Sayre Materia Medica-3

8/14/2019 Sayre Materia Medica-3

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SAYR ES MATER IA ME DICA - P a r t III

LEG U MI N O S .P u l se F a m i ly

Herbs, shrubs, or trees with alternate and usually compound leaves. Flowers

papilionaceous, or rarely regular. Stamens usu ally ten a nd m ostly monadelphous ordiadelphous. Pistil becoming in fruit a legum e, from which th e order ta kes its n am e.Most of the plants are innoxious; the marked exception to the rule, however, is thecalabar bean.

230. GLYCYRRH IZA.GLYCYRRHIZA

LICORICE ROOT

The dried rhizome and root of Glycyr rh i ' za g la 'b ra typica Regel et Herder, and

Gl y c y r r h i z a g l a b r a g l a n d u l i f ' e r a Regel et Herder. Spanish and Russianrespectively.

BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS.Pla nt s 4 t o 5 feet h igh. Leaves impairipinnate;leaflets about 13, oval. Racem es axillary, flowers distinct, pale blue. Legume ovate,compressed.

Sayr e s M a t e r i a M ed i ca pa r t I I I - P age 1


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SOURCE.Russia exports the largest amount, Syria the smallest.Partiality for the Spanish root is now unwarranted; the dose digging,an d th e limited a nd pr actically exha ust ed fields of Spain a re t he causesof its deterioration. Russia, with its new and almost unlimited fields,

furnishes roots rich in glycyrrhizin and extractive, much better suitedfor commercial purposes because better and cheaper than the Spanishroot. Anatolian root ranks between the Spanish and Russian in thequality of sweetness. In commerce no attention is paid to the botanicalvarieties of licorice root. From the root alone it is quite impossible todeterm ine its tr ue bota nical origin, th e usu al designa tion being from th e



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countries of growth, as Spanish, Russian, Anatolian, etc., although allvarieties except the Spanish are often classified as Greek root. Peeledroot ma y now be prepa red in Russia, but Syria form erly prepar ed it forshipment to Europe, some of which found its way into the market aspeeled Russian .

DESCRIPTION OF DRUG.Long , cy l indr i ca l p ieces from 5 to 25

mm. (1/5 to 1 in.) in diameter; e x t e r n a l l y d a r k - b r o w n ,

long i tud ina l ly wr ink led ; in t e rna l ly o f a l igh t -ye l low co lo r ;p l i ab le , f ib rous , tough, readily t e a r i n g i n t o l o n g , f i b r o u s s t r i p s .Odor peculiar , ear th y, ta ste sweetish, afterwa rd a crid. A cross - sec t ion shows a rather thick bark, the inner layer of which is composedprincipally of bast fibers. The m e d i t u l l i u m i s m a d e u p o f t h r e ek inds o f ce l l s , ligneous, with oblique ends, parenchymatous, almost

cubical, an d lar ge pitt ed du cts giving t o the wood a porous a ppear an ce.Wood-wedges n ar row, separ at ed by distinct m edullary r ays.

Glycyrrhizal glabra glandulifera , so-called Russian, is thicker, lesssweet, and more a crid th an G. glabra typ ica (Spanish).

Powder.Cha ra cter istic element s; See Par t iv, Cha p. I, B.



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CONSTITUENTS.Glycyrrhizin, asparagin, glycyramarin, an acridres in, st ar ch, et c. Glycyrr hizin is a glucosid, spa rin gly soluble in alcoholand ether, splitting up by hydrolysis into sugar and a brownishyellowbitter substance, glycyrrhetin; it probably exists in combination with

am monia. Ash, not to exceed 7 per cent .

Preparation of Glycyrrhizin .Obta ined from t he cold infusion (from wh ich album enhas been removed by heat) by precipitating with H2SO 4. Purify precipitate by

dissolving in very weak amm onia wa ter 1 to 10, filtering, an d evaporat ing.

ACTION AND USES.Expectorant and demulcent in bronchialaffections. Frequently used to disguise the disagreeable taste of othermedicines, and as a sweetening ingredient for medicinal preparations.Dose: 15 t o 60 gr. (1 to 4 Gm .).

230a. EXTRACTUM GLYCYRRHIZAExtract of Licor ice . Madeby evapora ting t he a queous extra ct of th e root. It is foun d in m ar ket inblack, brittle, cylindrical rolls about 150 mm. (6 in.) long; flexible whenwar m, but when dry breaks with a br ittle, conchoidal fra ctu re, showinga glossy surface; odor characteristic; taste sweet., It yields a brownpowder. It cont ains glycyrrh izin, both free a nd combined with am monia,to which combination its sweetness is due, glycyrrhizin itself being

almost tasteless. It is an excellent demulcent, the presence of a smallpiece in the mouth often allaying cough by coating and thus protectingthe irritated membrane. Not less than 60 per cent. of the extract ofglycyrrhiza should be soluble in cold water. Dose: 15 to 60 gr. (1 to 4Gm.). Ash , not m ore t ha n 6 per cent .



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231. ABRI RADIX.INDIAN LICORICE. The root ofA'b r u s p r e c a t o ' r i u s Linn,indigenous to India, naturalized in most tropical countries. Reddish-brown, twistedpieces, having a t hin ba rk , and a meditu llium composed of alt ern at ing zones of porouswood-bundles an d par enchyma, t ra versed by medullar y rays. Inodorous; tast e bitter,afterwar d sweetish. It is th ought to cont ain glycyrrh izin, and is used as a demulcentlike glycyrrhiza.

232. ABRI SEMEN .PRAYER, BEADS. JEQUIRITY. The seeds of A'brus

p r e c a t o ' r i u s Linn. Subglobular, about 5 to 8 mm. (1/5

to 1/3

in.) long, scar letr ed,

glossy, with a black spot at the hilum; inodorous; taste bean-like. They contain twoproteids, par aglobulin, an d album ose, which a re irr ita tin g to th e eyes. A weak infusionof the seed is used in gra nular ophth almia.

233. BAPTISIA, N. F.WILD INDIGO. The root ofB a p t i 's i a t i n c t o ' r i a R. Brown.Habitat: United States. It contains baptisine (acrid, poisonous), baptisin (a bitterglucoside), and baptin (a purgative glucoside). Chiefly used for its antisepticpropert ies, in lotion a nd oint ment , although it a cts a lso as a n em etic an d catha rt ic.Dose: 5 to 15 gr. (0.3 to 1 Gm.).

234. E R YT HR OP HL OE UM.SASSY BARK. A poisonous bark from

E r y t h r o p h l oe 'u m g u i n e e n s 'e Don, used as an ordeal in Africa, where the treegrows, an d th erefore somet imes called doom-bar k. It is in t hick, wart y, cur ved pieces,reddish-brown, fissured. Inodorous; taste astringent and bitter. It contains analkaloid, e r y t h r o p h l e i n e , which g i v e s i t a n a c t i o n o n t h e h e a r t s i m i l a r t odigital is; also astr ingent , emetic, diaphoret ic, an d a na lgesic. Dose: 5 to 15 gr. (0.3 to1 Gm.).

Preparation of Erythrophleine.Trea t concent ra ted aqu eous solut ion- of th e a lcoholicextract of the bark with ammonia and exhaust the mixture with acetic ether. Thealka loid is yielded on evaporat ion.

235. CER CIS CANADENSIS Linn.REDBUD. The bark of this indigenous tree

ha s been recommen ded as a mild, non-irrita ting, but a ctive ast ringent in diarr hea a nddysentery. Also used as a local application to mucous membranes. Dose offluidextr act: 15 to 60 dr ops (1 to 4 mils) .

236. SARACA INDICA Linn.ASOCA. (Bark.) Much employed by the Hindoophysicians a s a sedative in th e tr eatm ent of uterine a ffections; it is also astringent .Dose of fluidext ra ct: 15 to 60 drops (1 to 4 m ils)



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237. PISCIDIA.J AMAICA DOGWOOD. The bar k ofPisc id ' i a e r y t h r i ' n a Jacquin.

Habitat: West I ndies. Quills or cur ved pieces about 4 mm (1/6 in.) th ick; exter na lly of a

dar k, yellowish-gray color, ridged longitu dina lly. O d o r o p i u m -l ik e w h e n b r o k e n .Taste bitter, acrid, producing a burning sensation in the mouth. Used as a milds o p o r i fi c fo r c h i l d r e n a n d a g e d p e r s o n s, and for t hose not a ble to bear a str ongnarcotic like opium. Dose: 15 to 45 gr. (1 to 3 Gm.).

238. H MATOXYLON, N.F.HMATOXYLON

LOGWOOD

The heart-wood of H a e m a t o x 'y lo n c a m p e c h i a ' n u m Linn Usually found incommerce in the form of d e e p , b r o wn i s h - r e d c h i p s .When the surface has agreenish meta llic luster, t he wood ha s u ndergone ferment at ion an d should be rejected.Odor slight ; taste sweetish, ast ringent.



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CONSTITUENTS.Hmatoxyl in , C16H14O6, sweet, colorless crystals, giving to

th e wood its cha ra cter istic colors by th e combined action of the oxygen of th e air an dth e alka line bases existing in t he wood; it is r eadily soluble in hot wa ter an d alcohol,spar ingly in cold water ; by th e action of ammonia a nd oxygen in t he a ir da rk pur plescales of hmatein, C16H12O6, are form ed, often observa ble as th e fine greenish h ue

upon logwood chips. This pr inciple gives a blue color with alka lies. Haem at oxylon alsocontains tannin, fat, resin, and a trace of volatile oil. With an alkali haematoxylongives a pur ple color, br azil-wood a red color, a nd red sau nder s is n ot affected.

Preparation of Hmatoxylin.To eth erea l extr act add wa ter a nd a llow to cryst allize;add a litt le H2SO3 or sulph ite t o prevent oxidation. Yellowish pr isms of sweetish ta ste,

violet-blue, with alka lies. Soluble in a lcohol and wat er. Sunlight cau ses a red color.

ACTION AND USES.A mild ast rin gent . Dose: 30 to 60 gr. (2 to 4 Gm.), in decoctionor ext ra ct. A solut ion of hm at oxylon as a s ta ining fluid in microscopy is one of th emost us eful, as it st ain s both lignified an d cellulose tissu e, but n ot su berin or cut in. Itis also one of th e very best nu clear s ta ins.

PRE PARATION: Ext . H ma toxyli, N.F. Dose, 1 Gm. (15 gr.).



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239. SANTALUM RUBRUM.RED SAUNDERS

RED SANDALWOOD

The h ear t-wood ofP t e r o c a r ' p u s s a n t a l i'n u s Linn.

BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS.A large tree with dark red, heavy, andcompa ct wood; a reddish juice exudes from its bar k.Racemes axillary;flowers yellow,streak ed with red.Legumes orbicular.

HABITAT.Madras.

DESCRIPTION OF DRUG.In commerce usually in deep reddish-brown r aspin gs or sm all chips, or a coar se powder; ta steless and n ear lyodorless. The wood consists mostly of the lower parts of the stem, andthick roots, imported in irregular logs of various sizes, usually deprivedof the bark, and externally of a dark-brown color; internally of a richred color, sh owing in t ra nsverse sections circles of a light er t int . Used in



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Compound Tinctu re of Lavender.

Powder.Microscopical element s of: See Pa rt iv, Cha p. I, B.

CONSTITUENTS.The most important constituents are the r ed

co l o r i n g m a t t e r , s an t a l i n , in n eedles, soluble in a lcohol, eth er, a ceticacid, and alkaline solutions, but insoluble in water, and only slightlysoluble in boiling water and santalic acid, C 15H 14O5. The yellow

eth ereal solut ion is tu rn ed to violet by alkalies. San tol, pterocar pin, an dhomopterocar pin a re a lso cons tituen ts . Ash , not t o exceed 3 per cent.

Preparation of S anta lin .Pr ecipitat e alcoholic tinctur e with lead a ceta te; decomposethis precipitate with H 2S in presence of alcohol and evaporate. Red needles are

obta ined, which a re inodorous, ta steless, resin ous; soluble in th e alka lies with violet,an d in ether with yellow color.

ACTION AND USES.Of no value medicinally. Used in pharmacy forcoloring prepa ra tions .

OFF ICIAL P REPARATION.T in c t u r a L a v a n d u l C om p o s it a .

240. SENNA.SENNA

SENNA

The dr ied leaflets ofCa'ssia a cu tifo 'l ia Delile and C. an gust ifolia Vahl.

BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS.The acute-leaved senna, C. acut ifo'lia, is aleafy shru b 2 t o 5 feet h igh, bear ing axillary r acemes of yellow flowers. Legume flat,broadly oblong, very slight ly cur ved inwa rd, roun ded at t he extr emities, ter mina tin g inan indur at ed and n early obsolete style.

SOURCE.A l e x a n d r i a s e n n a , exported by the way of Alexandria, isderived from Ca'ssia acutifo'lia, a species growing wild abundantly inupper Egypt, Nubia, etc. I n d i a s e n n a (C. angustifo'lia) is obtainedch ie f ly in Arab ia , reaching western ports by way of Bombay and

other Indian ports; sometimes called Mocha senna, as originally fromtha t port . Th e sam e p l an t i n cu l t i v a t i o n y i e l d s T i n n ev e l l y s en n a .The plant yields two annual crops, the best at the close of the rainyseason (September), and the other during the dry season. Prepared forma rk et by the n at ives, who car ry it th ere on camels, wher e it is cleaned(gar bled) and sold.



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DESCRIPTION OF DRUG.Both the Alexandria and the India sennaconsist of leaflets , a p r o m i n e n t d i st in c t io n b e t w e e n t h e t w o b e in gt h e i r s i ze ; the form er, t he acut ifolia, is described a s follows: Lan ceolat eor ovatelanceolate, 1.5 to 3 cm. long, 5 to 8 mm. broad; apex acute,mucronate; base unequal, acute; margin entire; upper surface light

green, nearly glabrous, midrib sometimes depressed, veins of first ordermore or less prominent; under surface light grayish-green, midrib

prominent, minutely pubescent, especiallynear the veins; petiole about 1 mm. long;texture coriaceous, fibrous; odor slight; tastesomewhat bitter. Powder: Light green; non-secretin g ha irs 0.1 to 0.2 m m. long, one-celled,thick-walled, the wall of the upper partstrongly cuticularized; calcium oxalate crystalsrosette-shaped or in monoclinic prisms. The

powder of Indian senna (C. angustifolia) isdark green and has relatively few non-secreting hairs. (For fuller particulars of themicroscopical distinction of the two powders,see ar ticle by th e au th or, Amer. J our . Pha rm .,June, 1897, p. 298.) The India senna is by fara cleaner senna; senna should be free fromstalks and other inert materials, and fromArgel leaves (Solenostem'ma ar'gel, N. O.Asclepiade), which are thick, even at the

base, a nd one-veined.

Powder.Cha ra cter istic element s: See Par t iv, Cha p. I, B

CONSTITUENTS.The purgative action of senna depends upon asulphu ret ted glucoside, c a t h a r t i c a c i d , insoluble in alcohol, soluble inwater, but rendered partially or wholly inert by prolonged evaporationor boiling of its solution. Senna a l s o c o n t a i n s c h r y s o p h a n ,ph oret in, senn acrol, an d glucosenn in, C22H 18O8; th is lat ter is probably

an emodin glucoside. The em odin is sa id to be ident ical with th at foun din Barbadoes and Cape Aloes. The principles giving the odor and tasteto senna, also its griping action, are extracted by alcohol, somewhataffecting t he cat ha rt ic action, h owever. Ash, n ot more th an 12 per cent .not less th an 3 per cent .; insoluble in HCl.

EMODIN TEST.This t est is a pplied to th e emodin-bear ing dru gs such



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as Rhubarb, Aloes, Senna, etc. The tests as applied are practically thesame. For Senn a it is a s follows: Mix 0.5 Gm. of powdered Senn a wit h 10mils of an alcoholic solution of potassium hydroxide (1 in 10), boil themixtur e for a bout two minut es, dilute it with 10 mils of wat er a nd filter.Now acidify the filtrate with hydrochloric acid, shake it with ether;

remove the eth ereal layer a nd sh ake it with 5 mils of ammonia water;th e lat ter is colored yellowish-red.

Preparation of Cathartic Acid.-Rhubarb or senna may be treated separately asfollows: Moisten the drug with alcohol. Macerate 48 hours and percolate with strongalcohol till exhau st ed, to rem ove chr ysopha nic acid, resin, etc. Exha ust th e ma rc with60 per cent. alcohol. Evaporate the percolate at 50C. to syrup, with constantstirring. Precipitate extract with 85 per cent. alcohol and filter to remove gum. Thefiltrate, after evaporating to a syrupy consistence, is added to a large excess ofabsolute a lcohol. The brown pr ecipitat e th us pr oduced is sprea d on glass t o dry. It isth en in light, shining scales.



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ACTION AND USES.A prompt and efficient cathartic. Its gripingaction may be prevented by combining it with an aromatic and one ofthe alkaline salts, or, as before stated, by first extracting the gripingpr inciple with a lcohol. Dose: 2 to 8 dr . (8 to 30 Gm.).

241. CASSIA MARILANDICA Linn.AMERICAN SENNA. (Leaflets.)

Oblonglanceolate, about 25 mm. (1 in.) in length, m ucrona te a t th e apex a nd un evenan d short-stalked at base; lower sur face light er green t ha n u pper sur face. They havea weaker odor and taste than senna, but have similar medicinal properties, theiraction depending upon t he sa me pr inciple, cat ha rt ic acid.

242. MELILOTUS , N.F.SWEET CLOVER. The flowering tops of Meli lo ' tusofficina'lis Willdenow. The s ma ll yellowish or wh ite flowers ar e in a close, roun dedra ceme on a n an gular stem; leaves serra te, tr ifoliat e; odor fra gran t, h oney-like; tast earomatic and bitter. They contain melilotol (a fragrant volatile oil), coumarin (thear omat ic pr inciple of tonka), cuma ric acid, and melilotic (hydr ocum ar ic) acid, ha ving ahoney-like odor. An infusion is used as a stimulant and antispasmodic in whooping-cough, bu t it is genera lly used a s a local anodyne in poultices.

243. TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE Linn (Trifolium, N.F.).-The flowering tops of this,our common red clover, are now being used quite extensively as an alterative; theyar e also deobstr uen t a nd seda tive in whooping-cough.

243a. T R I F OL I UM R E P E NS .WHITE CLOVER. The t ops a re u sed in wh ooping-cough and other spasmodic affections, in t he form of infusion.

244. STYLOSANTHES ELATIOR Swar tz.PE NCIL PLOWER. This herb is muchused in domestic practice as a uterine sedative and tonic. The fluidextract is notmiscible with wat er. Dose of fluidextr act: 10 to 20 drops (0.6 to 1.3 mils).

245. GALEGA, N.F.GOAT'S RUE. Th e h erb ofGa lega off ic ina l is Linn. Eur ope.Recently introduced. An erect glabrous perennial, about three feet high. Leavesalternate, oddly pinnate, and stipulate; stipules lanceolate; leaflets smooth,lan ceolat e, and m ucronat e. Flowers in loose, axillary ra cemes longer t ha n t he leaves;blue, appearing in June or July. Preparation : Fluidextract. Properties : Vermifuge,ner vous st imu lan t, galacta gogue. In t yphoid condit ions diu ret ic an d tonic. Dose: 15 to20 minims.



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246. SCOPARIUS, N.F.SCOPARIUS

BROOM

The dried tops ofCyti 'sus scopa ' r iu s (Linn) Link .Habitat: Europe and Asia.

DESCRIPTION OF DRUG.Thin , f l ex ib le , b ranched twigs , pentangular andwinged, nearly smooth, and of a dark greenish-brown color; as found in the marketthey are usually free- from the small trifoliate leaves. Odor slight, stronger when

bruised; ta ste very b i t t e r .

Powder.Greenish-brown. Characteristic elements: Sclerenchyma with bast fibers,long, thick-walled, associated with crystal fibers containing calcium oxalate prisms;ducts, spira l, an nu lar , and ret icula te; trichomes, non-glan dula r (0.5 to 0.7 in diam.),thick-walled, yellowish, one-celled; pollen, brownish; grains, oval.



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CONSTITUENTS.A neutral crystalline principle, scopar in , C 20H20O10 + 5H 2O, to

which th e diur etic action is du e, an d t he colorless, volat ile, liquid alka loid, s p a r t e i n e,C15H26N2, acting as a powerful cardiac tonic; this is oily, very bitter, soluble in

alcohol, chloroform, and ether; it has been made official as the salt, sparteinaesulphas. Prisms freely soluble in, water. Oxidation products, such as oxysparteine,

C15H24N2O, produce an increase of hea rt activity, while dioxyspart eine, C15H26N2O,produces an inverse effect upon th e hear t. Spar teine ha s an an ilinelike odor.

Preparation of S coparin .Allow a concent ra ted decoction of broom-tops to gelat inize;express an d pur ify the jelly-like mass by repea ted solution in hot wat er, an d fina lly inhot alcohol.

Preparation of Sparteine.Extract plant withacidulat ed water an d distil concent ra ted liquid withNaOH. A colorless oily liquid, forming crystallinesa lts. Su lpha te official.

ACTION AND USES.Scoparius is a reliablediuretic and laxative in small doses Of 10 to 30 gr.(0.6 to 2 Gm.), an d is a n efficient rem edy in dr opsy.

Dose of sparteinae sulphas: 1/8 to 1 gr. (0.0081 to

0.065 Gm.). Used to regulat e hear t a ction.

247. CASSIA FISTULA, N.F.CASSIAFISTULA

PURGING CASSIA

The dr ied fru it ofCas'sia f ist 'ula Linn.

BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS.Tree from20 to 50 feet high, with showy racemes 1 to 2 feetlong, of bright yellow, fragrant flowers, followed bycylindrical pods of the same length. Legume woody,indeh iscent . Tropical, extensively cult ivated.

DESCRIPTION OF DRUG.Cylindrical pods orlegumes 450 to 600 mm. (18 to 24 in.) long andabout 25 mm. (1 in.) in diameter, with a blackish-brown, woody pericarp; indehiscent, but with two

smooth sutures or bands on opposite sides runningth e whole length of th e pod, an d showing th e un ion ofthe two valves. The dorsal band is marked with afine r idge, while th e ventr al ban d is seemingly dividedinto two by a shallow, longitudinal groove. Th ei n t e r i o r o f t h e p o d c o n s i st s o f n u m e r o u s (25 to100) t r a n s v e r s e c e ll s, e a c h c o n t a i n i n g a s i n g l e ,f la t t i sh , g lossy , r ed-br own seed , imb edd ed in a



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swee t , b lack i sh-br own p u lp ; odor prune-like.

CONSTITUENTS.The pulp, which is the part used, consists mainly of sugar(about 60 per cent .), with mucilage, pectin , albumin oids, and organic salts.

ACTION AND USES.A mild laxative, generally combined with other mixtures.

Dose: 1 to 8 dr. (4 to 30 Gm.).

248. CERATONIA.ST. JOHN'S DREAD. The fruit ofCera to 'n ia s il 'iqua Linn.Habitat: Southern Europe. Broad, flat pods, brown and glossy, divided into six totwelve tr an sverse cells, in ea ch of which is a sweet , black pu lp ha ving a single seedimbedded in it. This pulp is used as a laxative and demulcent, but chiefly as aningredient in expectorant mixtures.

249. TAMARINDUS, N.F.TAMARIND

TAMARIND

The preserved pulp of th e fru it ofT a m a r i n 'd u s i n ' d i ca Linn (the Indian date).

A t o u g h , r e d d i s h -b r o w n m a s s , made adhesive by the syrup in which the fruit ispreserved. This preserved pulp c o n s i s t s o f a f i b r o u s o r s t r i n g y m u c i l a g i n o u sm a s s , the thin membranous epicarp (the pericarp being removed), and numerouslarge, somewhat quadrangular, brown seeds, each inclosed in a tough membrane;inodorous; taste sweetish and acidulous.

CONSTITUENTS.Tartaric acid and acid potassium tartrate, with traces of citrican d ma lic acids. These organ ic salt s am oun t t o about 10 per cent .

ACTION AND USES .Laxat ive and refrigeran t, in confection of senn a. Dose: 1 to 8dr . (4 to 30 Gm.).

250. DIPTERYX.TONKA BEAN. The fruit of a large tree, Di p 't e r y x o d o r a ' t a Willdenow, growing in Gu ian a. Oblong, flat ten ed, rounded a t ea ch end, 37 to 50 mm .

(11/2 to 2 in.) long; pericarp th in, wr inkled, of a dar k-brown color, s omewh at glossy,

an d often covered with sma ll, whit e cryst als of coum ar in; int ern ally oily, pale brown;odor fragrant, similar to vanilla; taste aromatic and bitter. Its odor is due to thearomatic, crystalline principle c o u m a r i n . Used as a flavor, as an adulterant ofvanilla, an d t o flavor cigars.

250a. COUMARINUM.COUMARIN. The a nh ydride (C6H4(CH)2OCO = 146.05) of

ortho-oxycinnamic acid, occurring naturally in Tonka, Melilot and other plants, orprepa red synth etically, N.F.

251. FNUM GRCUM .FENUGREEK. The seeds of Tr igone l ' l a foenum-g r ' c u m Linn.Habitat: India an d th e Mediterr an ean Basin. Brownish or yellowish,

rh omboid seeds, about 3 m m. (1/8 in.) in diameter, often wrinkled or distorted. They ar e

divided int o two equal lobes by a deep fur row run ning from t he h ilum on t he sh ar per



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edge, diagonally across the sides. Odor peculiar, characteristic; taste mucilaginousand bitter. Used mostly as a demulcent in condition-powders.

252. PHYSOSTIGMA.PHYSOSTIGMA

CALABAR B EAN

The r ipe seed ofP h y s o s t i g'm a v e n e n o ' s u m Balfour , yielding, by official a ssa y, notless th an 0.15 per cent . of alkaloids of Physostigma.

BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS.A lofty, ha lf-shru bby, twining plan t, obta iningits name from its peculiar footed stigma. Leaves trifoliate, leaflets ovate. Flowerspur plish-pink, in axillary racemes.Legume about 7 inches long.



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HABITAT.Africa.

DESCRIPTION OF DRUG.Ab o u t t h e s iz e of a p e c a n n u t , oblong,some what flatten ed, an d k i d n e y - s h a p e d , invested with a light to

d eep ch o co l a t e - b r o w n t e s t a . Along its entire convex edge thereextends a prominent black furrow, bordered on each side by a reddishridge, and traversed the entire length by the raphe as a little ridge inth e center. This ra phe is t e r m i n a t e d a t o n e e n d b y a s m a l l f u n n e l -s h a p e d d e p r e s s i o n , t h e m i c r o p y l e . Exalbuminous, embryo large,the cotyledons are concavo-convex, the concave surfaces inclosing arather large cavity, thus enabling the bean to float upon water. Nearlyodorless; taste bean-like, afterward acrid. Spurious calabar beans havebeen called calibeans in European commerce, hose occurring the mostfrequently belonging to the following species: Entada scandens, E .

gingalobium D. C., Mucuna urens D. C., and seeds of oil palms, ElisGuineensis. E. H. Holmes called attention to certain specimens ofcalabar beans of commerce bearing a close resemblance to the genuinebean s. They were longer , of circular cross-section, an d the h ilum d id notextend the full length of the beans. They also differ chemically, as upontouching the cotyledons with a solution of potassa a permanent yellowtint was produced , and upon treating the spurious article similarly adeep, almost orange, color is formed, turning to a greenish hue. It hasbeen foun d th at th e ordina ry test -rea gents for a lkaloids are so sensit ivefor physostigmine (eserine) that one one-millionth part of a gram may

be recognized. The poisonous qualitiesreside in the seeds, especially in thecotyledons. It ha s been a scerta ined tha t th eleaves an d st ems a re n ot poisonous.

Powder.Characteristic elements: See Part iv,Chap. I, B.

C O N S T I T U E N T S . P h y s o s t i g m i n e ,C15H 21N3O2 (also known as e s e r i n e ),

cont ra cting t he pupil of the eye; calaba rine,a tetanizing principle, a derivative ofphysostigmine; eseridine, C15H 23N3O3

(producing purgation); and physosterin, aneutral principle closely related tocholesterin. These principles are soluble in

alcohol. Physostigmine is amorphous, tasteless, reddened by potassa,



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soda, and lime when exposed to the air, due to absorption of oxygen.The drug sometimes contains over 0-15 per cent. of the alkaloidPh ysost igmine. Ash , not exceeding 3 per cent .

Preparation of Physostigmin e (Eserine).Trea t powdered dr ug (mixed with 1 per cent.tartaric acid) with water. Shake out coloring matter with ether, make aqueoussolution alkaline with an alkaline bicarbonate, and shake out alkaloid with ether.Evaporate ethereal solution.

Preparation of Eseridine (Calabarin e).Pr ecipitat e th e alka loid from t he liquid fromwhich physostigmine has been separated by lead subacetate and ammonia;



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evaporate the filtrate, treat the residue with alcohol, precipitate withphosphotu ngst ic acid, an d decompose with ba ryt a. It is convert ed into physostigmineby hydr olysis.

Preparation of Physosterin .Exhaust beans with petroleum ether and evaporatesolvent.

ACTION AND USES.Physostigmine is used in medicine chiefly forth ree purposes: as a depressant for t he spinal cord; as a stimulan t t o th eintestinal muscles; and to contract the pupils. As a motor depressantphysostigmine is useful in the treatment of tetanus and strychninepoisoning. Its greatest value in internal medicine is as a stimulant tointestinal muscles in paralytic forms of colic, but especially in chroniccons tipa tion in conjun ction with cat ha rt ic dru gs.

Ph ysostigmine st imulat es th e secret ory ner ve-endings of glan ds an d th e

nerve-endings of striated and smooth muscle. It therefore antagonizesth e effects of at ropine a nd cur ar e.

If a drop of 1:200 aqueous solution of eserine is placed in the eye,contraction of the pupil begins in one or two minutes and reaches itsma ximu m in one-ha lf to one h our .

When the alkaloid calabarine is present in excess in the drug, and istaken in overdose, convulsions develop. Dose of drug: 1 to 4 gr. (0.065 to0.25 Gm.).

253. MUCUNA.COWAGE, OR KIWACH, th e Hindu sta n na me, vulgar ly corr upt edinto cow-itch. The hairs from the pods ofM u c u 'n a p r u ' r i e n s De Can dolle, a h igh-climbing plant growing in t ropical Africa, Amer ica, an d Ind ia. These ha irs a re a bout 3

mm. (1/8 in.) long, stiff, brown-red, and readily penetrate the skin, causing violent

itching. Detached from th e pod (which form s an ar ticle of diet in Ind ia) by dipping it inhoney and then scraping. An electuary is used in doses of a teaspoonful to atablespoonful. Cowage acts as an a n t h e l m i n t i c m e c h a n i c a lly , penetrating thebodies of th e worm s an d th us irr itat ing and dislodging them.

254. ARAROBA.GOA POWDER. A mixture of neutral principles obtained fromra dial fissur es in th e wood of a Bra zilian t ree, An d i 'r a a r a r o 'b a Aguia r. Th is powder



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is of a light yellow color, with a somewha t ea rt hy appea ra nce, tu rn ing dar k brown orpurplish on exposure; somewhat crystalline, rough, and mixed with pieces of wood-fiber; inodorous an d very bitt er. It consist s chiefly of chr ysar obin (Chrysa robinum ).Used externally, in ointments, in skin diseases caused by fungi.

255. ACACIA.ACACIA

GUM ARABIC

A gummy exuda tion from Aca'c ia sen 'egal Willdenow an d of other species of Acacia.

BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS.A small tree about 20 feet high, with a graybark.Leaves bi-pinnate. Flowers pale yellow, in den se spikes.Legumes broad, th ree tofour inches long.

HABITAT.The acacia tree forms dense scrubby forests in the sandy

regions wa ter ed by th e Senegal, an d in Abyssinia an d Kordofan .

DESCRIPTION OF DRUG.In roundish, brittle t e a r s o r b r o k e nf r a g m e n t s a b o u t t h e s i z e o f a p e a , or larger, with an opaqueappearance, due to the numerous fissures. Inodorous; t a s t em u c i l a g i n o u s a n d i n s i p i d . Soluble in water, forming a thickmucilaginous liquid; i n so l u b l e i n a l co h o l . The aqueous solution hasan acid reaction and yields gelatinous precipitates with subacetate oflead, ferric chloride, and concentrated solution of borax. Oxalatesprecipitate the calcium base. There are two kinds of powdered acacia

on the market, the granulated and the finely dusted. The former ismore soluble and less liable to form lumps, and is, therefore, preferablefor pharmaceutical purposes.

VARIETIES AND GRADES.The Kordofan an d Senegal gum s a re t heproduct of A. Senegal. The former has been described above. GumSenegal, deriving its n am e from th e river Sen egal, comes in lar ger tea rsthan the former, varying in color between yellow and yellowish-brown,being less fissured and more transparent. As to the grades of gum, itma y be said tha t th e quality entering the ma rket varies exceedingly in

its solubility, viscosity of its mucilage, and its color. In the market thegrades are designated by numbers, No. 1 being the best carefullyselected tears, No. 2 the next best, and so on until several selectionshave been made, the remaining colored pieces containing impuritiesbeing t erm ed sort s; but th is term is somet imes ap plied to un sort ed gumarabic, often consisting of a mixture of the lower grades. The termsstrong and weak have been applied, designating the quantity of



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moisture, the strong being the drier and probably the most soluble; theweak being that which possibly swells in water, does not completelydissolve, an d h ence yields a rela tively small percent age of mu cilage.

Mesquite gum is obtained from Prosopis juliflora, found inSouthwestern America and South America. Quite abundant in someportions of Texas and New Mexico. It occur s in colorless or am ber-browntears; resembles gum arabic somewhat in fissures; specific gravity,solubility, its behavior to nitric acid, and the amount of ash yielded



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upon incineration (2.1 to 3 per cent.). Its aqueous solution is notprecipitated by subacetate of lead, ferric salts, or borax. Acetate of lead,with ammonia added subsequently, yields a gelatinous precipitate.These r eactions , however, differ t o some extent in differen t sam ples.

CONSTITUENTS.Arab ic ac id , C12H 22O11, c o m b i n e d w i t hc a l c i u m , m a g n e s i u m , a n d p o t a s s i u m , to the presence of which itssolubility is due; boiled with dilute acid it yields arabinose or arabinsugar. A solution of the gum is u n a f f e c t e d b y n e u t r a l l e a d a c e t a t e .The gum contains about 14 per cent. of moisture and some sugar. Ash,not exceeding 4 per cent .

Preparation of Arabic Acid.Obtained by adding alcohol to acidified (HCl) mucilage,an d dr ying t he pr ecipita te. It yields ara biose in pr ismat ic crysta ls when boiled withacids and possibly also galactose.

Powder.Not more t ha n 1 per cent . should be insoluble in wat er (limitof dirt, etc.), nor should the powder contain more than 15 per cent.moisture.

ACTION AND USES.Demulcent. Used in pharmacy for suspendinginsoluble ma tt ers in wat er, as in emu lsions, an d as a n excipient .

PowderElement s of: See Par t iv, Chap. I, B.

OFF ICIAL PRE PARATIONS.

Mucilago Acaci (34 per cent.).Syrup us Acac i (10 per cent . of acacia),. Dose: 1 to 8 fl. dr. (4 to 30 mils).P ulv is Cre t Compos itus (20 per cent.), used as an excipient.

256. TRAGACANTHA.TRAGACANTH

GUM TRAGACANTH

The spontaneously dried gummy exudation from Ast ra 'ga lus gum'mife r Labillar diere, or from oth er Asiat ic species of Astraga lus.

BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS.A small, tangled, spiny bush of compactgrowth, the petioles being converted into long spines. Flowers yellow, in axillaryclusters.Legume partially two-celled.



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HABITAT.Wester n Asia.

DESCRIPTION OF DRUG.The flake tragacanth comes intransversely lined, c u r v e d , a n d c o n t o r t e d b a n d s , somewhatresembling fragments of oyster shell, but t o u g h a n d h o r n y ; color

whitish or yellowish, t r a n s l u c e n t . Taste insipid, sometimes faintlybitterish; inodorous. It is difficult of pulverization, made less so,however, by th e use of a war m m ort ar . It does n ot dissolve in wat er, butswells up a nd form s a th ick, gelatinous ma ss.

VARIETIES.Very narrow bands or strings variously coiled.Tragacanth in sorts-stratified or nodular, conical and subglobularpieces, more of less brown, often adulterated with the gum of thealmond a nd plum trees.

Powder.Elements of: See Part iv, Chap. I, B.

CONSTITUENTS.T r a g a n t h i n or b asso r i n , C6H 10O5, constituting

about 43 per cent., swelling up in water, but not dissolving; anda r a b i n , the calcium salt of gummic acid, soluble in water, but notidentical with th e ar abin or a ra bic acid of acacia. Ash, n ot more th an 3.5per cent .

ACTION AND USES.Used as a demulcent, but rarely, however, onaccoun t of its insolubility. Chiefly used in phar ma cy to give cons isten ce

to lozenges, etc.

OFF ICIAL P REPARATION.Muci lago Tra gacan t h (6 per cent .).

257. CATECH U.CATECHU

An extr act pr epar ed from th e hear t-wood ofAca 'c ia ca t ' echu Linn.

BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS.Small tree with straggling, thorny branches,and compact, dark red wood. Leaves bipinnate; petiole angular, with prickles on its

under side. Flowers pale yellow.Legume about t hr ee-seeded.

SOURCE.The tr ee is comm on in m ost pa rt s of India a nd Bur ma h, where t he exportof cutch forms, next to the sale of timber, the most important item of forest revenue.It abounds in the forests of tropical Eastern Africa, but in many places where thetr ee abounds it is only valu ed for it s wood. In compa ra tively few regions is a ny extr actmanufactured. From Acacia suma, a nearly related species growing in SouthernInd ia, cat echu is also made. The extr act from th ese two species of acacia fur nish es a



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variety of catechu, but a catechu formerly prescribed as Catechu pallidum (palecat echu ), gambir , is official in t he pr esent Ph ar ma copoeia a nd is described as follows:

GAMBIR

GAMBIR (CATECHU )

An extract prepared from the leaves and twigs ofO u r o u p a r i a G a m b ir (Hunter)Baillon (Fam. Rubiace).



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Irr egular m asses of cubes about 25 mm. in diameter ; extern ally reddish-brown, palebrownish-gray or light brown; fracture dullearthy, friable, crystalline; inodorous,bitt erish, very astr ingent with a sweetish a f ter-tast e.

Not less than 70 per cent. should be soluble in alcohol; the ash should not be more

tha n 5 per cent., and star ch sh ould not be present.

CONSTITUENTS.Mainly c a t e c h u -t a n n i c a c i d , 45 to 55 per cent ., which does n otproduce gallic acid on exposure t o air as d oes th e ta nn in of galls; it is tu rn ed blackish-green by ferric salts. Catechin is an interesting principle which, by dry distillation,yields pyrocatechin, or catechol, C6H6O2, which, with ferric chloride, gives a dark

green color by amm onia cha nging to violet. Ash, n ot more t ha n 9 per cent.



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CONSTITUENTS.Kino-tannic acid (colored black-green by ferric salts,in neutral solution; violet by ferrous salts), kinoin, neutral crystallinepr isms , pyrocat echin , kino-red , pectin , and ash. Ash , not exceeding 3 per

cent.

Preparation of Kinoin .Boil kino with dilute HCl an d agita te clear s olut ion with et her .Evaporate off the ether. Heating this to 266F., an insoluble amorphous kino-red isobtained.

Pyrocatechin results from the dry distillation of kino, or is obtained by treating kinowith ether.



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ACTION AND U SES.A powerful a st rin gent . Dose: 8 to 30 gr. (0.5 t o 2Gm.).

OFF ICIAL P REPARATION.

T in c t u r a Ki n o (5 per cent .) Dose: 1 to 2 fl. dr 4 to 8 mils) .

259. COP AIBA.COPAIBA

BALSAM COP AIBA



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The oleores in ofCopai 'ba lan gs 'dor fi i1 O. Kun tze, an d of oth er s pecies of Copaiba .

BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS.Lofty forest trees, natives of CentralAmerica, bearing alternate, pinnate leaves. The wood of the trees is replete witholeoresin , somet imes even t o bur sting.

SOURCE AND COLLECTION.This oleoresin is derived from severalspecies of copaiba, as C. officinalis (Carthagena), C. langsdorffii (SaoPaulo), C. multifuga (Para). These furnish the several commercialvarieties. Obtained by making large augur holes, square or wedge-sha ped boxes, int o the cent er of th e t ru nk , where t he oleoresin collects.Somet imes th ese openings a re closed or sealed with wax, and of ten th epressure from t he h igh liquid column is said to bur st t he t ru nk with avery loud report .. A tr ee ma y yield from 10 t o 12 gallons .

If 4 fluidrams of the above varieties of copaiba be mixed with 1 1/2

fluidra ms of aqua am monia a nd sh aken in a test-tube, th e mixtu re willbe clear, but milky if more alkali or fixed oil be present. Maracaibo(Colombia copaiba) is thicker, darker, not always clear. It solidifies,however, with magnesia and contains from 20 to 40 per cent. of thevolat ile oil.

DESCRIPTION OF DRUG.A more or less viscid, yellow or lightbrown, transparent liquid, of about the consistence of olive oil; specificgravity, 0.950 to 0.955 at 25C. (77F.); it becomes thicker and darkerwith age, th e volat ilizat ion a nd th e oxidat ion of th e volat ile oil leaving agreat er pr oport ion of the soft resin. Odor peculiar, a romat ic; tast e bitter ,acrid, and na useous.

Pa ra copa iba is a pa le, limpid liquid cont ain ing from 60 t o 90 per cent . ofvolatile oil. Maranham and Rio Janeiro copaiba are of the consistence ofolive oil, and contain a somewhat smaller proportion of volatile oil40to 60 per cent. Maracaibo copaiba is dark yellow or brownish, thick,somewh at tu rbid. It cont ains from 20 t o 40 per cent . of oil of copa iba.

CONSTITUENTS.Volat i le oi l , upon which its value mostly depends;a bitter principle, an d t w o r e s i n s , co p a i b i c a c i d , C20H 30O2 (soluble

in ammonia and absolute alcohol), and a viscid, non-crystalline resin.Para copaiba contains oxycopaivic acid, C2H 28O3; Maracaibo copaiba,

metacopaivic acid, C22H 34O4. Copaiba contains no benzoic nor cinnamic

1 Sometimes writt en, incorr ectly, lan sdorffii (Lloyd).



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acids, hence the t erm ba lsam is a m isnomer.

Preparation of Copaibic Acid.Mix nine parts of copaiba and two parts of ammonia(sp. gr. 0.95); lower the temperature to 10C.; crystals of copaibic acid are thenobta ined, which agree with a bietic acid in composition, but not in p ropert ies.

ACTION AND USES.Stimu lant , diuret ic, laxat ive. Its principal action,however, is on m ucous mem bra nes . Dose: 15 drops (1 mil), in em ulsion.

259a. OLEUM COPAIB .OIL OF COPAIBA. A volat ile oil dist illedfrom copa iba. A pa le yellowish liquid of an ar oma tic, bitt erish ta st e, andha ving t he gener al pr opert ies of th e oleoresin. It is a pu re h ydrocar bonhaving the formula C20H 32. Dose: 5 to 15 drops (0.3 to 1 mil), in

emulsion.

260. PONGAMIA OIL .KURUNG OIL. A deep yellow, or reddish-brown, fixed oilexpressed from th e seeds of an Ea st In dian t ree, P o n g a 'm i a g la ' b r a Ventenat. It isused by th e na tives as a local applicat ion in skin diseases an d rh euma tism; especiallyrecommended in pityriasis versicolor, and other cutaneous diseases due to fungousgrowth.

261. COPAL.GUM COP AL. A resin foun d a s a fossil in Zan zibar , or exuding fromvarious species an d genera of trees of the n at ur al order L e g u m i n o s a e,2 growing inSouth America, West Indies, and Africa. Yellowish or brownish, irregular masses,often with a wrin kled sur face; brea ks with a glossy conchoidal fra ctur e; odorless an dtast eless. Used in mak ing varn ishes.

262. BALSAMUM PERUVIANUM.BALSAM OF PE RU

BALSAM OF PE RU

A balsam exuded from t he bru ised trun k ofTolu i ' fe ra pe r e i 'r e Baillon.

BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS.A leafy tree, with wood containing a liquidbalsam. Leaves imparipinnate; leaflets 5 to 11, alterna te. Racemes 6 to 7 inches long.

Fruita one-celled, one-seeded pod about 31/4 inches long; mesocarp fibrous, the inner

part with receptacles of oleoresin.

SOURCE AND COLLECTION.This valuable tree grows in the wildforests of San Salvador, singly or in groups. The trees, owned byindividuals, are carefully guarded. The balsam is collected by looseningth e bark with a blun t m allet for some dista nce in four alter na te sectionsso as not to kill the tree. The loosened bark soon splits; it is set on fire

2 ...an d Bur seraceae - MM



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an d cha rr ed, leaving the wood bar e. Pockets th us m ade a re covered withra gs to absorb t he exuding balsam. These, when sa tu ra ted, are t hr owninto boiling water, as a means of separating the balsam, which collectsat the bottom of the vessel. The annual yield per tree, is about twentypounds. The fruit yields by expression a white balsam (balsam blanco,

white Peru balsam), having a tonkalike odor, which contains acrystallizable resin. The name Myroxylon, as sometimes applied to thebalsam, suggests the fact that for a long time it was supposed to beder ived from a species of Myroxylon (M. peruiferum).

DESCRIPTION OF DRUG.A brownish-black, oleoresinous, non-viscous liquid, transparent in thin layers, and, by transmitted light, abright red-brown; heavier than water; odor balsamic and vanilla-like;ta ste warm , bitterish, afterwar d acrid.



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CONSTITUENTS.Benzoic and cinnamic acid, cinnamein (thecinna ma te of benzyl alcohol) const itut ing th e great er pa rt , about 60 percent.; resin 32 per cent., and small quantities of benzyl alcohol,C6H 5CH 2-CH 2OH; benzylic benzoate, C7H 5(C7H 7)O2; stilbene, C14H 12;

st yrol, C8H 8; st yra cin ; toluol, C7H 8

ACTION AND USES.Stimulant, expectorant, and stomachic.Exter nally in oin tmen t . Dose: 8 to 30 gr. (0.5 to 2 Gm.).

263. BALSAMUM TOLUTANUM.BALSAM OF TOLU

BALSAM OF TOLU

A balsam exuding from incisions in t he t ru nk ofTolu i ' f e ra Ba lsamu m Linn.

BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS.A lofty evergreen tree with warty branches;th e wood cont ain s a liquid balsam, which exudes when incisions a re ma de.Leaflets 7to 8, ovate-oblong. Legume indehiscent, with winged expansions a nd a winged st alk;very broad at apex.

HABITAT.Venezuela a nd New Gra na da.

COLLECTION.The balsam is obtained by making V-shaped incisionsth rough th e bark a nd collecting th e exuda te in sma ll cups or calaba shes.

It is imported from Venezuela in tins holding from ten to twenty-fivepoun ds. This ta pping of th e tr ee cont inues for eight m ont hs, cau sing th etree to become partially exhausted, showing itself in the lessenedfoliage. A spurious article has been found on the market. It has a softconsistence, is very sticky, especially when chewed, and under themicroscope shows only an occasional crystal. On distilling a portion ofthis balsam with water, it was observed to contain more of a fragrantvolatile oil an d less cinna mic acid th an th e genuine dr ug.

DESCRIPTION OF DRUG.A very viscid, yellowish-brown semi-solid,

with a sweet, fragrant odor, and feebly aromatic taste. Long kept, itgradu ally ha rden s into a m ore or less solid mass , which is britt le in t hecold. Soluble in volat ile oils, a lcohol, chloroform, glacial a cetic acid, andsolut ion of pota ssa . Readily fus ible, an d bur ns with a n a roma tic odor.



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CONSTITUENTS.A volat ile oil (chiefly toluen e, C10H 16), a resin, free

acids (cinn am ic and benzoic), an d ben zylic eth ers of these, prin cipally ofthe former. If a thin layer of the balsam be viewed under themicroscope, nu mer ous cryst als of th e free cinna mic acid ar e seen.

ACTION AND USES.Stimulant expectorant, similar in action butweaker th an balsam of Peru . The syru p is used as an agreeable basis forcough m ixtu res . Dose of th e balsam: 8 to 30 drops (0.5 to 2 Mils).



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LINACE .F lax Fa m i ly

Stems herbaceous; annual or perennial, rarely woody plants closely allied to thema llows, rema rka ble, however, in ha ving t he inn er fiber of the ba rk very tena cious,and for the mucilaginous covering of the seed, in which there is an abundance of

drying fixed oil. A few a re bitter.

264. LINUM.LINSEED

FLAXSEED

The r ipe seed ofLi 'num us i ta t i s ' s imum Linn, including not more th an 3 per cent. ofoth er ha rm less fru its, seeds or foreign ma tt er.



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BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS.The common flax is an annual; stemcorymbosely branched at top. Leaves sessile, linea r-lanceolat e, smooth . Flowers in acorymbose panicle, with sky-blue petals. Pod about the size of a pea, of 5 unitedcar pels (int o which it sp lits in dehiscence), an d 5-celled, with two seeds h an ging fromthe summit of each cell, which is partly or completely divided into two by a false

par tit ion pr ojectin g from t he ba ck of th e car pel, the pod thu s becomin g 10-celled.

HABITAT.All tempera te coun tr ies.

DESCRIPTION OF DRUG.Oblong-ovate , f la t , obliquely pointed atone end and blunt at the other. The brown, glossy, polished surface isseen, un der t he lens, to be ma rk ed with fine pits, and t o be covered witha t ransparent m u c i l ag i n o u s ep i t h e l i u m that swells in water. Thehilum occup ies th e slight hollow just below the apex. The embryo is oily,whitish, and inodorous. Taste mucilaginous, oily, and slightly bitter.

Flaxseed mea l is of a br ownish -gray color, and h as a slight odor.

Powder.Cha ra cter istic element s: See Par t iv, Cha p. I, B.

CONSTITUENTS.A viscid yellow fixed Oil, 30 to 35 per cen t ., pr oteids

25 per cent., resin, wax, a small quantity of amygdalin. The powderupon extra ction with petr oleum should yield not less t ha n 30 per cent . offixed oil, 98 per cent. of which should be saponifiable. An altha-likemucilaginous substance resides in the epithelial layer, which swellsconsiderably in water. This gummy matter from the investing coat israpidly imparted to hot water, forming a thick, viscid mucilage,precipitated by alcohol and lead subacetate. The gummy principle is



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considered as transformed starch, which latter exists in the immatureseed, but is absent in th e ripe seed. Ash , not exceeding 6 per cent .

264a. OLEUM LINI .A ye l lowish f ixed o i l expressed (formedicinal u se) fr o m t h e s ee d w i t h o u t h e a t , having a slight, pleasant

odor, an d a blan d ta ste; on exposur e to th e air it gradua lly thickens a ndacquires a st rong odor a nd t ast e. The oil used in t he a rt s is obta ined ona large scale by roasting the seeds before being pressed, in order todestroy the gummy constituents of the coating. It does not congealabove -20C. (-4F.). The most characteristic principle in the oil islinolein, C12H 28O2, a glyceride of linoleic acid, and considered to be a

mixt ure of two acids-linolic, C18H 32O2, and linolenic acid, C18H 30O2.The

drying property of th e oil resides in t his cons tituen t.

ACTION AND USES.The whole seed is used in decoction as ademulcent; ground flaxseed is a favorite farina for poultices; theexpressed oil is laxative, and, in combination with lime-water(Linimentu m Ca lcis), is much employed as a protective in bur ns , etc.

OFF ICIAL P REPARATION.From Oleum Lini.

L in i m e n t u m C a lc is (equal parts of linseed-oil and lime-water).

265. COCA.COCA (U.S.P . VIII )

ERYTHROXYLON

The dr ied leaves ofE r y t h r o x 'y l o n Co'ca Lama ra ck (Fa m. E ryth roxyllaceae,) knowncommonly as H u a n u c o (Bolivian) Coca , or of E. Trux i l l ense Rusby, knowncommercially as Truxillo (Peruvian) Coca , yielding, when assayed by U.S.P.process, not less tha n 0.5 per cent. of eth er-soluble a lka loids of coca.

BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS.Shrub about 6 feet high, with bright greenleaves, size and shape similar to those of tea, and white blossoms, which aresucceeded by small scarlet berries. When the leaves mature, the branches arestr ipped an d th e leafless plan t is soon again covered with verda nt foliage. The plan t is

propagated in nu rseries from the seed.

SOURCE.The shrub bearing coca leaves is extensively cultivated on the slopes ofthe Andes about 2,000 to 5,000 feet above the sea level, in P e r u a n d B oli vi a . Theprovince of La Paz in Bolivia produces about the largest crops. That of Bolivia isconsidered superior to the P eruvian, alth ough t he lat ter coun tr y produces double thequantity. In this latter country, especially owing to the European demand, the



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cultivation ha s considerably increased. The an nu al pr oduction reaches t he en orm ousfigures of about one hu ndr ed m illion pounds. Two var ieties, Tru xillo an d Hu an uco,having different characteristics, come to this market, the former named after theport Trujillo in th e norther n pa rt of Peru, an d th e latt er from t he city of Huan uco, inth e centr al par t of Peru. The cultur e of coca leaves ha s been t ried in other coun tr ies,but with quest iona ble results, except, perha ps, on t he Islan d of J ava. The plant yields

its first crop when eighteen months old, and continues to bear about forty years.There ar e two pickings an d September; the lat ter is considered th e best an d mostabundant. The leaves are laid out in a paved drying yard and afterward pressed indru ms (tam bors) of plan ta in leaves, th e ta mbor weighing fort y poun ds net .

DESCRIPTION OF DRUG. Huanuco Coca.Greenish-brown to clear brown,smooth and slightly glossy, thickish and slightly coriaceous, stoutly and very shortpetioled; blade 2.5 to 7.5 cm. long an d nea rly elliptical, with a very sh ort an d abr upt lyna rr owed basal port ion a nd a . short point, th e mar gin ent ire; midrib tra versed aboveby a slight ridge, very prominent underneath, the remaining venation obscure,especially above; underneath, two conspicuous lines of collenchyma tissue runlongitu dina lly on eith er side of th e midrib an d about one-thir d of th e dista nce betweenit and the margin, the enclosed areola being of a slightly different color from theadjacent surface; odor characteristic; taste bitterish, faintly aromatic, followed by a



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nu mbness of the t ongue, lips, and fauces.

Truxillo Coca.Pale green, thin, brittle and usually much broken, smooth but notshin ing, shortly an d st out ly petioled; blade 1.6 to 5 cm. long a nd one-th ird t o one-ha lfas broad, obovate to oblanceolate, narrowed from near the middle into the petiole,usually with a slight projecting point at the summit, the margin entire; underneathtwo irregular lines of collenchyma tissue, usually incomplete or obscure, andfrequent ly want ing, ru n beside the midrib; odor m ore t ea-like tha n t ha t of Hu an ucoCoca; ta ste a nd nu mbing effect similar.

Powder.Greenish. Characteristic elements: Calcium oxalate of parenchyma inprisms, 3 to 10 in diam.; sclerenchyma, bast, and crystal fibers; small papill onunder epiderma l cells.

CONSTITUE NTS.A volat ile liquid alka loid, hygr ine , and c o c a i n e (C17H21NO4),

which has been found to be a compound body represented in a methyl benzoylcompoun d of an oth er organ ic base, e c g o n i n e (C 9H16NO3). There ar e also present in

the leaves b e n z o y l e c g o n i n e , a m e t h y l c o m p o u n d o f wh i c h c o n s t i t u t e s t h ea l k a l o i d c o c a i n e . This complex body cocaine is readily decomposed into itscomponent parts, methyl alcohol, benzoic acid, and ecgonine, by heating with HCl.Hydr ochloric acid is, th erefore, u nsu ita ble for th e extr action of cocain e in t he p rocessof its ma nu factu re. The percent age of cocain e varies grea tly, hence it is importa nt toassay the leaves and its preparations. Assay shows an average of 0.5 per cent. ofether-soluble alkaloids of the leaf.

Preparation of Cocaine.Exhaust the powdered drug by repercolation with wateracidulat ed with 5 per cent. H 2SO4. Agitat e th e concent ra ted liquid with pur e coal oil

and an excess of Na 2CO3. The oily liquid is th en sha ken with acidulat ed water an d

again pr ecipita ted by Na2CO3 in th e presence of ether . From th e ether eal solution t healka loid can be obta ined on evapora tion.

COCAINA (U.S.P. IX).Cocaine. Average dose: 0.015 Gm. (1/4 gr.).

ACTION AND USES.S t i m u l a n t to digestion, th e brain, an d respira tion. C h e c k st h e p r o c e s s o f wa s t i n g , enabling the laborer to endur e a great er a mount of physicalexertion with a small amount of food. For this purpose the leaves are habituallychewed by the natives. Dose: 15 to 60 gr. (1 to 4 Gm.). Cocaine is a valuable local

ansthetic. Applied to mucous surfaces and injected subcutaneously. Dose: 1/2 to 1

gr. (0.0324 to 0.064 Gm.).

Solutions of the alkaloid in olive and castor oil are stable. Cocaine hydrochlorideointm ent should not be made with lard or vaseline, as it is insoluble in t hese fats. Ifth e hydrochloride be dissolved in a litt le water before a dmixtu re, a st able oint men t iseffected.

COCA PRPARATA, N.F. 1 to 4 fl. dr . (4 to 15 Mils) .



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G E R A N IAC E .G e r a n i u m F a m i ly

Herbs with opposite or alternate leaves, usually stipulate, simple or compounds.Flowers regular or irregular; carpels prolonged above into beaks terminated by the

styles, which give rise to the n am e Cran esbill, applied to th e principal genu s.

266. GERANIUM.GERANIUM, N .F.

CRANESBILL



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The dr ied rhizome ofG e r a 'n i u m m a c u l a 't u m Linn.

DESCRIPTION OF DRUG.R o u g h , k n o t t y , cy li n d r i c a l, h o r i z o n t a l , r h i zo m e , 50

to 75 mm. (2 to 3 in.) long, and 10 mm. (2/5 in.) thick; longitudinally wrinkled,

tuberculated, very hard, and sometimes beset with shriveled, brittle rootlets;externally dark brown; fracture short, reddish-gray, showing a thin bark, severalsma ll, yellowish wood-wedges form ing a circle nea r t he cam bium line, a nd a lar ge pith;medullary rays broad. The rootlets have a thick bark and a thin central column offibrovascular t issue. Inodorous; ta ste ast ringent .

Powder.Grayish-brown. Characteristic elements: Large aggregate crystals of

calcium oxalate; ducts porous and reticulate; parenchyma with crystals and starch.

CONSTITUENTS.Tannic (12 to 37 per cent.) and gallic acids, with resin, starch,gum, pectin, a nd a red coloring ma tt er. Both alcohol and wat er extra ct it s virtues.

ACTION AND USES.A valuable and pleasan t a str ingent. It ha s been claimed tha tth e rh izome cont ains m ucilaginous ma terial wh ich, acting as a dem ulcent, m akes adecoction a much m ore desirable prepar at ion th an a simple solution of tann in. Thefluidextr act is said to be useful in bu ccal u lcer, et c. Dose: 15 to 30 gr. (1 to 2 Gm.).

267. IMPATIENS P ALLIDA.JEWEL WEED. Indigenous herb occasionally usedas a n a lter at ive an d diur etic in infusion. Dose: 1 dr. (4 Gm.) . I m p a ' t ie n s b a l s a m ' i n a ,

th e touch-me-not of th e gar dens, ha s th e same pr opert ies.

ZYGOPHYLLACE

The wood of ma ny species of th is order is rem ar ka ble for its excessive har dness . Thetwo official drugs from t he order ar e the wood, 75, and resin, 76, of gua iacum.



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Stimulant, diaphoretic; also a reputed antirheumatic and antisyphilitic. Generallygiven in the form of compound decoction of sarsaparilla. Dose: 15 to 60 gr. (1 to 4Gm.).

269. GUAIACUM.GUAIAC

GUM GUAIAC

The r esin from th e wood ofGu a' iacu m . offic ina ' le Linn and ofG. s a n c t u m .

SOURCE.Obta ined from n at ur al exuda tion or from incisions into th etrunk, occasionally by boring longitudinally through a billet, placingone end in the fire, and catching the melted resin as it exudes from thehole in the other end; more commonly, however, by extracting the chipsor ra spings with a boiling solut ion of comm on sa lt.

DESCRIPTION OF DRUG.G r e e n i s h - b r o w n , i r r e g u l a r m a s s e s ,containing fragments of wood and bark; brittle, breaking with a glossyfracture; in thin pieces, transparent. The powder is gray when fresh,bu t b e c o m e s g r e e n o n e x p o s u r e , and blue when in contact withoxidizing agents. Odor slight, balsamic, when heated resemblingbenzoin; ta st e slight ly irr ita ting.



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CONSTITUENTS.G u a i ac i c a c i d , -resin (11.75 per cent.), andguaiac yellow, C20H 20O7, soluble in milk of lime; guaiaretic acid,

C20H 24O4, 11.15 per cent .; g u a i a c on i c a c id , 50 per cent ., an d gum a nd

ash in sm all quan tity. Guaiacene, gua iacol, cresol, and pyroguaiacin ar eobtained by dry distillation. The coloring matter crystallizes in paleyellow or quadratic octahedra having a bitter taste. Ash, not exceeding4 per cent .

The so-called gua iacum oil is obta ined by boiling gua iacum res in withsolution of sodium carbonate, allowing to cool, filtering, saturating thefiltrate with carbon dioxide, again filtering, extracting the oil withether, and allowing the solvent to evaporate. The product is soluble inwat er, alcohol, and eth er. Fr om t he a lkaline liquid acids pr ecipita te t heyellow coloring matter (guaiacum yellow), which imparts a blue colorto str ong su lphuric acid.

The blue color which guaiacum resin produces with certain oxidizingagen ts is due t o an oxidat ion p roduct of gua iaconic acid.

ACTION AND USES.Stimulant, diaphoretic, and alterative; also amild pur gat ive. Dose: 5 to 30 gr. (0.3 to 2 Gm.).

RU TACE.Ru e F a m i ly

To facilita te st udy, th is order ha s been divided, one of th e subdivisions bein g th e sub-order Aurantie (see below). The rueworts are remarkable for yielding acrid andresin ous prin ciples an d volat ile oil.Ruta montana , growing in Spa in, is so extr emelyacrid that it raises pustules on the skin of those who gather it. The peduncles andflower of th e Eu ropean Dittan y are so laden with volatile oil that th e plant ignites a t

th e appr oach of a lighted candle.



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270. XANTHOXYLUM.XANTHOXYLUM

PRICKLY-ASH BARK

The bark ofXa n t h o x 'y l u m a m e r i c a ' n u m Miller, and ofF a g a r a c l a v a -h e r 'c u l i sLinn, known in commerce respectively as Northern Prickly-ash and SouthernPrickly-ash.

BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS.The northern prickly-ash, X. americanum,bears its leaves andflowers in sessile, axillary, umbellat e clust ers; leaflets 2 to 4 pair s,and an odd one, obovate-oblong, downy when young. The southern prickly-ash, F.clava-herculis , bears its flowers in an ample terminal cyme, appearing after theleaves; leaflets 3 t o 8 pairs, a nd an odd one, ovat e or ovat e-lan ceolat e, oblique, sh iningabove.

HABITAT.United States.

DESCRIPTION OF DRUG.Nort her n prickly-ash ( X. americanum), asfound in commerce, is in curved or quilled pieces about 1 mm. 1/25 in.)

thick; the outer surface is of abrownish-gray color,longitudinally furrowed andsh o w i n g a f ew y e l l o w i sh -g r ay p a t ch es o f f o l i a ceo u sl i ch en s , a l so n u m er o u sb l a c k d o t s and a few straightspines. Inner surface is lightbrown or yellowish; fractureuneven, short; inodorous; tastebitter, pungent, and acrid.Southern prickly-ash (F. clava-herculis ) is somewhat thickerand has conical corkyprojections, with a few spinesrising from corky bases. Innersurface free from acicularcrystals.

Powder.Cha ra cter istic elements : See Pa rt iv, Cha p. 1, B.

CONSTITUENTS.An acrid green oil, a colorless crystalline resin,sugar, ash 11 to 12 per cent., tannin (small quantity), and a bitterprinciple which is tu rn ed brown by H 2SO4



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ACTION AND USES.Alterative, sialagogue, stimulant, and tonic, itsaction being similar to that of guaiac and mezereum. The bark chewedis a popular remedy for toothache, giving rise to the synonym,toothachetree. The fluidextract is frequently combined with such

alteratives as stillingia, lappa, etc. The berries are used in compoundsyrup of stillingia (see National Formulary). Dose: 15 to 45 gr. (1 to 3Gm.).

OFF ICIAL P REPARATION.Flu idex t rac tum Xanthoxyl i Dose: 30 to 60 drops (2 to 4 mils)

271. XANTHOXYLI FRUCTUS , N.F.PRICKLY-ASH FRUIT. Consists ofbrownish-red capsu les about 4 t o 5 mm . (1/5 to %in.) in diam eter , sessile on t he t hinreceptacle (X. clava-herculis), or borne on short stalks (X. americanum ); the twovalves open wh en r ipe and expose the one or two shining, more or less wr inkled, black

seeds; odor a romatic; ta ste very pungent an d somewha t bitt er. Stimulan t, tonic, andaltera tive; used in fluidextr act of stillingia, N.F. Dose: 15 to 30 gr. (1 to 2 Gm.).

272. ANGUSTURA.CUSPARIA BARK. The bark of Ga l i p e ' a c u s p a ' r i St .Hillaire.Habitat: Nort hern Sout h America. Found in t he ma rket in flatt ish, quilled, orcha nn eled pieces about 3 m m. (1/8 in.) th ick, an d not longer t ha n 150 mm . (6 in.), butusually shorter; externally it is covered with a yellowish-gray, corky layer, which ismarked by shallow longitudinal fissures, and in most cases easily removed by the nail;inner surface light cinnamon-brown, often with adhering strips of wood; internallyreddish -brown, sh owing whit e point s du e t o deposits of calcium oxalat e. T h e t i s s u e o f t h e b a r k i s lo a d e d wi t h o il ce l ls . Odor musty, due to volatile oil; taste bitter andnauseous. Besides volatile oil and resin, the bark contains a bitter principle,a n g u s t u r i n , a n d fo u r a l k a l oi d s, th e most import an t of which is c u s p a r i n e . Usedas an ar oma tic bitt er. Dose: 8 to 30 gr. (0.5 to 2 Gm.).

273. P TELIA TRIFOLIATA Linn.WATER ASH. Shrub growing in the UnitedSta tes ea st of th e Mississippi. (Root-bar k.) It cont ain s berberin e. Used as a t onic andan tiper iodic, its m ild, non-irrit at ing propert ies rend ering it especially valua ble in lowfevers at tended with gast ro-intest inal irr itat ion; th is sooth ing influence cau ses it t o beret ain ed wh en oth er tonics would be rejected. Dose of fluidextr act: 15 to 30 dr ops (1to 2 Mils).

274. BUCHU.BUCHU

SHORT BUCHU

The dried leaves ofB a r o s m a B e t u li n a (Thun berg) Bart ling an d Wendland, kn owncomm ercially as short buchu, or ofBarosma Ser r a t i fo li a (Curtis), Willdenow, knowncomm ercially as long buchu, with which ma y be mixed not m ore t ha n 10 per cent . ofthe st ems of the plants or other foreign m at ter.



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BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS.Shrubby plant. The characteristics commonto the buchus are opposite leaves, small, simple, coriaceous, dotted with pellucidglands. Flower pink (betulina), white (crenulata), solitary on axillary or terminalpeduncles. Fruitcomposed of five follicles, adh eren t a t t he a xis and dehiscing at th esummit.

HABITAT.Sout hern Afr ica , Cape of Good Hope.

DESCRIPTION OF DRUG.About 15 mm. long, varying between ovaland obovate, yellowish-green, apex obtuse, margin crenate or serratewith a glan d a t t he ba se of each tooth , base more or less wedge-sha ped;coriaceous, both surfaces beset with numerous slight projections; odorstrong and characteristic; taste somewhat mint-like, pungent and



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bitterish.B. serratifolia (very narrow, linear-lanceolate) con. stitute thelong buchu of commerce. The long bu chu (off. in U.S.P . 1890) conta insless of the volatile oil. Transverse sections show a subcuticular layer ofthickened cells, rich in mucilage, and containing sphaero-crystals. Bothkinds usually require careful garbling, as they are often mixed with

branchlets, fragments of capsules, and with leaves of allied species. Thelong buchu is sometimes mixed with the leaves of Empleurumserrulatum , but these are still narrower, often longer, and terminate inan acute point , without a n oil duct.

Powder.Cha ra cter istic elements: See Pa rt iv, Chap. I, B.

CONSTITUENTS.Volat i le oi l is contained in large circular cells justbeneath the epidermis of the under surface of the leaf; the short buchuyields the greater per cent. (1 to 1.56 per cent.). On exposure to cold itseparates out barosma camphor, which existed in the oil dissolved in ahydrocar bon. The u pper su rface of th e leaves swells up in wat er, due t oa layer of mucilage cells just beneat h th e su rface. The bitter principle isr u t i n ; r e s i n is also present .

ACTION AND USES.A mild diuretic in disorders of the urinogenitalorgans, its action depending upon the volatile oil. In Cape Colony theleaves a re em ployed as a stimu lant an d st oma chic. Dose: 15 to 45 gr. (1to 3 Gm.).

OFF ICIAL P REPARATION.F lu i d e xt r a c t u m B u c h u , Dose: 15 to 60 dr ops (1 to 4 mils) .



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275. PILOCARPU S.PILOCARPUS

JABORANDI

The leaflets of P i l o c a r ' p u s j a b o r a n 'd i Holmes or of P i l o c a r p u s m i c r o p h y l l u s Stapf. Yielding when assayed by U.S.P. process not less than 0.6 per cent. ofalkaloids.

BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS.A shr ub 4 t o 5 feet high. Leaflets 1 to 4 pairs,petiolate. Flowers in long r acemes. Ovary with 5 car pels. Seeds black, an gular.



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SOURCE, VARIETIES, AND ADULTERATIONS.The nameJaborandi is a generic one, applied in South America to several plantspossessing diaphoretic properties. The shrub, Pilocarpus jaborandi,grows in Brazil in the neighborhood of Pernambuco, knowncomm ercially as P ern am buco J aboran di. P. microphyllus (which yields a

large percentage of alkaloid), differs from this in absence of oil fromth eir t issues, by th eir r eticulat ed venat ion, et c., is kn own comm erciallyas Ma ra nh am jabora ndi. It h as been a dulterat ed with species of Piper,which ar e n ot pellucid-pun cta te, with Laurus nobilis, etc.



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DESCRlPTION OF DRUG.Leaves nearly sessile, pinnate, with aterminal leaflet; the leaflets, which come into market separate, areova te -ob long , en t i r e , about 100 mm. (4 in.) long, and 50 mm. (2 in.)broad; short-petiolate; uneven at the base; s l i g h t l y r ev o l u t e a tm a r g i n , near which the a n a s t o m o s i n g v e i n s f o r m o n e o r t w o

d i s t i n c t w av y l i n e s ; c o r i a c e o u s ; dull green, finely marked withsmall, transparent dots or oil-cells, plainly visible when held up to thelight; texture coriaceous, brittle; when bruised a peculiar, ratherun pleasan t odor is emitt ed; th is odor is predomina nt in th e fluidextr act.Taste disagreeable, slightly pungent, and bitter. The leaflets of P.microphyllus (Mar an ha m jaboran di) ar e sma ller (2-5 to 4 cm. in length ),usually ovate in outline, deeply emarginate at apex. Alka lo ida lcon ten t ( ch ie f ly P i locarp ine) o f bes t l ea f r anges f rom 0 .5 to 1p e r c e n t .

Powder.Yellowish-brown. Characteristic elements: See Part iv, Chap. I, B.

CONSTITUENTS.A volat i le oi l , and two alkaloids, p i l o c a r p i n e (C11H 17N2O2), deliquescent, crystalline, inodorous, and slightly bitter,

and j abor ine , chem ically isomeric with , but dir ectly an ta gonist ic to, th efirst named in physiological action. Pilocarpine is the most active, andyields jaborine and pilocarpidine (C10H 14N2O2) when heated with HCl;

its salts are readily soluble in water; their action is similar to that ofnicotine. J a b o r i n e (C22H 32N4O4) is yel low , amorphous, and

r e s e m b l e s a t r o p i n e i n a c t i o n ; its presence in the commercialpilocarpine explains the different effects following the use of the latterwhen improperly made. It is therefore very necessary, in usingpilocar pine or an y of its pr epar at ions , to obta in them free from jaborine.

Preparation of Pilocarpin e.To an aqueous solution of acidulated alcoholic extractadd a lkali an d sha ke with chloroform . From t he chloroform ic solut ion t he a lkaloid issepar at ed by sha king with a cidulat ed (HCl) wat er, filter, an d allow it to crystallize.

ACTION AND USES.Powerfully diaphoretic and sialagogue bystimulat ing the ner ves supplying the glan ds an d involunta ry mu scular

fiber; cardiac depressant. The most important effects of pilocarpine aredue to the stimulation of certain nerve terminations. It stimulates theperipheral endings of all the autonomous nerves. The most importanteffect of the ingest ion of a th era peu tic dose of pilocarp ine is a n increasein t he s ecret ory a ctivity of nea rly a ll the glands of th e body, especially ofthe salivary and sweat-glands. Dose: of drug 5 to 60 gr. (0.3 to 4 Gm.).Pilocarpine is used as a myotic in ophthalmic practice. It has acquired



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some reputation in the treatment of diphtheria and croup; frequentlyadministered hypodermically; poisonous. Dose of pilocarpin

hydrochloridum, 1/8 to 1/12 gr. (0.008 to 0.005 Gm.). Ash , not exceedin g 7

per cent .

OFF ICIAL P REPARATION.F l u i d e xt r a c t u m P i lo ca r p i Dose: 5 to 60 drops (0.3 to 4 mils).

276. RUTA.RUE . The leaves ofR u 't a g r a v e o 'l e n s Linn.Habitat: Mediterr an eanregion; cult ivated. The whole plan t is active, but th e leaves are t he port ion gener allyemployed. They are ternate, the leaflets being obovate-oblong, yellowish-green,thickly dotted with minute, transparent oil-vesicles; odor strong, disagreeable,increased by ru bbing; ta ste bitter , hot, an d acrid.

Their m edicina l value depends chiefly upon t he volat ile oil, but th ere is also present apeculiar coloring mat ter , rut inic acid, foun d also in other plan ts, and a n a crid pr inciple,

th e activity of which is diminish ed in t he dr ied leaves; th e fresh leaves will inflam e oreven blister th e han ds if much h andled.

ACTION AND U SES.Emm ena gogue, vermifuge, and diaph oret ic. Dose: 5 to 20 gr.(0.3 to 1.3 Gm.) in infusion. The Roma ns u sed ru e as a condiment , as t he Germ an sstill do.

OLEUM RUT.A yellowish-green volat ile oil, powerfully irrit an t; used a s a ut erin est imu lan t, em men agogue, etc. Dose: 2 to 5 drops (0.13 to 0.3 mil).

277. BELA.BAEL FRUIT. BENGAL QUINCE. From 'gle marme ' los Correa.Habitat: Himalaya Mountains; cultivated in India, where it is employed and

considered as a valuable remedy in dysentery and diarrhoea, relieving without causingconstipation. Dose: I to 2 dr. (4 to 8 Gm.). It is collected when half ripe and dried;usually enters commerce in segments having a smooth, grayish rind, and a hard,reddish , gum my pulp; whitish int ern ally and divided into cells, each of which cont ain sfour or five woolly seeds; ta ste mu cilaginous, s light ly bitter ; near ly inodorous.

AURANTIE.-SUB-ORDE R OF RUTACE.-Th e Or a n ge F a m i ly

The trees and shrubs which compose this sub-order of Rutace aredistinguished from others of the order merely by the character of thefru it. In t he Aura nt ie t he fruit is a n ind ehiscent , juicy, berry-like fru it,botanically known as hesperidium (lemon, orange, and lime), having aleath ery rind, cont aining n um erous oil-glan ds. The capsu lar fru it of th erueworts proper is usually dehiscent. The leaves and fruit of both sub-orders abound in minute receptacles of volatile oil. These attain theirmaximum development in the rind of the orange, lemon, etc. (see Figs.150 151, 152).



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CONSTITUENTS.Volat ile oil (cont a ined in vesicles of the epiderm is),hesperidin, ash, and a white principle which turns black with ferricsalts.

ACTION AND USES.Tonic, carminative, and stomachic; a valuableaddition to preparations of the bitter tonics like gentian. Dose: 15 to 30gr. (1 to 2 Gm.).



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279. OLEUM AURANTIITHE OIL. Obtained from the fresh peel ofeither the bitter or sweet orange. A pale yellow liquid, having acharacteristic aromatic odor. Optical rotation should not be more than95' to th e right in a 100 mm. tube, and a t a tempera tu re of about 25C.(77F.). It cont ains some h esperidin, and an aldehyde geran ial.

Oil of Petit-grain is obtained from the small, fragrant, immatureoranges (berries about the size of a cherry). Recently, however, theleaves and shoots ha ve been u sed for t his pu rpose.

Manu factur e.-The oils of the fruit of the Aura nt ie a re m an ufactu red by subjectingthe outer rind to expression, distillation, or, preferably, to the cuelle process. Thisinstr um ent (th e cuelle) is described in most works on ph ar ma cy.

OFF ICIAL PRE PARATIONS.Spi r i tus Aur an t i i Compos i tus (cont ains 25 per cent . oil and t he oils of lemon,

corian der, an d an ise).Elixir Aromat icum (1.2 per cent .),



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28o. AURANTII FO LIA.THE LEAF. Fr om C i t ' r u svu lgar ' i s Risso. Oval, from 50to 100 Mm- (2 to 4 in.) long, on a broadly-winged petiole, pellucidunctate; odoraromatic; taste bitter. It is the principal source of essence de petit-grain , used toadulter at e Oleum Neroli. Stimulant an d tonic.

281. AURANTII FLORES .THE: FLOWER. ORANGE FLOWERS. The flowers

C it ' r u s v u l ga r 'i s and C . Au r a n t i u m , collected before they are expanded, solely forth e volatile oil, which is th en m ost fra gran t. Genera lly used wh ile fresh, in which sta tethey may be preserved for some time by mixing with half their weight of common

salt. They are about 12 mm, (1/2 in.) long, with small, cup-shaped calyx and white,

rather fleshy petals. Occasionally used as a stimulant and antispasmodic, butprincipally for prepa ring ora nge-flower wa ter an d t he volatile oil.

281 a. OLEUM AURANTII F LORUM, U.S. VIOLEU M NE ROLI. A th in, yellowish ,or brownish-yellow volatile oil, very fragrant. Used as a flavor and as a perfume.Neroli is the pr edomina nt odor in Fa rina Cologne.



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THE LEMON PRODUCTS

282. LIMONIS SUCCUSTHE J UICE .LEMON JUICE (Succus Citri, N. F.).The freshly expressed juice of the ripe fruit ofC i t 'r u s m e d i c a Linn (C. l imon um Risso, U.S.P. 1900). A slight ly tu rbid, yellowish liquid ha ving th e odor of lemon, d ue toth e presence of some of th e volat ile oil from t he r ind; ta ste acid, often slight ly bitt er. Itcontains about 7 per cent. of free citric acid, also phosphoric and malic acids.Refrigerant and antiscorbutic; used in the form of lemonade, or in effervescingdrau ght s. Dose: 1 fl. oz. (30 mils) .

Lemon juice should cont a in from 7 t o 9 per cent . of citr ic acid. It sh ouldbe free from a dded pr eservat ives; preser ved by st erilizat ion. For t ests seeU.S.P. VIII. Lemon juice contains from 0.5 to 1 percent. of gum andsugar.

283. LIMONIS CORTE XTHE RIND .LEMON PEEL. The undried

outer rind of the ripe fruit of C i t r u s m e d i c a Linn (C. l imonum .Risso, U.S.P. IX), removed by grating. The fruit comes from the Medi-terranean and tropical regions (see Orange). The outer surface is of alight yellow color and ruggedly glandular from the oil-cells; odorfragran t; tast e ar omat ic and bitterish.

Microscopically, th e rin d of th e lemon resem bles th at of the orange.

Powder.Microscopical element s of: See Pa rt iv, Cha p. I, B.

CONSTITUENTS.A pale yellowvolatile oil (sp. gr. 0.87) consistingmainly of hydrocarbons, citrene(C10H 16), cymene (C10H 14), also

citral (C10H 16O), and a compound

ether. Hesperidin (C22H 26O12), a

bitter principle, produces with ferricsa lts a black color.

Used as a flavoring agent .

OFF ICIAL P REPARATION.T i n c t u r a L i m o n i s C o r t i c i s (50 per

cent.).

284.OLEUM LIMONIS .OILOF LE MON P EEL, OR RIND. A volat ile oil obta ined by expression from



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the fresh lemon peel. It is a pale yellow, limpid liquid, having a lemontaste and a fragrant odor. It should be protected from light in well-stoppered bottles. Oil of citral, used in perf umery, is obtained fromCit'rus m ed'ica Risso, a large oblong fruit with rough surface-known inEn glan d as t he citron.

Oil of lemon consists of two isomeric oils, chiefly citrene or limonine,C10H 16, with citra l (an aldehyde) an d a cryst alline pr oduct wh ich fuses

at 143 to 144C. (289 to 291F .), colored yellow by H 2SO4, and green by

HNO3. Used principally as a flavor assayed by the official process not

less than 4 per cent. of the aldehydes from oil of lemon calculated ascitral.

ADULTERATION OF THE OIL OF LEMON.It is adu ltera ted with t he

volatile oil of other fruits of the genus Citrus. These are difficult todetect, odor a nd t as te m us t be chiefly relied upon.

OFF ICIAL PRE PARATIONS.Spi r i tus Aur an t i i Compos i tus (5 per cent.).Spi r i tus Amon niae Arom at icus Dose: 30 drops (2 Mils).

285. OLEUM BERGAMOTT .OIL OF BERGAMOT. A volatile oil obtained byexpression from t he r ind of th e fresh fru it ofC it ' r u s b e r g a 'm i a Risso et Poiteau , th efru it being collected in November or December, st ill greenish , un ripe, but full grown.By some, the bergamot orange is supposed to be an established hybrida product ofcult ivation. A greenish or gr eenish-yellow, thin liquid, having a peculiar , very fragr an todor, and a n a roma tic, bitter ta ste. The color is du e to chlorophyll. It is distingu ishedfrom the oils of orange and lemon by forming a clear solution with solutions ofpotassiu m. Th is oil, so valua ble in per fum ery, was official in th e U.S.P. of 1890, butwas dr opped from th e list in 1900.

CONSTITUENTS.By fractional distillation there comes over as the first fractionat 6o to 65 about 40 per cent. of the oil. This has a lemon odor and consists ofalmost pure l imonine . The second fraction (10 per cent.), distilling at 77 to 82,consists principally of dipentene, C10H16. The third fraction of about 25 per cent.,

dist illing between 87 an d 91, cons ist s of lina lool, C10H18O. The four th fraction, 90 to

105 (app roxima tely 20 per cent .), ha ving th e pronoun ced bergam ot odor, consist s of

l ina lool ( lina ly l) ace t a t e , C10H17OC2H3O. It is to this that the p e c u l ia r o d o r o f b e r g a m o t i s p r o b a b l y d u e .

286. WHITE ZAP OTE.The seeds ofC a s im u r o a e d u l is , growing in Mexico. Used a sa hypnotic in the hospitals of the City of Mexico. Recently introduced in United

Stat es. Dose of fl'ext.: 1/2 to 9 drops (0.1 to 0.6 mils).



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SIMARUBACEAE

Shrubs and trees with scentless foliage; almost confined to the tropics. Leavesgenerally compound and alternate. The bitter bark and wood are employed inmedicine.

287. QUASSIA

QUASSIA



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The wood of P i c r a s m a e x c e l s a (Swartz) Planchon, known commericially asJ a m a i ca Q u e en , or ofQu a s s ia a m a r a Linn (S u r i n a m Qu a s s ia ).

BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS.A tree resembling the common ash, attaininga height Of 50 or 60, even 100, feet. Leaves pinnate, with an odd leaflet; leafletsOpposite, 4 to 8 pairs. Flowers small, pale yellowish-green, in loose panicles,

polygamous. Fruitdrupaceous, globose, glossy, black.

HABITAT.J am aica an d oth er West In di

Sayre Materia Medica-3

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