fl. dr . (4 to 15 mils)Unguentum Picis Liquid (50 per cent .).

28a. OLEUM PICIS LIQUID RECTIFICATUM.OIL OF TAR. A volatile oildistilled from tar, the residue left being common pitch, pix nigra. A nearly colorlessliquid when first distilled, but soon acquires a dark, reddishbrown color; it has the

characteristic odor and taste of tar, which depends upon it for its medicinalproperties. Dose: 1 to 5 dr ops (0.065 to 0.3 mil), in capsules or emu lsion.

29. TE RE B INTH INA CANADE NS IS .CANADA TURPENTINE

CANADA BALSAM. BALSAM OF FIR

A liqu id oleoresin obta ined from A'bies balsam'ea Linn

H AB ITAT.Ca na da , Nova Scotia , Maine, a nd t he mounta inous regionsfurther south.

P ROD U CTION.The oleoresin is secreted in sma ll vesicles in t he ba rk,collected by puncturing and allowing the liquid to exude into a vesselha ving a broad a nd fu nn el-like lip. The vesicles conta in only from a fewminims t o 1 fluid dra chm.

DESCRIPTION OF DRUG.A yellowish or faintly greenish,transparent liquid of honey-like consistence, becoming thicker andsomew hat darker w ith a ge, but a lw ays reta ining i ts tra nsparency , andultimately drying into a transparent mass; i t has an agreeable,

aromatic, terebinthinate odor, and a bitterish, feebly acrid, but notdisagreeable taste, for which reason it is sometimes erroneously calledba lm of G ilea d (98).

ACTION AND USES.-It has medical properties similar to the otherturpentines and copaiba, but is rarely employed as a remedial agent. Itis most valued for mounting microscopic objects, for which its



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bea ut iful a nd dura ble, uncryst a lline tr a nspa rency peculiarly fits it.

OFFICIAL PREPARATION.

30. PIX CANADENSIS.CANADA PITCH OR HEMLOCK PITCH. An oleoresinobtained from the North American hemlock spruce, A'bies canaden'sis Carriere.Resembles Pix Burgundica (31) in appearance, properties, and uses; it is somewhatdarker red-brown in color and is much more fusible; odor weak, peculiar; taste veryfeeble. Rosin is a common adulteration.

31. PIX BURGUNDICA.B U RG U NDY P ITCH . The resinous exudat ion preparedfrom Abies excelsa P oiret. A reddish-brown or yellow ish-brown , opa que or t ra nslucentsolid when pure, gradually taking the form of the vessel in which it is contained;britt le, brea king with a shining, conchoidal fra cture; a t body heat it becomes soft a ndadhesive; odor agreeable, somewhat aromatic, terebinthinate; taste aromatic andsweetish, not bitter. A mixture of common pitch, rosin, and turpentine meltedtogether a nd a gita ted with w a ter, is often substituted for B urgundy pitch, but ma y be

detected by its insolubility in w a rm glacial a cetic acid. Terebinthina cocta , a residuefrom the distillation of turpentine with water, and Resina pini (white turpentine),fused in hot w a ter a nd st ra ined, are allied products resembling th e former, but th eselater become crystalline. Constituents: Volatile oil (smaller proportion than inturpentine), water, and resin. Gentle rubefacient and stimulant, in chronicrheuma tism, etc., in plast ers.

Emplastrum Picis Burgundic, U .S.P . 1890.Emplastrum Picis Cantharidatum (92 per cent., with cerate of

cant ha rides), U.S .P . 1890.

32. SUCCINUM.AMBER. A fossil resin from extinct coniferous trees, found in

greater or less quantities in every quarter of the globe; the largest deposits occur inthe region surrounding the B a ltic Sea, w here it h a s been w a shed upon th e shore. Insmall, irregular pieces, usually light or deep yellowishbrown, sometimes reddish-brown, generally translucent; tasteless and odorless, but emits an agreeable,aromatic odor when heated. I t is almost insoluble in water, alcohol, ether, or oils,slightly soluble in chloroform. U sed for fumiga tion, for t he prepara tion of succinic acida nd oil of amber, and in t he art s.

32a. OLEUM SUCCINI.OIL OF AMB E R. A light y ellow ish-brown or a mbercoloredliquid (colorless when pure), having a balsamic, empyreumatic odor, and a warm,a crid ta ste. On exposure to light a nd a ir it t hickens a nd becomes da rker, ultima telysolidifying int o a black ma ss. With fum ing nitr ic a cid it a cquires a r ed color, cha nginga fter a t ime into a brow n, resinous ma ss ha ving a peculiar musk-like odor. I t is oftena dultera ted w ith oil of turpentine, which may be detected by its t hrowing down a solidcamphor when hydrochloric acid gas is passed through the mixture. Stimulant,a nt ispas modic, a nd irr ita nt . Dose: 5 to 15 drops (0.3 to 1 mil). Ext erna lly in liniments .

33. DAMMARA.DAMMAR. G U M D AMMAR. A spont a neous, resinous exuda tioncollected in the East Indies from A'gathis dam'mara Richard. Transparent, straw-



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colored, rounded ma sses, almost free from odor a nd t a ste, an d breaking w ith a glossy,conchoida l fra ctur e. Used mostly for va rnishes.

34. KAURI RESIN .KAU RI G um. A resin dug in la rge qua ntit ies from the soil inNew Zealand, where it has exuded from Dam'mara orienta'lis. I t is in large cream-colored or am ber-colored ma sses. Used a s a vu lnera ry in skin disea ses; also used as asubstitute for collodion, leaving an adherent, impervious, resinous varnish over thewound.

35. SANDARACCA.SANDARAC. A resin exuding sponta neously fr om the ba rk ofa North African evergreen tree, Calli'tris quadrival'vis Ventenat. Small roundedma sses about t he size of a pea , of a y ellow ish color; it resembles ma stic somewha t,and is often substituted for it on account of its lower price, but a simple means ofdist inction is a fforded in its becoming pulverulent (not a dhesive) w hen chewed. It w a sformerly used as a mild stimulant in ointments a nd plast ers, but is now m ostly usedfor va rnish es. Its powder is used a s a pounce to prevent ink from sprea ding on paperor cloth .

GNETACEAE

36. EPHEDRA.The her b Ephe'dra antisyphilit'ica C. A. Meyer. This plant is ana tive of Arizona , w here it is u sed in venerea l disea ses. Dose of fl'ext.: 1 to 2 fl. dr. (4to 8 mils).

G RAMINE .-G ra ss Family

A la rge order yielding the cerea ls (w hea t, ry e, etc.) a nd sug a r can e, the source of mostof the sugar of the market. The characteristics of the order are the holl ow stems

(culms), flowersin spikelets, a nd th e f r u i t , a caryopsis.



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37. TRITICUM.TRITICUM

COUCH-GRASS

The dr ied rh izome of Agropy'ron rep'ensBeauvois.

BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS.Creeping; root-stocks slender, numerous.Spikelets4- to 8-flowered , gla brous; glumes3- to 7-ner ved; rachisglabrous; leavesflat .

HABITAT.Europe; naturalized and grows abundantly in NorthAmerica.

DE SC RIP TION OF D RU G .Sh ort , hollow sections from 3 to 6 mm. (1/8

t o 1/4 in.) long, and about the thickness and color of a straw; odorless;

ta ste sweetish.

Powder.Microscopica l elements of: See P a rt iv, Cha p. I, B .

CONSTITUENTS.No active constituent has been discovered incouchgrass; it contains glucose, mucilage, malates, triticin (a gummysubst a nce resembling inu lin), a nd in osit. Ash not t o exceed 3 per cent .

Preparat ion of Tri t ic in.Obtained by exhausting powdered drug with water;neutralize with baryta; concentrate and precipitate with lead subacetate; removelea d; purify wit h cha rcoa l; neutra lize, concentra te, a nd precipita te w ith a lcohol. I t isa n a morphous, white powd er, inodorous, ta steless, deliquescent, a nd w ith H NO3 is

oxidized into oxalic acid.

ACTION AND USES.Diuretic, demulcent. Dose: 1/2 to 3 dr. (2 to 12

Gm.).

OFFICIAL PREPARATION.Fluidextractum Tritici D ose: 1 to 4 fl. dr. (4 to 15 mils)

38. VETIVERIA.VETIVE RT. The fibr ous w iry roots of Andropo'gon murica'tusRetzius. Habitat : Eastern India. Tonic and stimulant, but mainly employed as aperfume in sa chet pow ders, etc.

39. SACC H ARU MSUGAR

CANE-SUGAR

The refined suga r obta ined from Sac'charum officina'rumLinn, and from va riousspecies or varieties of Sorghum, also from one or more varieties of Be'ta vulga'ris



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Linn (nat . ord. C henopodiace).



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SOURCE AND VARIETIES.The sugar cane is extensively cultivatedin Africa , Ea st a nd West I ndies (especially C uba ), B ra zil, a nd S out hernUnited States, particularly Louisiana. The sugar beet is extensivelycultivated in France and Spain, and has been introduced with varying

success into some parts of the United States. Cane-sugar is also aconstituent of the sugar maple; of the carrot and turnip, of cassia pulp,etc. The sugar in fresh fruit is mainly cane-sugar; by the action of thefruit a cids, or a ferment, it is generally inverted, becomes uncrys -t a lline,and influences polarized light in the opposite direction from that ofcane-sugar, twisting the ray from right to left. Honey-sugar is probablya mixture of the two varietiesright- and left-handed. It is readilya ltered to a crysta lline a nd gra nular ma ss of grape-sugarin dried fruit,as in the raisin, the prune, and solidified honey. This, the common formof gra pesuga r, is right -ha nded, a nd is ca lled dextrose (dextrogyra te), t o

distinguish it from laevulose. Barley-sugar is made by heatingca nesuga r t ill it fuses, becoming t hus, in a gr eat mea sure, uncryst a lline.Molasses (treacle)Syrupus fuscus(official 1860-1870)is the resultfrom the evaporation of cane-sugar syrup; it is a mixture of canesugarw ith un crysta lliza ble sugar a nd coloring ma tt er .

DESCRIPTION.Sugar or sucrose, C 12H 21O11, is in white, dry, hard,

distinctly crystalline granules, odorless, and having a purely sweettaste. Permanent in the air. The aqueous solution saturated at 15C(59F.) ha s a sp. gr. of 1.345 a nd is miscible wit h w a t er in a ll proport ions,

soluble in 175 par t s of a lcohol.

OTHER SUGARS. Saccharum Lactis.Lactose obtained from thew hey of cow s' milk an d purified by recrys ta lliza t ion.

SOURCE AND DESCRIPTION.It is prepared from cows' milk byevapora ting t he w hey a fter removing th e curd. Cow s' milk cont a ins from4-5 to 4.9 per cent. of sugar. It crystallizes in large hard prisms, has afeebly sweet taste and is soluble in six parts of cold water. It occurs inw hite, hard crysta lline masses or a s a w hite pow der feeling gritt y t o th e

tongue, odorless, permanent in air. Like cane-sugar it forms compoundswith metallic oxides, and reduces alkaline copper solutions. Practicallyinsoluble in alcohol, ether, or chloroform. It is not effected directly byferments. When heated with mineral acids it forms dextrose andgalactose.



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ACTION AND USES.When injected into the blood-vessels it appearsunaltered in the urine. When taken in the alimentary canal i t isperfectly assimilated. When administered in large doses it acts as anactive diuretic. Milk loses this diuretic effect on being boiled. Used inmaking ta blet tr i tura tes.

MANNOSE (from m a nnit e); ma ltose (from st a rch by t he a ction of diluteacid or diastase); melitose (from eucalyptus).

CARAMEL, N.F. is a na me applied to burn t sugar(Sacchar um ustum), used inth e liquid form a s a coloring for spirits, vinegar , etc.

SACCH ARU M U VEU M.G ra pe-sugar . G lucose. Yellow ish or wh itish ma ssesor gran ules much less sweet t ha n cane-suga r. Composition C6H 12O6H 2O

ACTION AND USES.Demulcent and lenitive. Used in making theva rious syr ups a nd compound sy rups of the P ha rma copoeia , etc.

OFFI CIAL P RE P ARATION.Sy rupus.

40. ZEA, N.F .ZEA.

CORN-SILK

The dr ied s ty les and s t igmas of Ze'a ma'ys Linn (our common Indian

corn ) Yellow ish or gr eenish, soft, silky, ha ir-like thr ea ds, a bout 150 Mm.(6 in.) long; free from odor, with a sweetish taste. CONSTITUENTS.Maizenic acid, fixed oil, resin, sugar, gum, albuminoids, phlobaphene,extr a ctive, salt, cellulose, and w a ter.

ACTION AND USES.Mild stimulant, diuretic. The infusion may betaken ad l i b i t um.

Fluidextractum Zea (Unofficial) Dose: 1/2 to 2 fl. dr. (2 to 8 mils).

41. OLEUM MAYDIS.MAIZE OIL. A fixed oil expressed from the embryo of theseed of Zea mays Linn. A yellow, viscid, transparent liquid, having a peculiar odorlike cornmeal, and a bland taste. This oil has become quite valuable commercially,used as sa lad oil a nd by hydr ogenat ion yields a valua ble vegeta ble fat . In ma king ofliniments a nd olea ginous prepara tions, it is q uite equa l to olive oil. Demulcent.



46/533

42. AMYLUM.STARCH

STARCH

The sta rch gra ins obta ined from t he fruit of Ze'a ma'ysLinn.

DESCRIPTION.-Usually in opaque, angular or columnar masses, easilypulverizable between the fingers, with a peculiar sound, into a finew hite powder; odorless an d t a steless. Under th e microscope it is seen t obe composed of small granules striated concentrically or excentricallyaround a nucleus or hilum. Insoluble in cold water, but with boilingw a t er it forms a glutinous past e on cooling. Iodine is th e test for sta rch,the characteristic blue color being produced when only a minutequa ntity of the lat ter is present.

Other starcheschiefly distinguished by the size and shape of thestarch-granules as seen under the microscope:

(a) AVEN FARIN.Oatmeal. From Avena sati vaLinn, probablynative to Western Asia, but now a common field crop. A grayish-white,not uniform meal, containing the gluten and fragments of theinteguments; bitterish. Demulcent and nutritive (due to the glutencontained).

(b) SAGO.Pearl Sago. Globular, pearl-like grains, whit

A Manual of Organic Materia Medica and Pharacognosy

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